DOCSLIB.ORG

Japan • 日本国 • Nippon-Koku • Nihon-Koku

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Japan • 日本国 • Nippon-Koku • Nihon-Koku Japan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the country. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation). "Nippon" redirects here. For other uses, see Nippon (disambiguation). Japan 日本国 Nippon-koku Nihon-koku Flag Imperial Seal Anthem: "Kimigayo" "君が代" Government Seal of Japan 五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri?) Tokyo Capital 35°41′N 139°46′E 35.683°N and largest city 139.767°E Official languages None[1] Aynu itak Ryukyuan languages Recognised regional languages Eastern Japanese Western Japanese several other Japanese dialects National language Japanese 98.5% Japanese 0.5% Korean Ethnic groups ([2]) 0.4% Chinese 0.6% other Demonym Japanese Unitary parliamentary democracy Government under constitutional monarchy - Emperor Akihito - Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Legislature National Diet - Upper house House of Councillors - Lower house House of Representatives Formation National Foundation - 11 February 660 BC[3] Day - Meiji Constitution 29 November 1890 - Current constitution 3 May 1947 San Francisco - 28 April 1952 Peace Treaty Area 377,944 km2[4] (62nd) - Total 145,925 sq mi - Water (%) 0.8 Population - 2012 estimate 126,659,683[5] (10th) - 2010 census 128,056,026[6] 337.1/km2 (36th) - Density 873.1/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate - Total $4.616 trillion[7] (4th) - Per capita $36,179[7] (25th) GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate - Total $5.984 trillion[7] (3rd) - Per capita $46,895[7] (18th) 0.912[8] HDI (2013) very high · 10th Currency Yen (¥) / En (円 or 圓) (JPY) Time zone JST (UTC+9) - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+9) yyyy-mm-dd Date format yyyy 年 m 月 d 日 Era yy 年 m 月 d 日 (CE−1988) Drives on the left Calling code +81 ISO 3166 code JP Internet TLD .jp For an overview of Japanese topics, see the Index of Japan-related articles or the Japan portal. See also Outline of Japan. This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana. Japan i / dʒ ə ˈ p æ n / (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally "[the] State of Japan") is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which together comprise about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. Honshū's Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. From the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military dictatorships (shogunates) in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was only ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West. Nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as head of state in 1868 and the Empire of Japan was proclaimed, with the Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino- Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected legislature called the Diet. A major economic power,[2] Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the sixth largest military budget,[9] used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. After Singapore, Japan has the lowest homicide rate (including attempted homicide) in the world.[10] According to Japan's health ministry, Japanese women have the second highest life expectancy of any country in the world.[11] According to the United Nations, Japan also has the third lowest infant mortality rate.[12][13] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History o 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history o 2.2 Feudal era o 2.3 Modern era 3 Government and politics 4 Foreign relations and military 5 Administrative divisions 6 Geography o 6.1 Climate o 6.2 Biodiversity o 6.3 Environment 7 Economy o 7.1 Science and technology o 7.2 Infrastructure 8 Demographics o 8.1 Religion o 8.2 Languages o 8.3 Education o 8.4 Health 9 Culture o 9.1 Art o 9.2 Music o 9.3 Literature o 9.4 Cuisine o 9.5 Sports 10 References 11 External links Etymology Main article: Names of Japan The English word Japan derives from the Chinese pronunciation of the Japanese name, 日本, pronounced Nippon listen (help·info) or Nihon listen (help·info) in Japanese. The pronunciation Nippon is more formal, and is in Japanese used for most official purposes, including international sporting events. From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku (大日本帝國?), meaning "the Empire of Great Japan". Today the name Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku (日本国?) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent; countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku (国?), meaning "country", "nation" or "state". Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人?) and to their language as Nihongo (日 本語?). Both Nippon and Nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Japanese missions to Imperial China and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (倭?) or Wakoku (倭国?).[14] The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The early Mandarin or possibly Wu Chinese (吳語) pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔ pən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo,[15] and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe.[16] It was first recorded in English in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.[17] History Main article: History of Japan Prehistory and ancient history The Golden Hall and five-storey pagoda of Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world, National Treasures, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, who include ancestors of both the contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people,[18][19] characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.[20] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon.[21] The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,[22] a new style of pottery,[23] and metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.[24] Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[25] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[26] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).[27] The Nara period (710–784) of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture.[28] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one- third of Japan's population.[29] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794. Byōdō-in (1053) is a temple of Pure Land Buddhism.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 6Th Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Asia – COSTA 2020
    H-Travel The 6th Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Asia – COSTA 2020 Discussion published by Michael Sasaoka on Thursday, December 5, 2019 Type: Conference Date: March 27, 2020 to March 28, 2020 Location: Japan Subject Fields: Economic History / Studies Welcome to COSTA 2020 We welcome you to join us in Osaka, Japan on Friday and Saturday, March 27-28, 2020 for the 6th Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Asia (COSTA 2020), to be held at the Osaka Corona Hotel in Osaka City, Japan. This event is being organized alongsidethe 6th Conference on Human Development in Asia (COHDA 2020). COSTA 2020 will coincide with the cherry blossom viewing period around Osaka. The good weather and blooming cherry blossoms is a time ‘hanami’ celebrations around the city. Hanami, which means cherry blossom viewing, is an important ritual in Japanese culture dating back hundreds of years. It is customary for people to gather in parks and spread tarps beneath the cherry trees, admiring the splendor of the blossoms, while eating, drinking and enjoying time with family and friends. The most popular spots for hanami get crowded with food and drink stalls, and sometimes there are festivals and events of all kinds. Plus, hanami in Osaka can be enjoyed not only during daytime, but also at night, when the cherry trees are lit up and offer a completely different scenery. This is a small, international, peer-reviewed conference with a limited number of oral and poster presentation time slots. We encourage all interested participants to submit presentations as early as possible. Please note that submissions and registration will close when the event has reached its capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Item 3D. LBR-2019-20-008 Mums
    CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO LONDON N. BREED, MAYOR OFFICE OF SMALL BUSINESS REGINA DICK-ENDRIZZI, DIRECTOR Legacy Business Registry Staff Report HEARING DATE DECEMBER 9, 2019 MUMS – HOME OF SHABU SHABU Application No.: LBR-2019-20-008 Business Name: Mums - Home of Shabu Shabu Business Address: 1800 Sutter Street District: District 5 Applicant: Isidore Tam, Owner Nomination Date: August 5, 2019 Nominated By: Supervisor Vallie Brown Staff Contact: Richard Kurylo [email protected] BUSINESS DESCRIPTION Mums - Home of Shabu Shabu (“Mums”) is a family-owned Japanese American restaurant located on the first floor of the Kimpton Buchanan Hotel in Japantown. The restaurant was founded in 1979 as part of a project to bring Japanese culture to San Francisco by Kintetsu Enterprises Company of Osaka, Japan. It is currently owned by former employee Isidore Tam. Over the 40 years it has been in business, Mums has remained committed to bridging Japanese and American culture through its dining space and cuisine, becoming a vital gathering place for the surrounding Japantown community. Kintetsu Enterprises Company of America was founded in San Francisco in 1961 by Kintetsu Group Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The company sought to bridge Japanese and American cultures. They began in San Francisco, which had been Osaka’s Sister City since 1957. At the time, Japantown had recently undergone redevelopment so Kintetsu brought new life to Japantown by encouraging the proliferation of Japanese businesses in the area. They opened the Kyoto Inn in 1975 and, realizing that guests needed a place to enjoy Japanese food, opened what was then called Café Mums just four years later.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography's Importance to Japan's History
    RESOURCES ESSAYS of the present and become better prepared — Japan has many earth- geography’s for challenges of the future. Space in one quakesgeology because of its position on the Pacific article does not permit a comprehensive plan “Ring of Fire.” The Pacific Plate moves a importance to with all the possible ways to incorporate few inches a year westward into the Philip- Japan’s historical geography into the class- pine and Eurasian Plates. In addition, there Japan’s Historyby Patrick Grant room. This article, instead, offers a few is a complex system of faults on the Japan- ideas for applying these two standards by ese islands. The 1923 earthquake, with the addressing some important geographical resultant fire, destroyed much of Tokyo and apan’s geography has been and is a concepts. most of Yokohama. Some 100,000 people crucial factor in its history. Geology, The article touches upon many specific perished in this disaster. Only twenty sec- location, patterns of settlement, trans- issues that teachers will find interesting for onds of shaking killed 5,480 people in the J port, and economic development are discussions in the classroom. The brief 1995 Hanshin-Awaji quake around K¬be.3 strongly influenced by spatial considera- introduction to geology gives background to The rebuilding of this area is rapidly pro- tions. Our appreciation of any historical the earthquake hazard. Scarcity of space, gressing, but there are still thousands of dis- issue is greatly enhanced by learning how covered in the next section, has helped to located people two years after the quake.
    [Show full text]
  • View of the Study
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: March 2, 2005 I, MICHAEL DAVID FOWLER, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Musical Arts in: Piano It is entitled: Toshi Ichiyanagi’s Piano Media: Finding Parallelisms to Patterns in Japanese Culture. This work and its defense approved by: Chair: James Culley Kenneth Griffiths Frank Wienstock _______________________________ 2 Toshi Ichiyanagi’s Piano Media: Finding Parallelisms to Patterns in Japanese Culture A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS IN PIANO in the Keyboard Division, of the College Conservatory of Music 2005 by Michael D. Fowler Dip.Mus., University of Newcastle, 1994 B.Mus. (Hons), University of Newcastle, 1996 M.M. University of Cincinnati, 1999 Committee Chair: James Culley 3 ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the musical analysis of Toshi Ichiyanagi’s 1972 solo piano composition Piano Media, and an examination of musical processes and considerations that mirror and parallel patterns of traditional Japanese culture. Through brief studies of language construction, Zen, Pachinko and traditional aesthetics, analogies and references can be used to highlight congruent musical structures and predilections in Ichiyanagi’s work. The final goal is to define the work not only within musical terms of analysis, but also within a cultural context. 4 Copyright © 2004 by Michael Fowler All Rights Reserved 5 CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . 9 Overview of the Study PART 1. SELECTED ELEMENTS OF JAPANESE CULTURE II. THE CULTIVATION OF THE JAPANESE SENSIBILITY THROUGH THE ARTS .
    [Show full text]
  • Sake & SHOCHU TOURS of JAPAN
    Sake & SHOCHU TOURS OF JAPAN 酒 蔵ツーリズムのすすめ ENGLISH | 日本語 BREWERY BREWERY において全ての“もの づくり”に捧げられる THE SAKE EXPERIENCE 日本献身と情熱は、それは それは美しいものなのですよ。」酒蔵通 外国人レポーターによる酒蔵観光レポート りを歩く私達に、ツアーガイドは熱心に 語りかけてきた。そして酒造りに関して By 3rd generation Japanese American reporter Sami Kawahara 文 サミ カワハラ（日系三世アメリカ人レポーター） も、彼女の言うとおりであることが明ら into the tasting room filled with countless かになるのである。 sake products. Bottles of sake, of course, but also sake-inspired beauty products and 酒蔵通り―文字通り、酒の蔵元が並ぶ通 omiyage (souvenirs). Mr. Maegaki, head brewer り―には8つの異なる蔵元が立ち並んで at Kamoizumi brewery, eagerly lines up four いる。蔵元同士で競い合う代わりに、彼 sake glasses with the bottles displayed behind, らは特定のガイドラインに従って団結し ready for guests to taste. I was continuously ている。ワインの試飲ツアーと同様、酒 charmed by the brewer’s enthusiasm and ex- citement when proudly serving his own sake. 蔵通りを訪れるゲストは各地域で醸造さ れる多種多様な酒を試飲し、それぞれの As we moved to the next brewery a few 蔵元が造り出す個性的な品質を確かめる buildings down, I felt drawn in and inspired ことが出来る。蔵元の責任者がゲストに by the countryside atmosphere and the sake 挨拶する際に見せる情熱と、酒を造る職 rice fields only a stone’s throw away from the 人達の実直な働きぶりを目にすると、口 brewery. And as we continued the brewery に含んだひとすすりの酒に、より深い感 tour, it was clear that whether I wanted to 謝の念が心の底から湧き上がる。 learn more about sake in a classroom environ- ment, view traditional sake making tools, relax 酒の豊かな伝統は紀元3世紀まで遡る。 in a zen garden, or eat cake with sake sauce 酒の持つ印象はとても伝統的で、私のよ 酒造りはビールの製造と似ている。どち 広島県西条は、数々のホテルと蔵元、そ drizzled over the top, each brewery brought うな初心者の酒飲みには、時に、あまり らも原料を醸造することで、デンプンを して最寄り駅がわずか半径1km圏内に全 something new to the table. にも伝統的で威圧感すら覚えてしまう。 糖化し、更にその糖分をアルコール化す て収まっている、古風で趣のある街だ。 るからである。ツアー参加中、私はこの 一方、京都府伏見市と兵庫県灘市では日 Saijo, located in Hiroshima Prefecture, is a けれど、様々な蔵元を探索し酒産業の中 quaint town comprised of hotels, breweries, 核を経験してからというもの、私はこの 酒造りの最初（洗米）から最後（瓶詰 本酒の50%以上を醸造している。また and a convenient train station, all in a 1,000 アルコール飲料に対し、新たな賞賛の念 め）までの過程を見ることが出来た。 試飲の機会を設けている蔵元の多くも、 square meter radius.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Japanese Terms
    RADAR Research Archive and Digital Asset Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Note if anything has been removed from thesis. Images from page after title page, p74, 95, 99, 116, 122, 149 When referring to this work, the full bibliographic details must be given as follows: Fraser, A. (2012) An investigation of the medical use of thermo-mineral springs found in Misasa (Japan) and Jáchymov (Czech Republic). PhD Thesis. Oxford Brookes University. WWW.BROOKES.AC.UK/GO/RADAR AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MEDICAL USE OF THERMO-MINERAL SPRINGS FOUND IN MISASA (JAPAN) AND JÁCHYMOV (CZECH REPUBLIC) Anna Fraser Department of Social Sciences; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences This degree is awarded by Oxford Brookes University. This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the award of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: October 2012 Y a m a i w a k i k a r a “Illness comes from ki” (Japanese proverb) Abstract This thesis presents an analysis of the beliefs and practices surrounding balneotherapy, a technique that uses waters of natural mineral springs for healing. Balneotherapy as employed in the treatment of mainly chronic, incurable and painful disorders will be used as a tool for revealing the pluralistic medical belief systems in the two cultures chosen for this study, the cultures of Japan and the Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Otaku Phenomenon : Pop Culture, Fandom, and Religiosity in Contemporary Japan
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2017 The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan. Kendra Nicole Sheehan University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Recommended Citation Sheehan, Kendra Nicole, "The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2850. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2850 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Kendra Nicole Sheehan All rights reserved THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Approved on November 17, 2017 by the following Dissertation Committee: __________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • JP Domain Name Registry Report 2019
    2019.1-12 JP Domain Name Registry Report Japan Registry Services Co.,Ltd. Introduction The Internet is being used in increasingly broad and diverse areas of society as technology advances. Along with that, the need for domain names and the importance of the domain name system (DNS) are also being strengthened. With this background, the number of JP domain names surpassed 1.57 million in January 2020. Over 420,000 names are registered under “co.jp,” making it the most registered category in the Organizational Type JP Domain Name, the domain name space categorized by organizational type of registrants. 97% of publicly-listed companies in Japan have already registered “co.jp” domain names. JPRS is committed to its ongoing effort to improve JP domain name services, develop systems and carry out promotional activities to facilitate the use of JP domain names and deliver greater value to users. The domain name industry saw the number of domain names across TLDs increase. On the other hand, various challenges have continued to threaten the Internet infrastructure, such as domain hijacking that exploits falsified DNS configurations and detection of vulnerabilities in DNS software. As a company supporting the basis of the Internet society through domain names and DNS, JPRS is striving to make the Internet safe for everyone to use. To this end, JPRS promptly provides information and deals with risks and challenges related to domain names and DNS as they arise. JPRS also actively contributes to discussions of global issues and conveys relevant information to the communities in Japan. The management and administration of JP domain names require a high level of commitment to enhancing the public interest and getting ahead in the competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Agriculture in Japanese Regions and Convergence: an Empirical Analysis Using Panel Unit Root Test*
    Kobe University Economic Review 59 (2013) 25 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE IN JAPANESE REGIONS AND CONVERGENCE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING PANEL UNIT ROOT TEST* By TOMOKO KINUGASA† and YUKIO FUKUMOTO‡ This research investigates whether several characteristics of agriculture in Japanese regions were con- verging empirically. Four kinds of panel unit root tests imply that agricultural income per farm tended to converge among Japanese prefectures from 1965 to 1995. However, other characteristics of agriculture did not necessarily converge. The dependent ratio of agriculture in Hokkaido is so large that it would be dif- ficult for other prefectures to match its level. We could not find strong evidence that agricultural research stock per farm was converging. Therefore, it is possible that agriculture had not been operating in a similar way throughout Japan. 1. Introduction Japanese agriculture is facing a critical situation. The food self-sufficiency ratio has de- creased year by year, and many farms abandoned agricultural pursuits or devoted more effort to businesses other than agriculture. Japan is a small country, and the limited amount of arable land is a serious problem. In such a situation, Japanese farms with relatively high productiv- ity have expanded their agricultural land by absorbing smaller farm holdings in an attempt to strengthen their international competitiveness. The purpose of this research is to investigate the convergence of characteristics of agricul- ture in Japanese regions by using the panel unit root test. The basic tenets of convergence the- ory are that an economy with low productivity tends to grow faster than one with higher pro- ductivity, and that a poor economy tends to catch up with a rich economy over the long run.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Determinants of Health in Non-Communicable Diseases Case Studies from Japan Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health
    Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health Katsunori Kondo Editor Social Determinants of Health in Non-communicable Diseases Case Studies from Japan Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health Series Editors Wolfgang Ahrens, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany Iris Pigeot, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany The series has two main aims. First, it publishes textbooks and monographs addressing recent advances in specific research areas. Second, it provides comprehensive overviews of the methods and results of key epidemiological studies marking cornerstones of epidemiological practice, which are otherwise scattered across numerous narrow-focused publications. Thus the series offers in-depth knowledge on a variety of topics, in particular, on epidemiological concepts and methods, statistical tools, applications, epidemiological practice and public health. It also covers innovative areas such as molecular and genetic epidemiology, statistical principles in epidemiology, modern study designs, data management, quality assurance and other recent methodological developments. Written by the key experts and leaders in corresponding fields, the books in the series offer both broad overviews and insights into specific areas and topics. The series serves as an in-depth reference source that can be used complementarily to the “The Handbook of Epidemiology,” which provides a starting point of orientation for interested readers (2nd edition published in 2014 http://www.springer.com/public+health/ book/978-0-387-09835-7). The series is intended for researchers and professionals involved in health research, health reporting, health promotion, health system administration and related aspects. It is also of interest for public health specialists and researchers, epidemiologists, physicians, biostatisticians, health educators, and students worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States
    Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States THOMAS J. WARD & WILLIAM D. LAY i Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States THOMAS J. WARD AND WILLIAM D. LAY ii E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2019 ISBN 978-1-910814-50-5 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries, including for licensing and translation requests. Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials/scholarly use. Production: Michael Tang Cover Image: Ki Young via Shutterstock A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. iii E-IR Open Access Series Editor: Stephen McGlinchey Books Editor: Cameran Clayton Editorial Assistants: Xolisile Ntuli and Shelly Mahajan E-IR Open Access is a series of scholarly books presented in a format that preferences brevity and accessibility while retaining academic conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Khq 6H[ 7Kuhdwhqhg Wkh 6Wdwh ,Oolflw 6H[Xdolw\ 1Dwlrqdolvp Dqg 3Rolwlfv Lq &Rorqldo 1Ljhuld ² E\ 6Dkhhg $Ghulq
    :KHQ6H[7KUHDWHQHGWKH6WDWH,OOLFLW6H[XDOLW\1DWLRQDOLVPDQG3ROLWLFV LQ&RORQLDO1LJHULD²E\6DKHHG$GHULQWR UHYLHZ -XGLWK$%\ILHOG &DQDGLDQ-RXUQDORI+LVWRU\9ROXPH1XPEHUVSULQJVXPPHUSULQWHPSVpWp SS 5HYLHZ 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV '2,FQK )RUDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVDUWLFOH KWWSVPXVHMKXHGXDUWLFOH Access provided by Fondren Library, Rice University (17 May 2016 17:11 GMT) 206 reviews family structure. It adds to the comparative analysis of Puerto Rican com- munities in the Midwest with other historical groups, such as Mexican Americans (Lilia Ferna´ndez’s Brown in the Windy City, Chicago, 2012). We Are Left without a Father Here exposes the complexities derived from a colonial apparatus that is carving its own formula of modernization. In the process, concepts of class, gender, and race intersect in very subtle ways throughout the migration process. This book can be used as a reference or complementary text for a college and graduate level course. It is a valuable source for any course on American, Caribbean, Latino, and Latin American studies, and any other related fields. Milagros Denis-Rosario, Hunter College, City University of New York Middle East, Central Asia, and Africa Le Moyen-Orient, l’Asie centrale, et l’Afrique When Sex Threatened the State: Illicit Sexuality, Nationalism, and Politics in Colonial Nigeria, 1900–1958, by Saheed Aderinto. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2015. xviii, 241 pp. $95.00 US (cloth), $32.00 US (paper). In seven engaging chapters and an epilogue, Saheed Aderinto has pro- duced a very important contribution to African social history and Nigerian historiography specifically. His intellectual journey, as revealed in his introduction, is a ‘‘must read’’ for graduate students for this book is the outcome of a scholar who listened closely to his sources and grappled with the complex realities they revealed.
    [Show full text]