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Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data Bearbeitet von Werner Martienssen, Hans Warlimont 1. Auflage 2005. Buch. xviii, 1121 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 44376 6 Format (B x L): 21 x 27,9 cm Gewicht: 2367 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Werkstoffkunde, Mechanische Technologie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 523 Glasses 3.4. Glasses 3.4.1 Properties of Glasses – This chapter has been conceived as a source General Comments ............................. 526 of information for scientists, engineers, and technicians who need data and commercial- 3.4.2 Composition and Properties of Glasses . 527 product information to solve their technical task 3.4.3 Flat Glass and Hollowware .................. 528 by using glasses as engineering materials. It is not 3.4.3.1 Flat Glass ............................... 528 intended to replace the comprehensive scientific 3.4.3.2 Container Glass ....................... 529 literature. The fundamentals are merely sketched, to provide a feeling for the unique behavior of this 3.4.4 Technical Specialty Glasses .................. 530 widely used class of materials. 3.4.4.1 Chemical Stability of Glasses ..... 530 The properties of glasses are as versatile as 3.4.4.2 Mechanical their composition. Therefore only a selection of and Thermal Properties............ 533 3.4.4.3 Electrical Properties ................. 537 data can be listed, but their are intended to cover 3.4.4.4 Optical Properties.................... 539 the preferred glass types of practical importance. Part 3 Wherever possible, formulas, for example for the 3.4.5 Optical Glasses ................................... 543 optical and thermal properties, are given with 3.4.5.1 Optical Properties.................... 543 3.4.5.2 Chemical Properties................. 549 their correct constants, which should enable the 4 reader to calculate the data needed for a specific 3.4.5.3 Mechanical Properties.............. 550 situation by him/herself. 3.4.5.4 Thermal Properties .................. 556 For selected applications, the suitable glass 3.4.6 Vitreous Silica..................................... 556 types and the main instructions for their processing 3.4.6.1 Properties of Synthetic Silica..... 556 are presented. Owing to the availability of the 3.4.6.2 Gas Solubility information, the products of Schott AG have and Molecular Diffusion ........... 557 a certain preponderance here. The properties of 3.4.7 Glass-Ceramics ................................... 558 glass types from other manufacturers have been included whenever available. 3.4.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications . 559 3.4.8.1 Sealing Glasses ....................... 559 3.4.8.2 Solder and Passivation Glasses.. 562 3.4.8.3 Colored Glasses ....................... 565 3.4.8.4 Infrared-Transmitting Glasses... 568 References .................................................. 572 Glasses are very special materials that are formed general, generic expression in comparison with the only under suitable thermodynamic conditions; these term “glass”. Many different technological routes are conditions may be natural or man-made. Most glass described in [4.1]. products manufactured on a commercial scale are made Glasses are also very universal engineering mater- by quenching a mixture of oxides from the melt ials. Variation of the composition results in a huge (Fig. 3.4-1). variety of glass types, families, or groups, and a cor- For some particular applications, glasses are also responding variety of properties. In large compositional made by other technologies, for example by chemical areas, the properties depend continuously on compos- vapor deposition to achieve extreme purity, as required ition, thus allowing one to design a set of properties to in optical fibers for communication, or by roller chilling fit a specific application. In narrow ranges, the prop- in the case of amorphous metals, which need extremely erties depend linearly on composition; in wide ranges, high quenching rates. The term “amorphous” is a more nonlinearity and step-function behavior have to be con- 524 Part 3 Classes of Materials Volume 1 Q[2] 2 Glass formation curve Q[2] [3] Q[3/432] 3 Q[3] [3] Q[4/433] [3/432] Q 4 Crystallization curve Q[4/4333] [4] Tg Ts Temperature Q[4] [3] Q [4] Fig. 3.4-1 Schematic volume–temperature curves for glass Q formation along path 1–2–3 and crystallization along path 1–4. Ts, melting temperature; Tg, transformation temperature. 1, liquid; 2, supercooled liquid; 3, glass; Part 3 4, crystal Fig. 3.4-2 Fragment of a sodium silicate glass structure. The SiO2 tetrahedra are interconnected by the bridging sidered. The most important engineering glasses are oxygen atoms, thus forming a three-dimensional network. 4 mixtures of oxide compounds. For some special require- Na2O units form nonbridging oxygen atoms and act as ments, for example a particular optical transmission network modifiers which break the network. The Q[i/klmn] window or coloration, fluorides, chalcogenides, and col- nomenclature describes the connectivity of different atom loidal (metal or semiconductor) components are also shells around a selected central atom (after [4.2]) used. A very special glass is single-component silica, properties change with time and temperature, but in SiO2,which is a technological material with extraordin- most cases at an extremely low rate which cannot be ary properties and many important applications. observed under the conditions of classical applications On a quasi-macroscopic scale (> 100 nm), glasses (in the range of ppm, ppb, or ppt per year at room seem to be homogeneous and isotropic; this means that temperature). However, if the material is exposed to all structural effects are, by definition, seen only as a higher temperature during processing or in the final average properties. This is a consequence of the manu- application, the resulting relaxation may result in unac- facturing process. If a melt is rapidly cooled down, there ceptable deformation or internal stresses that then limit is not sufficient time for it to solidify into an ideal, its use. crystalline structure. A structure with a well-defined If a glass is reheated, the quasi-solid material short-range order (on a scale of less than 0.5 nm, to ful- softens and transforms into a liquid of medium vis- fill the energy-driven bonding requirements of structural cosity in a continuous way. No well-defined melting elements made up of specific atoms) [4.2] and a highly point exists. The temperature range of softening is disturbed long-range order (on a scale of more than 2 nm, called the “transition range”. By use of standardized disturbed by misconnecting lattice defects and a mixture measurement techniques, this imprecise characteriza- of different structural elements) (Fig. 3.4-2). tion can be replaced by a quasi-materials constant, the Crystallization is bypassed. We speak of a frozen-in, “transformation temperature” or “glass temperature” Tg, supercooled, liquid-like structure. This type of quasi- which depends on the specification of the procedure static solid structure is thermodynamically controlled (Fig. 3.4-3). but not in thermal equilibrium and thus is not absolutely As illustrated in Fig. 3.4-4, the continuous variation stable; it tends to relax and slowly approach an “equi- of viscosity with temperature allows various technolo- librium” structure (whatever this may be in a complex gies for hot forming to be applied, for example casting, multicomponent composition, it represents a minimum floating, rolling, blowing, drawing, and pressing, all of of the Gibbs free enthalpy). This also means that all which have a specific working point. 544 Part 3 Classes of Materials v d 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 55 45 40 35 30 25 20 n nd d 2.00 Description of symbols 2.00 Circles All glasses except short flint glasses (KZFS) 1.95 KZFS 1.95 Only N-type (lead-free and arsenic-free type) 66 1.90 N-type and conventional type 46 1.90 Conventional type 31 LASF 1.85 9 57 1.85 41 40 SF 45 44 43 6 1.80 32 36 11 1.80 21 33 56 34 14 33 A LAF 4 7 1.75 35 2 1.75 34 10 LAK 10 8 3 1 64 64 1.70 14 12 15 1.70 9 8 12 BASF 5 10 2 19 5 1.65 7 22 5 51 2 1.65 21 SSK BAF 11 15 10 2 2 Part 3 53 16 8 4 4 2 52 4 1.60 14 SK 4 5 1.60 5 BALF F PSK 3 5 1 4 4 11 2 LF 3 5 4.5 1.55 BAK 1 1.55 2 LLF 51 KF 5 9 PK 7 7 K 10 1.50 52 A 10 BK ZK7 1.50 51 5 FK 1.45 1.45 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 55 45 40 35 30 25 20 vd Fig. 3.4-25 Abbe diagram of glass families Table 3.4-13 Examples of glass codes Refractive index nd ν 2.00 Glass nd d Density Glass code Remarks KzF glasses: SiO2-Sb2O3-B2O3 type 1.95 KzFS glasses: B2O3-PbO-Al2O2 (gcm−3) 1.90 MmOn: ZrO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, ... B2O3-La2O3 N-SF6 1.80518 25.36 3.37 805 254.337 Lead- and ar- 1.85 MO: MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, ZnO -MmOn SiO2- PbO- M O senic-free glass 1.80 M2O: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Cs2O 2 SF6 1.80518 25.43 5.18 805 254.518 Classical lead 1.75 (B2O3,SiO2)- La O -MO silicate glass 1.70 2 3 (SiO2,B2O3) 1.65 SiO2-B2O3- -BaO-PbO BaO SiO2- P2O5- M O- The designation of each glass type here is composed of 1.60 Al O - 2 2 3 SiO2- TiO MO- BaO-M O SiO2 2- 2 -PbO an abbreviated family designation and a number.
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