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Published by the University of Alabama, the University Of SIX DOLLARS NUMBER 114, FALL 2014 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM, AND THE ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTOR Y Alabama Schools Sponsor Editor Donna Cox Baker BLUE CROSS AND BLUE Designer Robin McDonald SHIELD OF ALABAMA Marketing & Advertising Sara C. Martin Associate Editor Susan Reynolds Alabama Heritage is grateful to Blue Cross and Digital Media Editor Rebecca Todd Minder Blue Shield for giving the Consulting Editor Elizabeth Wade magazine to every school Contributing Editors L. J. Davenport, Stephen Goldfarb in the state. Circulation Cindy Sanford Assistants/Interns Alice Deters, Sara Gibson, Taylor Hughes, Alabama Heritage wishes to Elizabeth Rogers thank the following for their Proofreaders Jessica Lowther, Cassandra M. Nelson generous support: Published by the University of Alabama, the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Alabama Department of Archives and History Alabama Power Company The University of Alabama Judy Bonner, President Hanna Steel Joe Benson, Interim Provost Corporation Jennifer D. Greer, Associate Provost The University of Alabama at Birmingham Phifer Incorporated Ray L. Watts, MD, President Shirley Salloway Kahn, Vice President, Development, Alumni and External Relations Protective Life Linda C. Lucas, Provost Corporation Alabama Department of Archives and History Vulcan Materials George P. Evans, Chairman, Board of Trustees Company Shirley Dowling McCrary, Vice Chairman, Board of Trustees Steve Murray, Director YellaWood The Alabama Heritage Foundation Board of Directors President: Steve Williams, Birmingham • Vice President: John Scott, Montgomery A corporate-level gift has Edwin C. Bridges, Montgomery; Lella Bromberg, Birmingham; Paul W. Bryant Jr., Tuscaloosa; H. E. Cauthen Jr., been made in honor of Montgomery; Larry Foster, Birmingham; Gillian Goodrich, Birmingham; Charles Graff eo, Huntsville; Elmer B. Harris, Birmingham; Betsy Lowe, Huntsville; Gordon Martin, Birmingham; Gaylon McCollough, Gulf Shores; Sid John J. McMahon Jr. McDonald, Union Grove; D. Joseph McInnes, Montgomery; Th omas McMillan, Brewton; Tennant S. McWilliams, Birmingham; Emmett Meyer, Tuscaloosa; Vaughan Morrissette, Mobile; Beverly Phifer, Tuscaloosa; Cathy Randall, Tuscaloosa; Barrett C. Shelton Jr., Decatur; Brenda Sonner-Fox, Montgomery; Neal Travis, Birmingham; Alabama Heritage (ISSN 0887-493X) is Neal Wade, Montgomery; Suzanne Wolfe, Tuscaloosa. a nonprofi t educational quarterly pub- lished by the University of Alabama, Editorial and Advisory Board the University of Alabama at Birming- Edwin C. Bridges, Emeritus, Alabama State Department of Archives and History; Wilton S. Dillon, Senior Scholar ham, and the Alabama Department of Emeritus, Smithsonian Institution; J. Wayne Flynt, Professor Emeritus, Department of History, Auburn University; Archives and History. Entire contents, Robert Gamble, Retired Senior Architectural Historian, Alabama Historical Commission; Virginia Van der Veer copyright 2014 by the University of Hamilton, Professor Emerita, Department of History, University of Alabama at Birmingham; William J. Koopman, Alabama. All rights reserved. Chairman Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Tennant S. McWilliams, Alabama Heritage disclaims responsi- Professor Emeritus, History Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Robert O. Mellown, Department bility for all statements of fact or opinion of Art, University of Alabama; George C. Rable, Summersell Chair in Southern History, University of Alabama; expressed in signed contributions to the Michael Th omason, Department of History, University of South Alabama. magazine. Th e editors will give careful consideration to all unsolicited materi- Changing your address? Please notify Alabama Heritage as soon as possible; the post offi ce does not forward bulk mail. als but cannot assume responsibility for Rates, postpaid in the United States: One year (four issues) $18.95; two years (eight issues) $32.95; single copies $6.00 plus their safety; return postage is requested. $2.00 for postage and handling. All correspondence regarding subscriptions, donations, or manuscripts should be di- Writer’s Guidelines are available at www. rected to: Alabama Heritage, University of Alabama, P.O. Box 870342, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0342, (205) 348-7467. AlabamaHeritage.com. Toll-free (orders only): 877-925-2323. Visit us online at www.AlabamaHeritage.com. A L A B A M A H E R I T A G E : F A L L 2 0 1 4 1 Table of Contents FEATURES CREATING “THE MUSCLE SHOALS SOUND” BY CHARLES L. HUGHES For more than fi ve decades, a small corner of Alabama has helped the music industry produce a soulful sound that reverberates throughout the nation and the world. 8 Cover: Cher and friends gather in front of Muscle AN INVISIBLE MAP REVEALED: Shoals Sound. See caption, THE FIRST STATE SEAL OF ALABAMA page 10. (Stephen Paley) BY DAVID M. ROBB JR. DEPARTMENTS High-resolution scans uncover an early state map, 4 published here for the fi rst time, providing insights Southern Architecture & Preservation about Alabama’s founding and the fi rst state seal. Birmingham’s 18 Boutwell Auditorium 46 ALABAMA’S JEWISH SERVICEMEN Becoming Alabama IN WORLD WAR II Quarter by Quarter Calendar of Events BY DAN J. PUCKETT 52 Members of Alabama’s Jewish population gained a Alabama Governors Alabama’s Territorial profound sense of purpose and found themselves Governors ever-changed as a result of their World War II service. 28 54 Revealing Hidden COMING OF AGE IN GEE’S BEND Collections BY MARY STANTON Glimpses of the Great War at Home and Abroad Alabama sociologist Olive Stone spent years 58 researching the culture of Gee’s Bend, discovering Portraits & Landscapes a community that thrived on independence and a Remembering a Female Civil War POW 36 unique identity that survives to this day. 62 Nature Journal Mrs. Royall’s Judge, or, PLACES IN PERIL 2014: ALABAMA’S A Tale of Two Historical ENDANGERED HISTORIC LANDMARKS Markers 66 BY MICHAEL PANHORST Reading the Th is year’s list of historic places in need of Southern Past restoration and preservation includes a number William Bartram, 44 Naturalist and Traveler of compelling sites throughout the state. w w w . A l a b a m a H e r i t a g e . c o m A L A B A M A H E R I T A G E : F A L L 2 0 1 4 3 Revealing Hidden Collections BY DONNELLY LANCASTER WALTON a young man and my country did not go in I would shoulder a gun and join the Allies. n November 7, 1914, Surgeon General of the US Army William C. Gorgas wrote to his sister Mamie, who Th e Alabama native referred to the beginning months lived in Tuscaloosa with their sisters Jessie and Ria: of World War I, and as the highest ranking medical offi cer in the US Army, General Gorgas would have been more Th e European war interests me intensely. I have a great attuned to world aff airs than the average person during that admiration for the Germans. Th ey have certainly shown the period. However, although the war had raged in Europe for greatest courage and pluck. But we are now passing through several years before the United States entered it in 1917, very one of the great epochs in the world’s history. Th is war will decide whether our present civilization will proceed along Soldiers from the Third Army make toasts with European civilians. lines of absolutism or democracy. We are all equally interest- The sign on the table reads: “The Temperance Club of the Rhine.” ed and should take sides with one or the other party. If I were (All photos W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library) 54 A L A B A M A H E R I T A G E : F A L L 2 0 1 4 w w w . A l a b a m a H e r i t a g e . c o m StateS Geologist (among many other titles),ti and double mortgaged his homeh to buy Moundville, he served asa an offi cer in the Army Corps of Engineers.E Th roughout his life he was a prolifi c photographer, often placing hish prints in albums that document diff erent periods. One such album contains around 150 photos, com- plete with captions, from his World War I service. His family also donat- ed Jones’s uniform and riding boots, French parade fl ag, leather map case, ammunition holster, Red Cross bag, medical kit, and sewing kit. Also included are works by novelist Above: Lt. Walter B. Jones took this photo William March, who is best known for of his tent in Villebougis, Yonne, France, writing Th e Bad Seed. March grew up in in January 1919. The soldier is most likely Mobile, Alabama, and served with the one of his brothers (Howard, Edwin, or Fifth Regiment, Forty-third Company of Raymond). Cooks in the background are Marines. Fighting in major battles of the gathering snow for snow cream. Right: warw garnered him the French Croix de Private Eli Hughes of Kennedy, Alabama. Guerre,G the Navy Cross, and the Distin- guishedg Service Cross. His novel Company little archival material in the University K, comparable to All Quiet on the Western of Alabama Libraries Division of Special FrontF , tells the story of the war from 113 Collections, which includes the W. S. soldiers’s perspectives and includes stories Hoole Special Collections Library and recycledre from his own experiences. His the A. S. Williams III Americana Col- papersp include war letters to friends and lection, seems to indicate that Americanss familyfa in which he sprinkles humorous and Alabamians held a great interest in the war. But a closer anecdotes and quips on top of grim or mundane stories. In look uncovers several items in the collections that reveal a letter after the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge, for which his important information about those fi ghting in the war. heroics earned him the Distinguished Service Cross, March Research materials covering the period during US involve- told his friend Hattie that he had “one billion cooties (of the ment are signifi cant, and researchers will fi nd letters, pho- big red German variety)” before describing what happened tographs, and artifacts in over eighty discrete manuscript there.
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