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Pandemia.-Capitalismo-Y-Crisis-Ecosocial-4 1 . Pandemia . VV.AA. Pandemia capitalismo y crisis ecosocial . VV. AA. Pandemia Capitalismo y crisis ecosocial Primera edición, junio de 2020 León, Guanajuato. México. Selección de textos y edición: Carlos H. Babún y Alonso Merino Lubetsky. Diseño editorial: tsunun Créditos de fotografías: portada y 212-213 Liu Feiyue; p. 2, Yasuyoshi Chiba/ AFP; pp. 7-8, EFE; pp. 8-9, Kim Sun-woong/Newsis-AP; p. 10, AFP; p. 12, DR; p. 18, Hamad I Mohammed/Reuters; p. 20, La Nación; p. 24, p. 26, Colin Monteath/ Minden; AFP; p. 32, Getty Images; p. 48, Lee Moo-ryul/Newsis; p. 96, AFP; p. 122, Getty Images/AFP; p. 128, Reuters; p. 140, AFP; p. 142, Getty Images; p. 146, CGTN; p. 154, Shannon Stapleton/Reuters; p. 160, Sasaluk Rattanachai; p. 188, PTI; p. 200, Cuartoscuro; p. 203, EFE; p. 204, AP; p. 211, EFE; pp. 214-215, Paolo Aguilar, EFE. La presente edición promueve la divulgación y discusión de ideas, no persigue fines de lucro. La atribución de copyleft es sólo por el diseño, para evitar sea usada con otros propósitos. Esta obra tiene una licencia Creative Commons tipo: Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported License. Para ver una copia de dicha licencia visita: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ . Índice 11 Declaración de intenciones 13 Miradas criticas al colapso y disputas por el futuro Carlos H. Babún y Alonso Merino Lubetzky 19 Prefacio Una brújula para la tormenta 21 Ante la pandemia represiva: un borrador de tareas, modestas y asequibles, para anarquist@s, libertari@s y afines Carlos Taibo 25 Primera parte Zoonosis y circuitos del capital 27 Contra las pandemias, la ecología Sonia Shah 33 “El negocio agroalimentario pondría en riesgo millones de vidas” Robert Wallace 41 Causalidad de la pandemia, cualidad de la catástrofe Luis Ángel Lara 49 El covid-19 y los circuitos del capital Robert Wallace, Alex Liebman, Luis Fernando Chaves y Rodrick Wallace 69 Contagio social: guerra de clases microbiológica en China Colectivo Chuang 5 95 Segunda parte Fragilidad neoliberal develada 97 Política anticapitalista en la época de covid-19 David Harvey 107 ¡Es el capitalismo, estúpido! Maurizio Lazzarato 123 La pandemia y el fin de la era neoliberal Atilio A. Borón 129 Reflexiones para un mundo post-coronavirus Maristella Svampa 141 Tercera parte Mundos postpandemia: distopías y utopías 143 La pandemia democratizó el poder de matar Achille Mbembe 147 Las lecciones que puede dar el coronavirus a la especie humana Luis González Reyes 6 155 En guerra con la vida Yayo Herrero 161 Pandemia: sintomatología del Capitaloceno Horacio Machado Aráoz 189 Coronavirus: todos somos mortales. Del significante vacío a la naturaleza abierta de la historia Rita Segato 199 Posfacio Más allá de la tormenta 201 No queremos volver a la normalidad Cuellilargo 205 Sobre los autores 7 . DECLARACIÓN DE INTENCIONES miradas críticas al colapso y disputas por el futuro . Pero lo importante es que hay que estar avizores de cualquier señal de peligro. No se trata entonces de advertir el peligro cuando ya está presente, sino de mirar los indicios, valorarlos, interpretarlos, en suma, pensarlos críticamente. Por ejemplo: esos nubarrones en el horizonte, ¿significan que viene una lluvia pasajera, cuál es su intensidad, se dirige hacia acá o se aleja? ¿O se trata de algo más grande, más terrible, más destructivo? Si es así, habrá que alertar a tod@s de la inminencia de… La Tormenta. Bueno, el asunto es que lo que nosotros, nosotras, zapatistas, miramos y escuchamos es que viene una catástrofe en todos los sentidos, una tormenta. La Tormenta, el Centinela y el Síndrome del Vigía, SupGaleano / EZLN A lo largo de algunos años hemos mantenido un diálogo fluido, alimentado por la inquietud, indignación y rabia ante distintos eventos que vemos en el mundo. Desde nuestra mirada, estos eventos de violencia, despojo e injusticia no son aislados, sino que son manifestaciones de algo más grande y, por tanto más grave. Fenómenos como el resurgimiento de partidos y movimientos de derecha con tendencias fascistas, la estrecha interrelación entre el Estado y el capital, la profunda devastación ecológica, la proli- feración de guerras de distintas escalas e intensidades, el sadismo de la violencia patriarcal, el desplazamiento forzado de poblaciones en el sur global, a la vez que las recurrentes oleadas de protestas y la multiplicación de procesos organizativos y de resistencias a lo largo del globo, los leemos como síntomas de lo que consideramos un colapso civilizatorio, una gran crisis del sistema capitalista o, en palabras zapatistas, una gran tormenta. Entendemos la emergencia ecosanitaria que experimentamos hoy como una expresión del derrumbe de la civilización moderna. Dicho desplome, se ha señalado desde muchas miradas y experiencias a nivel planetario, no es necesariamente un momento preciso en el correr del tiempo, sino un cúmulo de acontecimientos que indican una transformación sustancial de la vida. Pensamos que esa debacle no ha llegado de forma definitiva y que la contingencia sanitaria global es acaso una erupción, un sarpullido –valga la analogía– de una patología mayor. La experiencia global de la pandemia provocada por el virus SARS- CoV-2 refleja las formas de desigualdad que el modelo de acumulación capitalista ha venido instaurando entre comunidades, países y personas, así como entre la humanidad y la naturaleza. Múltiples llamados se han hecho para contener los efectos destructivos del capital sobre los pueblos y la biosfera, consecuencias de gran calado que hoy han llegado a una 13 PANDEMIA. CAPITALISMO Y CRISIS ECOSOCIAL de sus máximas expresiones mediante la transformación radical de insti- tuciones que hasta ayer eran consideradas infranqueables. La salud que otrora habría de curarnos, se antoja insuficiente para hacer frente a las olas y rebrotes virales. El Estado providencia que había sido desmantelado desde finales del siglo XX, hoy regresa al debate en forma de tecnocracia reorganizada, arrepentida. La pandemia de covid-19 provocó juicios fugaces y de corta mirada que omitían la multicausalidad de los acontecimientos. De acuerdo con esas primeras explicaciones, los desastres de la pandemia tendrían que ver con hábitos de consumo exóticos, de nuevo, originados en aquellos lugares más alejados y poco controlados por la higiene moderna. Sin embargo, en medio del desastre y con mayor tiempo para la reflexión después del primer estruendo, se hacía evidente la recurrencia del fenómeno, aunque nunca con la misma fuerza en la historia reciente. La memoria hizo un llamado de justicia. De las miradas que responsabilizaron el consumo de sociedades orientales rebeldes al progreso de Occidente, se transitó hacia explicaciones sobre las condiciones en las que el modelo de acumulación vigente se produce y reproduce. Y es que el capital y sus circuitos tienden, como bien decía Marx, a destruir los factores de su propia existencia: personas y naturaleza. Más allá de ciertos límites de crecimiento perpetuo la civilización moderna desgasta sus propios cimientos: instituciones, mercados, formas de organi- zación y necesidades. La zoonosis, proceso por el que el virus SARS-CoV-2 “saltó” a la especie humana, se reveló como un efecto de la destrucción de ecosistemas, resultado de la necesidad de satisfacer a un modelo urbano- industrial en pleno crecimiento. Es así que esta pandemia encontró un desencadenante en una crisis ecoso- cial de mayor profundidad, en la cual la relación de expoliación con el medio tiene un efecto rebote sobre las sociedades que, recursivamente, transgreden delicados equilibrios naturales. Ante la pandemia, como frente al colapso ecológico en curso, los pueblos se enfrentan con el eco de su historia. Esta situación de contingencia global ha alentado a muchas personas a generar interpretaciones, indagar en las causas y a especular posibles escenarios. Nos parece que la producción y puesta en circulación de todos estos análisis de manera casi simultánea es también una expresión de la pandemia: pocas veces, en la historia de la humanidad, tantas personas desde distintos ámbitos, diferentes condiciones y distantes geografías se han puesto a pensar, escribir y debatir sobre el mismo fenómeno. La forma y los medios que estas ideas han adoptado para circular son también sintomáticos del colapso, pues nuestras vías para romper el 14 DECLARACIÓN DE INTENCIONES aislamiento físico al que la pandemia nos ha orillado son, paradójicamente, las mismas rutas de interconexión que el virus ha utilizado para desbor- darse alrededor del globo. Si pudiéramos trazar en un mapa los principa- les nodos de producción y emisión de estos análisis, sus perspectivas y contenidos, la predominancia que tienen unos sobre otros, la velocidad y dirección de su flujo, incluso los puertos bloqueados o puntos ciegos dentro del entramado, tendríamos como resultado una radiografía del mundo segmentado entre clases, “razas”, etnias, sexos, géneros y edades. Atentos a estas condiciones hemos leído, interpretado y discutido de manera intensa muchos de los textos/análisis generados al calor de la pandemia. A nuestro parecer muchos de ellos son de corta mira, como si juzgaran el todo a partir de la pequeña parte de tiempo que la con- tingencia sanitaria representa. Otros son sólo apurados, especulativos, con poco sustento o incluso llenos de falacias y torpezas intelectuales. Distinguimos también entre ellos las distintas perspectivas teóricas e, incluso, las diversas apuestas políticas que los motivan. Al final, hemos encontrado en todas estas características señales que abonan a nuestra propia lectura de la situación. Por supuesto nos damos cuenta que nuestro ejercicio no es único, sino que hay más personas y colectivos mirando, pensando e indagando la situación. Algunos de estos esfuerzos se han concretado en compilaciones de análisis/textos, bajo el formato libro. Aunque los hemos recibido con entusiasmo y agradecido, coincidimos que algunos de ellos no tienen un hilo conductor real mientras que otros parecen responder a una suerte de efectismo coyuntural más que a una propuesta formal de interpretación.
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