Biological Molecules

1 Overview • Macromolecules – Monomers and polymers • The four classes of biological molecules – Lipids • Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats • Phospholipids • Steroids – Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides – Proteins • Amino acids • Primary, secondary, terary, quarternary structure – Nucleic acids • Nucleodes • DNA and RNA

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 2 The four classes of biological molecules • All living things are made up almost enrely of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

• These are macromolecules - large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms “Macro” = “large”

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 3 What do macromolecules look like?

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 4 • Polymer - a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks • Monomer – the building block • Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Nucleic acids

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 5 Polymers and monomers (of both nonbiological type)

Monomer

Polymer

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 6 Polymer and monomer examples (of the nonbiological type)

Nylon monomer

Nylon polymer

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 7 Kevlar

Polyethylene

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 8 Monomer Monomer

Polymer

All of these are one of the four classes of biological molecules that make up living organisms EXCEPT:

A) Nucleic Acids B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Macromolecules

Which of the classes of biological molecules have a polymer form

A) All of them B)Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins C) Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates D)Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Which of the following is NOT a good example of a polymer/ monomer combinaon:

A) Paper clip chain/ Paperclips B) Table/ Boards, Screws and Nails C) Paper chain/Rings of Paper D) A Lego Wall/ Lego Blocks Class I: Carbohydrates

• Sugars and the polymers of sugars • Simplest carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides • More complex carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides • Purpose: fuel and fuel storage, building material – Sugar – Cellulose

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 13 Examples of carbohydrates • Sugar, starch, cellulose, glucose

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 14 Carbo = carbon, Sugars Hydrate = water

• Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

• Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 15 Structure of carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

16 1 Monosaccharides • Some common carbohydrate monomers… – Fructose • Fruit sugar – Glucose • Produced by photosynthesis, used as energy storage – Ribose • Important in RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Glucose

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 19 2 Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides bond together to create a disaccharide

• Examples of disaccharides: – Sucrose • Table sugar – Lactose • Sugar found in milk

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 18 Lactose intolerance

• Inability to digest the sugar in milk • Caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into its monosaccharides glucose and galactose • Bacteria in your gut can metabolize it through fermentaon though, which produces hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 19 Many Polysaccharides • Many monosaccharides linked together

• The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and how they are connected • Two types of polysaccharides: storage and structural

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 20 Examples of polysaccharides • Storage-These are oen branched – Starch Found in plant Two types of Starch: – Glycogen found in animals

21 Structural polysaccharides

• One structural polysaccharide is cellulose

• The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 22 BIOL 211 Spring 2012 23 What are the two main types (funcons) of polysaccharides? What are some examples of each?

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 24 What do they do?

Type of Example Funcon macromolecule Carbohydrates Starch, sugar Energy storage, structure Lipids Fat Cell membranes, energy storage Nucleic acids DNA, RNA Store genec material

Proteins Trypsin Cell machinery

BIOL 211 Spring 2012 2 5 BIOL 211 Spring 2012 26 Cellulose is..... A) A polysaccharide B) An important component of cell walls C) Made up of many monosaccharides D) All of the above Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? A) Sucrose B) Glucose C) Ribose D) Fructose Can you name 3 common polysaccharides?

1) Cellulose 2) Starch 3) Glycogen