Historical and Architectural Survey of Newberry County, South Carolina
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Historical and Architectural Survey Of Newberry County, South Carolina Newberry Opera House HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF NEWBERRY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA FINAL REPORT NOVEMBER 1, 2003 Submitted to: Newberry County Submitted by: Jennifer Revels Palmetto Conservation Foundation 1314 Lincoln Street, Suite 213 Columbia, South Carolina 29201-3154 Newberry County Historical and Architectural Survey iii CONTENTS I. PROJECT SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................2 II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................................3 III. SURVEY METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................4 IV. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................................6 Early Settlement in the South Carolina Backcountry ...........................................................................6 Conflict with the Cherokee...................................................................................................................8 The Revolutionary War (1770–1785).................................................................................................10 County Establishment and Growth (1785–1865) ...............................................................................12 Railroad Development in the Upcountry............................................................................................20 Civil War ............................................................................................................................................23 Community Growth and Industrial Expansion (1865–1960)..............................................................24 End of Small Town Life in Newberry County ...................................................................................31 V. ARCHITECTURE IN NEWBERRY COUNTY ...............................................................................34 Rural Architecture ..............................................................................................................................34 Dogtrots and Double Pen Houses ..............................................................................................36 The I-House ...............................................................................................................................37 Queen Anne ...............................................................................................................................40 Urban Architecture .............................................................................................................................41 Newberry....................................................................................................................................42 West End & Newberry Cotton Mills..........................................................................................49 Mollohon Mill & Village ...........................................................................................................50 Oakland Mill & Village .............................................................................................................51 Whitmire ....................................................................................................................................52 Peak............................................................................................................................................54 Kinards.......................................................................................................................................55 Silverstreet .................................................................................................................................55 Chappells....................................................................................................................................56 Little Mountain ..........................................................................................................................57 Prosperity ...................................................................................................................................61 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................................................66 VII. DATA GAPS ......................................................................................................................................71 VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................72 Rural Resources..................................................................................................................................72 Newberry ............................................................................................................................................72 Whitmire.............................................................................................................................................73 Chappells ............................................................................................................................................73 Kinards................................................................................................................................................73 Peak ....................................................................................................................................................74 Silverstreet ..........................................................................................................................................74 IX. LOCAL PRESERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................75 Public Awareness................................................................................................................................75 Preservation Ordinances .....................................................................................................................75 Historic Preservation Tax Incentives..................................................................................................77 Land Use Planning..............................................................................................................................77 X. PROPERTIES AND HISTORIC DISTRICTS DETERMINED ELIGIBLE FOR LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES XI. COMPILED PROPERTY INVENTORY Newberry County Historical & Architectural Survey 1 I. PROJECT SUMMARY Palmetto Conservation Foundation conducted this historic resources survey of Newberry County, South Carolina. The work was undertaken on behalf of Newberry County and the City of Newberry and was funded by both the City and County administrators. The survey was conducted for the purpose of identifying properties and districts that should be considered for possible local designation and/or NRHP designation within the county. The survey will be utilized for the creation and promotion of economic incentives for rehabilitation, education, and heritage tourism, and the information will aid local governments in future planning activities and cultural tourism development. The boundaries for the survey were the Newberry County lines on the north, east, south and west. There were 1537 properties surveyed within a total area of approximately 631square miles. The results of the architectural survey indicate that there are potential historic districts within the town of Newberry. In addition, there were 650 properties surveyed in the rural areas of the county. Of these identified properties, 11 are considered individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were 581 residential, 122 commercial, 7 religious, 3 educational and two industrial properties identified within the municipal limits of the city of Newberry. One residential expansion district within the Newberry city limits was identified as being eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were 54 residential and 37 commercial properties identified within the municipal limits of the town of Whitmire. Of these identified properties, none are considered to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were 13 residential structures, one commercial building, one school, one entertainment venue, and one church identified within the municipal limits of the town of Silverstreet. Of these identified properties, none are considered to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were 12 residential structures, one commercial building, and one school identified within the municipal limits of the town of Chappells. Of these identified properties, none are considered to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were 17 residential structures, one commercial building, one church, one school, and two unidentified structures recorded within the municipal limits of the town of Peak. Of these identified properties, none are considered to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. There were five residential structures, two commercial buildings, and one church complex identified within the municipal limits of the town of Kinards. Of these identified properties, none are considered to be individually eligible for listing in the NRHP. Fieldwork for the project was conducted