A Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastics, 44, 179 Active

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Index

A Cationic polymerization Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) alkene monomer, 286 plastics, 44, 179 carbonyl monomer, 213, 215 Active material, 76 chain transfer reaction, 151, 197 Additive co-initiator, 193 lubricant, 85, 287 commercial applications, 290 odorant, 85 friedel-crafts catalyst, 187 pigment, 85 initiators, 185 plasticizer, 85 kinetic chain length, 198 Anionic copolymerization, 236, 237, 259, 296, kinetics, 283 297 rate constant, 155, 205 Anionic polymerization reaction mechanisms, 191 carbonyl monomer, 213, 215 termination reaction, 162 chain transfer, 45, 197, 276, 280, 283 Cationic polymerization of epoxides initiator, 143, 170, 193, 198, 200, 201, 204, initiation, 277, 278, 280 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 273 propagation, 278, 279, 280 kinetics, 196, 267 termination and transfer processes, 280 rate constant, 192 Chain copolymerization, 233, 236, reaction mechanisms, 191, 211, 231, 299 297 termination, 162, 188, 199, 200, 201, 203, Chain polymerization 204, 271, 285 free radical, 3, 9, 138, 150 Anionic polymerization of epoxides ionic, 3, 187, 276 chain transfer to monomer, 276 Chemical property degree of polymerization, 2, 171, 197, 198, chemical permeation, 61 274, 284, 285 chemical resistance, 61 exchange reaction, 274 moisture permeation, 62, 63 kinetics, 196, 204 moisture resistance, 62 reaction mechanisms, 191, 201, 211, 231, Chemical structure analysis by 299 chemical reaction method, 90 Arrhenius equation, 47, 169 electron spin resonance, 98 infrared spectroscopy (IR), 90–92 mass spectroscopy of MALDI-TOF MS, B 18, 19 Bond strength, 70 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), 95, 96, 98 Raman spectroscopy, 92, 93 C UV-visible spectroscopy, 93 Cardo polymer, 83, 87 Chromophores, 82, 93 Cationic copolymerization, 236, 237, 256–259, Cohesive energy density, 12 296 Commercial copolymers, 263

W.-F. Su, Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis, 301 Lecture Notes in Chemistry 82, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38730-2, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 302 Index

Coordination polymerization, 1, 32, 159, 185, micelle, 152 219, 222, 232 surfactant, 152 Copolymer End-capping polymerization, 216 alternating, 3 Epoxy resin, 4, 7, 43, 85, 106, 116, 119, 267, azeotropic, 239, 264 288, 299 block, 34, 35, 37, 101, 128, 297 Ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM,EPR), graft, 3, 5, 234 220 ideal, 237–239, 242, 249 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer(EPDM), random, 3, 33, 34, 127 220 statistical, 54, 297 Copolymerization (composition) equation, 235–238 F Copolymerization involving dienes, 260 Fiber, 35, 66, 109, 166, 181 Cost of common polymers, 182 Flammability test Cyanate ester, 85, 86 limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, 108 Cycloaddition, 84 Flory-Fox equation, 15 Free radical copolymerization copolymerization behavior, 237 D effect of reaction conditions, 241 Degree of polymerization, 7, 111, 121, 125, kinetics, 234 158, 162, 168, 169, 171, 182, 183, 197, rate constants, 234, 235, 237, 242 237, 260, 261, 274, 275, 285, 289, 290, rate of polymerization, 253 294, 298 reactivity and composition, 243 Dendrimer Free radical initiator molecular weight, 133 azo compound, 142 synthesis, 130, 131, 133 electrochemical, 149 Dipole moment, 77, 192 half life, 144 peroxide, 142, 148 photo, 142 E promoter, 147 Elastomer, 44, 54, 56, 66, 67, 87, 263 redox, 142, 147 Electrical property of polymer thermal, 142, 144 arc resistance, 72 bipolaron, 76 conductivity, 75 G dielectric constant, 73 Group molar attraction constants, 13 dielectric permittivity, 73 Group transfer polymerization (GTP), 209, dielectric strength, 72, 73 211, 212 dissipation factor, 72, 73 insulation, 73 polaron, 75 H resistivity, 72 Hammett sigma-rho (qr) solitons, 74 relationship, 256 surface resistivity, 72 Heterogeneous ziegler-natta polymerization volume resistivity, 73 catalysts, 219–222 Electronic application molecular weight distribution, 224 battery, 73 reaction mechanisms, 222, 224 light emitting diode, 73 Homogeneous ziegler-natta polymerization solar cell, 73 metallocene, 225 transistor, 73 methylalumoxanes(MAO), 225 Electro-optic coefﬁcient, 80 zirconocene, 227 Electro-optic effects, 78 Hydrodynamic volume, 14, 15, 50 Emulsion polymerization Hyperbranched copolymer, 133, 134 critical micelle concentration, 151 Hyperpolarizability, 77 Index 303

I elongation, 69, 85 Inhibitor, 182 tensile modulus, 68, 69 Interaction parameter, 12, 34 tensile strength, 67, 69 Inter-molecular interaction, 27 Melamine-formaldehyde, 112 Intra-molecular interaction, 15 Metathesis polymerization, 35, 230, 231 Ionic chain polymerization, 3, 138, 187, 276 Molecular weight Ionomers, 28 deﬁnition, 7 dispersity, 9 distribution, 2, 7, 19, 21, 122, 176, 275, K 280, 289, 291, 294 Kevlar, 38 number average, 2, 10, 17, 43, 179, 216, Kinetics of free radical chain polymerization 284 1,3-interaction, 175 weight average, 2, 19, 20, 50 activation energy, 169 Monomer, deﬁnition of, 3, 7 arrhenius equation, 169 Monomer reactivity ratio, 241–243, 251 average of kinetic chain length, 157 Morphology, 1, 9, 27, 35, 38, 77, 87, 89, 100, chain transfer reactions, 158 102 degree of polymerization, 158 Morphology analysis by frequency factor, 169 atomic force microscopy (AFM), 89, 100, monomer reactivity, 173 103 polymerization of dienes, 165 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 89 rate constant, 155–157 small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 35 rate of polymerization, 155–157 transmission of electron microscopy rate of polymerization equation, 156 (TEM), 35, 36, 89, 100 Kivelson mechanism, 74

N L Nadimide, 85 Latex, 139, 263 Neoprene, 1, 52 Living polymerization Norbornene polymer, 220 atom transfer radical polymerization Nylon 66, 51, 69, 113, 119 (ATRP), 9, 163–165 living radical polymerization, 162, 165 nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), O 9, 164 Oligomer, deﬁnition, 2, 7, 283 reversible addition-fragmentation chain Optical device transfer polymerization (RAFT), 164, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 81, 82 165 switch, 81, 82 waveguide, 81 Optical harmonic generation M second, 80, 82 Maleimide, 85 third, 82 Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation, 16, 20 Optical Kerr effect, 82 Mass spectroscopy (MS), 16, 18, 19 Optical property of polymer Mayo Equation, 197 absorption, 77, 78 Mean-square average distance, 15 band gap, 77, 79 Measurement of molecular weight highest occupied molecular orbital acid number, 17 (HOMO), 79 end group analysis, 16, 17 linear, 77, 78 gel permeation chromatography, 22, 23 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital light scattering, 19–21 (LUMO), 79 membrane osmometry, 17 maximum absorption wavelength, 77 viscosity, 20 nonlinear, 77 Mechanical properties reﬂection, 76, 77 304 Index

Optical property of polymer (cont.) conjugated, 73, 74, 77, 95, 133, 166 refractive index, 76–78 crosslinked, 4, 27, 43, 63, 67, 124, 288 scattering, 77, 80 crystallinity, 27, 31, 37, 68, 263, 297 transmission, 76, 77, 82 definition, 1, 2, 7 transparency, 80 entanglement, 21, 42, 50, 130 flow, 1, 27, 43, 46, 48, 52 ladder, 3, 4, 70 P liquid crystalline, 27, 38, 42, 51, 58 Passive material, 76 molecular structure, 27, 76 Phase diagram of block copolymer, 34 molecular weight, 3, 9, 16, 23, 43, 111, Phenol-formaldehyde, 1, 6, 112 113, 118, 119, 181, 275, 285 Phenylethynyl oligomer, 84 morphology, 27, 75, 89, 100 Plastic, 7, 8, 67, 139, 179, 220, 229 nomenclature, 4, 5 Polarizability, 19, 77, 79 recycling, 7 Polarization, 29, 77, 80, 81 self assembly, 34, 37 Polarizer, 81 size, 2, 9, 16, 116, 178, 286, 294 Polyacetylene, 1, 73, 75, 221 solution, 9, 12, 22, 46, 279 Polyacrylonitrile, 52, 109, 181 stereoregular, 1, 29, 227 Poly(alpha) olefin, 29 type of, 3, 63, 111, 280 Polyamide, 4, 14, 38, 115, 128, 112 Polymerization Polyaniline, 74 chain, 3, 4, 137, 142, 150, 153, 155, 185, Polybenzimidazole, 70, 83 187, 274 Polybutadiene step, 111, 117, 119, 124, 129 1,2-, 29, 57 Polymerization of cyclic acetals cis-1,4-, 53, 188, 220 commercial applications, 287 trans-1,4-, 53, 220 kinetic characteristics, 283 Poly(1-butene), 32, 220 thermodynamic characteristics, 285 Polycarbonate, 5–7, 68, 98, 108 Polymerization of cyclosiloxanes, 294 Polycyanoacrylate, 188 Polymerization of lactams Poly(1,3-cyclo-pentenylenevinylene), 220 anionic polymerization, 291 Poly(dimethyl siloxane), 52, 297 cationic polymerization, 288 Polyether, 43, 112, 116, 128, 131, 287 hydrolytic polymerization, 290 Polyethylene, 7, 24, 27, 31, 50–53, 61, 63, 66, molecular weight distribution, 294 68, 73, 76, 158, 178, 179, 230, 232, 263 reactivity of lactam, 294 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene), 74 Poly(methyl methacrylate), 5, 26, 29, 32, 66, Poly(ethylene oxide), 51, 53, 108 76, 96, 98, 104, 151, 154 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET, 6 Poly(N-vinyl-carbazole), 76 Poly(glycolic acid), 65 Polyoctenamer, 220 Poly(3-hexyl thiophene), 19, 35, 93, 231, 232 Polyoxazole, 70 Polyimide, 82, 91 Poly(oxy methylene), 108 Polyisoindigo, 76 Polypeptide, 65 Polyisoprene Polyphenyl esters, 114 cis-1,4, 53, 167, 188 Poly(phenylene sulfide), 70 trans-1,4, 53, 167 Poly(phenylene vinylene), 11 Poly(lactic acid), 65 Polyphosphazene, 62, 268 Poly(L-propylene oxide), 29, 30 Poly(p-phenylene), 70, 74, 117 Polymer Polypropylene, 24, 32, 51–53, 98, 159, 221, amorphous, 31, 32, 43, 63, 67, 76 225, 228, 230 biodegradable, 64, 65 Polypyrrol, 74 blend, 44, 45, 54, 103, 233 Polyquinoxaline, 70, 84 chemical structure, 1, 2, 6, 47, 48, 76, 78, Poly(SA-HAD anhydride), 65 89, 90, 138 Polysiloxane, 4, 53, 108, 268, 294, 296 configuration, 27–30, 75 Polystyrene, 5, 11, 13, 22, 23, 25, 29, 32, 43, conformation, 12, 27, 33, 51, 75, 76, 93 44, 52, 54, 63, 66, 72, 76, 92, 93, 104, Index 305

109, 141, 151, 159, 179, 217, 229, 263, nucleophilic substitution, 116 297 Ring-opening polymerization Poly(styrene)-b-poly (2-vinylpyridine), 23 aziridene, 268 Polysulfide, 112 copolymerization, 287, 296, 297 Polysulfonamides, 114 cyclic acetals, 282, 283 Polysulfone, 112 cyclic esters, 267 Poly(sulfur nitride), 73, 74 cyclic ethers, 267, 271, 272 Poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) PTFE, 53, 181, 182 cyclosiloxanes, 294 Polythiadiazole, 70 lactam, 268, 288, 290–294 Polyurea, 112, 114 mechanisms and kinetics, 267, 270 Polyurethane, 43, 44, 72, 116, 127, 128, 287 reactivity of cyclic monomers, 267 Poly(vinyl acetate), 6, 109, 139, 183 Poly(vinyl alcohol), 61, 63, 108, 140, 183 Poly(vinyl chloride), 4, 31, 52, 57, 61, 63, 72, S 139, 151, 180 Shear Poly(vinylidene fluoride), 62, 181 force, 38, 46, 49 Poly(e-caprolactone), 65 thickening, 48, 49 Processability of polymer, 1, 83 thinning, 48–50 Solubility parameter, 12, 14 Step polymerization Q copolymerization, 127 Q-e scheme, 251, 252 degree of polymerization, 111, 121, 125 molecular weight control, 119 molecular weight distribution, 122 R network formation, 124 Radical chain polymerization phase transfer reaction, 129 alkene monomer, 297 reaction kinetics, 117 autoacceleration, 150, 158 reaction mechanisms, 111 carbonyl monomer, 215, 216 reactions, 111, 114, 117, 129 chain transfer reaction, 151, 158 techniques, 129 chemical structure effect of monomer, 138 Stereo isomers inhibitors, 161 atactic, 28 initiators, 142, 147 isotactic, 28 molecular weight distribution, 158, 176, syndiotactic, 28 177 Stereo-specificity, 219, 222 monomer reactivity, 173 Structural arrangement of polymer reaction mechanism, 190 aregic, 140 structural arrangement of polymer, 138 head-to-head, 140, 141 telomerization, 161 head-to-tail, 140, 141 temperature effect, 168, 169, 171 isoregic, 140 Radius of gyration, 14, 15 syndioregic, 140 Reaction mechanism of free radical tail-to-tail, 140 polymerization Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), 188, 263 coupling, 153, 154, 158, 161 Susceptibility, 78, 79, 82, 216 disproportionation, 153, 154, 158 Suzuki coupling reaction, 133 initiation, 153, 155, 163 Swelling, 43, 61 propagation, 153–157, 162, 163 termination, 154–158, 161 Reaction mechanisms of step polymerization T aromatic electrophilic-substitution, 117 Techniques of free radical chain carbonyl addition - elimination, 113 polymerization carbonyl addition - substitution, 115 bulk polymerization, 150 double bond addition, 116 emulsion, 150, 151 free radical coupling, 117 solution, 150, 151 306 Index

suspension, 150, 151 enthalpy, 172, 173 Telechelic polymer, deﬁnition, 2, 128, 281 entropy, 172, 173, 176 Temperature effect of the free radical free energy, 172 polymerization monomer reactivity, 173 activation energy and frequency factor, 169 Thermoplastic, 43, 44, 52, 54, 67, 263, 287 degree of polymerization, 171 Thermoset, 43, 106, 116 rate of polymerization, 170 Theta (h) temperature (or Flory temperature), Thermal analysis by 15 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thixotropic, 49 104, 106 differential thermal analysis (DTA), 104, 106 U dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 104, Urea-formaldehyde, 112 106 thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 104, 107 V thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 104, van’t Hoff equation, 18 106 Viscoelastic properties of polymer, 46 Thermal properties Viscometer combustion, 71, 72 cone-plate rotational, 22 decomposition temperature, 70, 71 ubbelohde, 22 enthalpy, 53 entropy, 53 ﬂammability, 104, 108 W gibbs free energy, 53 Weather resistance, 61 glass transition temperature, 104, 106 Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation, 47 melting temperature, 67, 68, 70 oxidative reaction, 71 pyrolysis, 71, 72 Z stability, 68, 104 Ziegler-natta copolymerization, 229, 230 thermo-oxidative, 71 Ziegler-natta polymerization weight loss, 71, 107 heterogeneous, 219 Thermodynamics of free radical homogeneous, 225 polymerization Zimm plots, 20 ceiling temperature, 175, 176