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Sir William Herschel the Greatest Telescope Builder of His Time

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Sir William Herschel the Greatest Telescope Builder of His Time Stellafane Observing Olympics – 2021 “The Hidden Gems of Stellafane” Observe – Any 15 Objects in Any Telescope – Receive a Pin Sir William Herschel The Greatest Telescope Builder of His Time. The Greatest Visual Observer of All Time. NAME COORDINATES J2000 CONST. TYPE MAG. SIZE MISC. ❏39 Boötis Σ1890 14 44 59.2 +27 04 27 Boo B.S. 2.5/4.9 2.8” Sep Binary ❏NGC6304 ESO 454-2 17 14 32.5 -29 27 44 Oph G.C. 8.22 (V) 8.0’ VTip 14.5 ❏NGC6401 ESO 520-11 17 38 36.9 -23 54 32 Oph G.C. 7.4 (V) 4.8’ VTip 15.5 ❏NGC6503 UGC11012 17 49 28.1 +70 08 38 Dra Gal 10.2(V) 7.1’ x 2.4’ 16.3 MLYrs ❏NGC6517 MWSC 2780 18 01 50.6 -08 57 32 Oph G.C. 10.3 (V) 4.0’ VTip 16.0 ❏NGC6824 UGC11470 19 43 40.8 +56 06 34 Cyg Gal 13.0(B) 1.9’ x 1.5’ 160 MLYrs ❏NGC6884 PK 82+7.1 20 10 23.8 +46 27 38 Cyg P.N. 12.6 (P) 6.0” C* 15.6 ❏NGC6894 PK 69-2.1 20 16 24.0 +30 33 51 Cyg P.N. 14.4 (P) 60.0” C* 18.1 ❏NGC6910 Cr 420 20 23 06.0 +40 47 00 Cyg O.C. 7.4 (V) 7.0’ 125 stars ❏ɣ Delphini Gamma Del 20 46 39.4 +16 07 28 Del B.S. 4.5/5.5 9.6” Sep 104 LYrs ❏NGC7008 PK 93+5.2 21 00 33.1 +54 32 32 Cyg P.N. 13.3 (P) 86.0” C* 13.2 ❏NGC7031 Cr 430 21 06 52.0 +50 51 00 Cyg O.C. 9.1 (V) 15.0’ 62 stars ❏French 1 Toadstool 21 07 22.0 +16 18 00 Del Ast. -- 13.0’ 30 stars ❏NGC7139 PK 104+7.1 21 46 08.6 +63 47 31 Cep P.N. 13.3 (P) 77.0” C* 18.7 ❏NGC7331 UGC12113 22 37 04.5 +34 25 00 Peg Gal 9.4 (V) 14.5’ x 3.7’ 38.9 MLYrs ❏NGC7510 Cr 454 23 11 04.1 +60 34 08 Cep O.C. 7.9 (V) 4.0’ 60 stars ❏NGC7538 Sh 2-158 23 13 42.0 +61 31 09 Cep E.N. -- 9.7’ x 6.1’ 9,100 LYrs ❏NGC7640 UGC 12554 23 22 06.7 +40 50 43 And Gal 11.9 (B) 11.6’ x 1.9’ 19.0 MLYrs ❏NGC188 Cr 6 00 47 30.0 +85 14 30 Cep O.C. 8.1 13.3’ 120 stars ❏NGC281 Pacman Neb 00 53 00.0 +56 38 00 Cas E.N. -- 28.0’ x 21.0’ 9,200 LYrs ❏NGC659 Cr 19 01 44 24.0 +60 40 12 Cas O.C. 7.9 (V) 5.0’ 40 stars ❏NGC663 Cr 20 01 46 17.0 +61 13 06 Cas O.C. 7.1 (V) 16.0’ 80 stars ❏ɣ Andromedae Almach 02 03 53.9 +42 19 48 And B.S. 2.2/5.5 9.8” Sep Binary ❏NGC891 UGC1831 02 22 33.4 +42 21 03 And Gal 10.8 (B) 14.3’ x 2.4’ 27.3 MLYrs ❏ι Cassiopeiae iota Cas 02 29 04.0 +67 24 09 Cas B.S. 4.6/6.9 2.5” Sep Binary Type: B.N.- Bright Nebula Gal - Galaxy B.S. - Binary Star O.C. - Open Cluster E.N. - Emission Nebula P.N.- Planetary Nebula G.C. - Globular Cluster Miscellaneous Designations: B.S -Binary Stars: Separation Distance E.N. -Emission Nebula G.C. -Globular Cluster VTip -Magnitude of the Brightest stars in Globular Clusters Gal -Galaxy: Distance in Millions of Light Years O.C. -Open Clusters: No. of Stars P.N. -Planetary Nebulae C* -Central Star Magnitude of Planetary Nebula LYrs -Light Years MLYrs -Million Light Years -1 -1 All Distances are based upon a Hubble Constant: H0 - 70 km. s . Mpc Note: Distances are estimates only based upon various analysts and analytical methods. Primary Sources: “MegaStar5 The Universe at Your Command”, Willmann-Bell “STScI Digitized Sky Survey”, POSS2 / UKSTU Red, 1994 (Photos) Stellafane IS, ALWAYS HAS BEEN, AND ALWAYS WILL BE, a telescope building conference. The Observing Olympics Program is not intended to replace that well established and entrenched tradition. The goal of the observing program is to educate and provide some direction for observing unusual and seldom visited areas of this beautiful universe we all live in. The best, most satisfying discoveries will always be with instruments designed and crafted by the observer. Clear - Steady - Skies Larry Mitchell - Eileen Myers Stellafane Observing Olympics - August 2021 The Hidden Gems of Stellafane – The Stellafane Observing Olympics – 2021 Sir William Herschel The Greatest Telescope Builder of His Time. The Greatest Visual Observer of All Time. Photo Modern Designation (Herschel Classification & Number - Herschel Description – Discovery Date) 39 Boötis is a triple star system located approximately 224 light years from the Sun in the constellation of Boötis. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white star with a combined apparent magnitude of 5.68, and is moving towards the Earth through space at a rate of -19.3 miles per second. The two stars are separated by 2.9 arc-seconds, an easy split in most telescopes, and have an orbital period of 1,347.653 days, or 3.69 Earth years. This 3-star system is a source of X-ray emission with a luminosity of 41.4 × 1028 erg s−1. The 6.36 magnitude primary star, component A, is itself a spectroscopic binary system as indicated by its double lined spectrum, which has an orbital period of 12.822 days. The two component A stars are separated by 2.021 mas (0.001”), which cannot be discerned in amateur telescopes. The combined stellar classification of the two stars is F8V, meaning it is an F-type main sequence star, and both components are slightly larger than the Sun with masses of 1.29 M ʘ and 1.05 M ʘ. The second star, component B, is a single star with a magnitude of 6.72, and a mass of 1.25 M ʘ, with a stellar classification of F7V, so it is slightly hotter than the primary and is also a main sequence star. NGC 6304 (I 147 – Very bright, round gradually much brighter middle, 2 ½ arc-minute diameter - April 30, 1786) NGC6304 is a globular cluster in Ophiuchus and was discovered by William Herschel in 1786, using his primary telescope, the 18.5-inch speculum mirrored f/13 telescope. The cluster is located 19,460 light years (± 260.8 LYrs) from the sun near the Milky Way’s central galactic bulge, and only 7,200 light years from the galactic core. It is moderately compact with a non-core-collapse central region and a tidal diameter of 26.5 arc-minutes. NGC6304 is notable because it has a high metallicity, [Fe/H] = -0.59, which is unusual as most globular cluster are composed of metal poor stars. A total of 27 variable stars have been counted within NGC6304, eleven of which are RR Lyrae stars, which facilitates distance estimations and indicates an old stellar population. Additionally, three low mass X-ray binary stars (LMXBs) are present which aids in the study of neutron stars. The faint emission of transient accreting low-mass X-ray binaries, or qLMXBs, found in globular clusters, like NGC6304 are often used to measure the radii of neutron stars, and the low-mass X-ray binaries found in NGC6304 are all transient candidates. NGC6401 (I 44 – Considerably bright , pretty Large, a Nucleus - May 21, 1784) NGC6401 is a globular cluster in Ophiuchus discovered by William Herschel in 1784, with his 18.5-inch telescope, but he mistakenly believed it to be a bright nebula. Later his son, John Herschel, was to make the same error because the speculum mirrored technology of the day, with only a 60% reflectivity, was insufficient to allow the individual stars to be resolved visually. NGC6401 has confused modern astronomers as well because in 1977 it was thought that a low-mass star in the cluster had been discovered venting its outer layers becoming a planetary nebula. However, a further study in 1990 concluded that the object is in fact a symbiotic star, which is a binary system composed of a giant star and a small hot star or white dwarf, with surrounding nebulosity. The dwarf’s intense gravitation field is pulling material out of the larger cooler star, and symbiotic stars are often confused with planetary nebulae as they have similar appearances. NGC6401 is only 5.3° from the center of the galaxy and 20,701 ± 2,641 light years from the Sun. It has a metal-poor metallicity of [Fe/H] = -1.25 ± 0.06 and a total of 34 RR Lyrae star are present (23 – RRab and 11 RRc), many of which are located outside the main body of the cluster. Currently there are 158 known globular clusters associated with our Milky Way galaxy, with possibly ten or so yet to be discovered. NGC6503, discovered by Georg Auwers (1838 – 1915) a German astronomer, is a dwarf spiral galaxy located 16.3 million light years away in the constellation of Draco. It has a diameter of only 30,000 light years, almost a third of the size of the Milky Way, and is a star forming ring galaxy. NGC6503 contains 224 distinct star forming regions, at various levels with plenty of colorful ionized gas and dark brown dust regions scattered throughout the spiral arms, which will give birth to many future stars and stellar associations.
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