Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K. Hill Index More Information

Index

accidents and major spills sizes of, 92 SO2 and its aerosols, 100

coal ash dam failure, TVA, 331 alatoxin SO2 sources, 101

coal ash, TVA, 171 carcinogen, natural, 55 SO2, reducing emissions, 101

coal slurries, Kentucky, 170 agriculture SO2, why important, 90 cyanide and metals into Danube, 7 adverse impacts, 268 air pollutants, criteria and others Deepwater Horizon blowout, 2010, 210 air pollutants long range transboundary air pollution, 106 Exxon Valdez, 210 categories, 91 air pollutants, HAPs cleanup using microbes, 308 gas vs. particulates, 92 comparison to criteria pollutants, 104 impacts on wildlife, 210 primary and secondary, 90 examples, 103 Minamata Bay tragedy, 341 air pollutants, criteria exposure to, 104

pesticides into Rhine, 7 black carbon, PM2.5, 92 introduction, 103 Texas fertilizer explosion, 33 carbon monoxide, 98–100 metal HAPs, why of concern, 104 Tianjin China, cyanide explosion, 32 an introduction, 90, 98, 328 no individual standards for HAPs, acid deposition concerns, 99 exception, 104 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network, 128 reducing levels, 100 PAHs high emission stacks, 123 sources, 99 bioavailability, 105 history, 128 ground-level ozone, 96–98 in environment, 105 introduction, 119 precursors of, 96 introduction, 105 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 121 health impacts, no safe dose, 96, 98 sources, 104, 105 wet and dry aerosols, 123 ongoing problems, 98 exposure to, 105 acid deposition, acid precursors and their reducing levels, 97 fate of, 105, 141 sources sources, 97 reducing emissions, 105 ammonia, 125 toxicity compared to particulates, 96 reducing mercury emissions, 104 carbon dioxide, 123 introduction, 96 some HAPs indoor air pollutants, 104 fertilizer and livestock, 125 lead, 102 toxicity, 105 fossil fuel power plants, 125 an introduction, 102 why of concern, 104

SO2 and NOx, 122, 125 reducing, 102 why so named, 103 acid deposition, ill efects sources, 102 air pollutants, VOCs, 103 acid surface water, 124 nitrogen oxides, NOx, 101–102 introduction, 102 Al solubilized, 122 impacts, 101 relationship to ozone, 103 aluminum toxicity, 121 sources, 102 sources, 103 basic soil protects from, 122 ozone why regulated, 103 dying aquatic life, 124 an introduction, 91 air pollution, global dying forests, 123 damage to plants, 97 atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs), 107 Europe, 105, 125 dangerous pollutant, 101 described, 108 fewer impacts in Asia, 126–127 particulate reducing, 108 haze afects visibility and health, 124 an introduction, 113 sources of, 108 lost Ca and Mg, 121 atmospheric loading, 91 China building many coal plants, 107 material damage, 125 black carbon, 91 India vs. China, 106

soil metal loss, 121 PM2.5 poses special health issues, 92 millions of children badly impacted, 106 acid deposition, recovery from, 126–127 haze, 94 ozone deaths up sharply, 106

slow, 126 haze, explained, 101 PM2.5 and ozone, 106 using lime, 127 health impacts of particulates, 93 sand and dust storms (SDSs), an intro- acid deposition, reducing precursors non-health damages, 93 duction, 108–111 ammonia, 126 PM and disease SDS, composition of, 109 cap and trade, 125 introduction, 100 SDS, how to reduce, 110

NOx, 125, 126 PM and international eforts, 95 SDS, one beneit, 109

SO2, 125 PM and workplaces, 93 SDS, human caused, 109 acid deposition, transboundary transport reducing PM quantities, 90 pathogenic microbes, 110

SO2 and NOx, 123 sizes, coarse, ine, ultraine, 92 transboundary, 108 aerosol. See global warming: aerosol sources, 94 UN Convention to Combat desertiication,

aerosols, 92 sulfur dioxide (SO2), an introduction, 174 110

dust major component of, 109 SO2 and acid particulates, concerns, 100 State of Global Air, an introduction, 106

440 Index

air pollution, transboundary environmental justice, 79 coniguration, 420 atmospheric brown clouds, 107–108 chemical risk electrons, 420 ammonia, 94 BPA, 53 electrostatic forces, 422 Anthropocene, 2 hazard × exposure, 68 elements, 418 signal event, 20 high-risk chemicals, 27 deuterium, 420 antidote, antagonistic action, 49 multiple chemicals, 27, 49 electronegative, 420 Aral Sea, direly impacted, 110 possible impact, 49 electropositive, 420 Arrhenius, Svante, 134 risk vs. hazard, 27 hydrogen, 421 arsenic tested one at a time, 49 lithium, 419 poisoning, 5 tiny amounts, 4 noble, 420, 421 asbestos whole eluent toxicity, 49 tritium, 420 carcinogen, natural, 55 chemical risk assessment introduction exposure, 5 factors of 10, why, 74 ionic bonds, 422 atmospheric deposition. See acid deposition four-step process, 73 isotopes aerosol loading, 120 most highly exposed population, 75 deinition, 420 DDT and PCBs, 120 multiple chemicals, 75, 76 environmental chemistry, 420 automobiles, design for disassembly, 277 risk characterization, 75 mercury, 340 no observed adverse level, 81 oxygen, 420 bauxite ore, aluminum, 275 risk characterization, BPA, 75 radioactive, 420 bees safety factor, 73 stable, 420 impacts on population, 358 why do, 73 molecular mass, 422 wild bee pollinators, 359 worst-case assumptions, 75 molecular mass, calculating, 422 bioaccumulation, deinition, 50 chemical risk reduction neutralization, 427 biomagniication, deinition, 50 actions taken, 76 oxidation and reduction reactions, 426 biodegradation, 339 EPA’s IRIS system, 77 oxidation by losing electrons, 425 when process overwhelmed, 9 EU’s REACH program, 77 oxidation of hydrocarbons, 424 biosolids. See wastewater international eforts, 77 periodic table, 419 treatment: sludge, how used managers,who are they?, 76 pH deinition, 427 bisphenol A, hard plastic, 53 public pressure, 76 radical, free, 424 blue baby syndrome, 246 using law, 77 radical, hydroxyl, 424 BPTs and POPs chemicals redox reactions, 425 PCBs cycling in environment, 321 acids, 427 stable octet, 420 POPs and Stockholm Convention, strong, 427 stoichiometry, 425 319–320 weak, 427 subatomic particles, 418 acids and bases, 427 valence electrons, 420 calcium oxide (lime), 328 bases, 427 vanishing zero, 31 cancer, 54–57 biochemicals, natural and synthetic, 423 chemistry, analytical cancer villages, 56 combustion, incomplete products, sensitivity of, 10 examples, 426 children and infants causes of, PM2.5 involved, 57 China, 55 formula as representations of, 418 avoiding home poisonings, 388 complete carcinogen, 55 inorganic, deinition, 423 exposure to DNA copying errors, 55 introduction air pollutants, protective standards, 90 genotoxic, mutate DNA, 55 organic, 423 aspirin, 44 initiating and promoting, 55 organic, synthetic, 423 CDC study of exposure, 69 introduction, 54 organometallic, 423 cigarette smoke, 380 liver cancer, 57 radioactive, types of radiation, 420 contaminated ish, neglecting ish advi- risk of, increasing, 56 reactive sories, 342 carbon isotope, 138 example, luorine atom, 421 contaminated soil, eating, 75 carbon, black, 2 reactive, lithium, 420, 421 electronic waste (e-waste), 61 Carson, Rachel chemistry excess vitamin A, 44 Silent Spring, 356 atomic mass, 418 ire retardants, 322 chemical exposure, 27 atomic nucleus luoride in drinking water, 252 body burden of xenobiotics, 69 protons and neutrons, 418 indoor carpets with contaminants, 390 CDC study, 68 atomic number, 419 methylmercury, 50 epidemiologic studies, 70 atoms, 418 neurotoxins, prenatal, 58 meaning of results, 70 Avogadro’s constant, 425 nitrate in drinking water, 227 Percival Pott balancing chemical reactions, 425 ozone, susceptibility, 96 safety, 68 chemical bonds, 421 PCBs in contaminated ish, 322 and scrotal cancer, 70 combustion, incomplete products, 426 pesticides, less-developed countries, chemical paradoxes, 43–44 covalent bonds, 421 364 chemical pollution electron phthalates, 53

Index 441

polluted air, reduced lung capacity, 7 factor-10, computers fulill criterion, 401 product stewardship and extended pro- toxicant, children’s greater exposure, 48 factor-10, dematerialization, 398 ducer responsibility, 407 toxicants, sensitivity may be greater, 48 how EU works toward, 398 remanufacturing convertibility, 407 UV-B radiation, 199 how Renault works toward, 399 remanufacturing metal products, 271 water-borne disease, 246 industrial ecology, 397, 400 remanufacturing. See also circular econo- indoor air pollutants, 377 Japan tracks material lows, 398 my, tools used: design for disassem- smoke in poorer countries, 386 more value, less waste, 397 bly: DfD examples food wastage, meanwhile malnutrition, needs highly recycled materials, steel, servicizing, 408 268 399 chemical products, 408 handling household hazardous waste, 267, other terms that describe, 397 Consumer Product Safety Commission 389 personal actions, 401 (CPSC), 379 hazardous product alternatives, 389 recovering waste raw materials, 311 corporate use of, 408 hazardous products, protection from, 387 reject linear economy, 396 keep out of children’s reach, 388 remanufacturing, 399 dead zone immune system less developed, 47 renewable energy, 412 Gulf of Mexico, 228 lead similar terms, 38 Delhi, most polluted capitol, 106 blood lead levels, 69, 336 steel recycling important to, 399–400 dental caries blood levels needing intervention, 250 sustainable food production, 412 why luoride added to water, 252 childhood exposure, 335 take back, 269 design for the environment, DfE. See also eating leaded paint, 62 tools needed to reach CE, 396 WMH: pollution prevention exposure, no safe level, 69 umbrella term, 400 development leads to greater nonpoint legacy lead in homes, 389 wastes and by-products as nutrients, 397 source runof, 212 living near lead smelter, 303 wastes to resources, 37 drinking water water pipes, 102 wastewater, value in, 220 bottled, 254 less-developed countries Wastewater, the Untapped Resource, 259 drinking water disinfection greater risk, 48 zero waste alternative disinfectants, 247 greater smoke exposure, 386 city eforts, 403 chlorine chemicals, 247 pesticide exposure corporate eforts, 402–403 disinfection by products (DBPs), 247 train parents in IPM, 365 countries working toward, 404 how reduce need for, 247 unsafe drinking water, 255 introduction, 401 reducing DBPs, 247 legacy mercury, 345 personal actions, 401 trihalomethane byproducts (THMs), 247 living near hazardous waste sites, 304 zero waste movement, 401 drinking water, municipal pesticide zero waste network, e.g., Zero Waste contaminant examples, 245 exposure, migrant workers, 54 Europe, 401 introduction, 243 exposure, Yaqui children, 54 circular economy, Earth’s boundaries maximum contaminant level (MCL), 245 exposure, safety factors, 78, 361 operating within, 411–412 nitrate, reactive nitrogen, 245 heavy exposure to spraying, 53 circular economy, tools used potential chronic efects, 243 lawns treated with, 359 design for the environment (DfE), 270, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 243 reducing pesticide risk, 78 277, 406 treatment, 245 protecting from, 390 DfE examples, 270 drinking water safety Poison Prevention Act, 388 DfE to develop recyclables, 278 alternative toilets, 256 polluted air and reduced lung capacity, 106 EPR, extended producer responsibility, arsenic sulfonamide poisonings, 74 269. See also product stewardship developed countries, 78 toxicants, safety factors, 74 making it work, 269 health impacts, 249 chloracne, 47 popular in Japan, 270 many natural sources, 249 China and a circular economy should recover product components, mass poisoning, 247 China and industrial ecology, 398 270 clean water, a medical milestone, 254 China looking at tools for circular used worldwide, 270 emerging contaminants, 253 economy, 398 green chemistry removing, 253 China’s High-Tech Zone, 400 12 principles, 409 triclosan, 253 leads in mitigating SDSs, 110 designing chemical products, 409 luoridated water, contaminant or safe?, circular economy (CE) doing it nature’s way, 409 252 Advanced Life Support System, 400 examples, 409–410 luoride at high levels, 252 Amazon and the Closed-Loop Fund, 399 make recycling simpler, 410 future, revolutionize wastewater manage- biodegradable materials, 400 natural systems, work to use, 411 ment, 259 closed -loop system, 397 recycling rare earths, 410 important problems in drinking water cradle to cradle, 400 LCA how it’s done and information safety, 252 eicient recycling necessary, 273 provided, 405 lead EU action for a CE, 278 lifecycle assessment (LCA), 277, 405 corroding pipes, 251 factor-10 eiciency in resource use, 278, product stewardship. See EPR and description of Flint crisis, 250–251 401 take-back laws Flint and environmental justice, 249

442 Index

drinking water safety (cont.) coal wastes, 170 pesticide standards, special for children, Flint correcting problem, 251 is clean coal possible?, 169–171 78 Flint crisis develops, 249 lifecycle of coal, 169 epidemiology, meaning and use, 70–72 introduction to, 249 mining and health, 170 cluster, meaning of, 71 Legionnaire’s disease in Flint, 251 geothermal community studies, 71 poisoning by lead deined, 250 renewable, 182 confounding factors, 71 nitrate and methemoglobin, 246 what is it, 181 and EMF exposure, 72 pathogens, 246 hydroelectric is sometimes renewable, 183 folic acid study, 72 Legionella, 246 hydrogen fuel-cell judging studies, 72 sources, 246 nuclear power limits of, 72 well and irrigation water, 246 greatly lowers carbon pollution, 185 meta-analysis, 71 private wells, 247 pro and con, 184–185 vitamin A study, 72 problems with drinking water, 252–253 introduction, 184 epigenetic factors tainted with many contaminants, 253 safety, 185 changes in DNA, 57 toilets, 256–257 introduction epoch, 2 Wastewater, the Untapped Resource, 259 renewables extinction drinking water safety, less-developed coun- end-of-life waste, 180 sixth event, 2 tries, 255 international use of, 179 an improved source, 257 solar ishable and swimmable, 30 arsenic, ongoing poisoning, 248 concentrated solar, 175 Flint, Michigan billions lack clean water, 254 introduction, 174 lead drinking-water crisis, 249 chlorination, 258 life cycle of photovoltaics, 176–177 luoride exposure to pathogens, 255 passive, 175 in drinking water, 252 fecal pathogens, 258 recycling panels, 181 luorosis, 252 home water treatment, 257 Solar Scorecard, 176 household water treatment and safe ultrapure polysilicon, 177 gasoline storage, 257 tidal, 177 hydrocarbons and composition, 5 pathogens, 254–255 waste biomass, 169, 180–181, 182, 184 global warming issues and terminology point of use (POU), 257–258 wind adaptation in the Netherlands, 152, 153 puriication, 257 introduction, 177 adaptation to warming and its impacts, safely recycling feces, 258 life cycle of wind, 178 342 sanitation and pathogens, 254 ofshore, 177 adapting to rising sea, 152 toilets and water, 258 onshore, 177 Emissions Gap, 155 use of EcoSan, 258 wood183 greenhouse warming potential, 135 water scarcity, 255 can grow wood sustainably, 182 helping emerging nations to adapt, 156 world’s dearth of, 242 Europe uses a loophole, 183 ice core studies of past conditions, drinking water standards when is wood a renewable fuel? 137–138 lead standard, 250 energy use impact of population growth, 148 pathogen standard, 245 eiciency at home, 172 major solutions being proposed, 157 primary standard, 243 eicient use in industry, 172–173 National Climate Assessment, 145 secondary, 251 using motor vehicles oceans secondary, purpose of, 251 adverse impacts, 168 carbon dioxide sink, 139 drinking water, bottled green score card, 169 Paris Agreement, 155 why people drink, 254 lifecycle of, 168 storing warmth, 139 lowering impact, 168 reversing warming, 157 endocrine disruptors, 51–53 very low emission, 169 terminology used, 156 energy, sources of, 179 using waste energy, 173 global warming and aerosols electric grid environmental catastrophe aerosol, 143 introduction, 178 dust bowl, 11 aerosol, compare to a gas, 143 batteries environmentally preferable products, albedo of, 142 handled ive sources of energy, 179 purchasing, 271 black carbon, 136, 144 lifecycle of batteries, 178 EPA standards, air pollutants Arctic warming, 144 major grid rule, 178 criteria, each has standard, 90 reducing black carbon, 145 recycling batteries, 181 HAPs, most lack individual standards, 90 warming aerosol, 143 storing energy, 178 HAPs exception, Mercury and Air Toxics cooling aerosol, sulfate, 143, 144 storing energy, controversy, 178 Standards, 90 global warming and solar engineering fossil fuel health-based standards, 90 with aerosols acid gas emissions, 154–155, 156, 170 EPA standards for other pollutants global warming and greenhouse gases ash recycling, 171 drinking water, primary and secondary (GHGs) building new plants, 171 standards, 243 carbon dioxide (CO2), 136 carbon capture and storage, 171 hazardous waste standards, 304 carbon capture and storage, 153

Index 443

carbon dioxide sources, 137–138 introduction, 388 introduction, 376, 381 carbon dioxide, reducing, 139 word deinitions, 388 less-developed countries,particulates and halogens, 142 hazardous waste, business and industrial smoke, 379 methane, 140 introduction, 298 multiple chemical sensitivity, 377 nitrous oxide, 142 Basel Convention objectives, 308 nitrogen oxides, 379 ozone, 141 characteristics, 298 particulates, 380, 381 water vapor, 142 cradle to grave, tracking, 300 possible reactions, 379 global warming impacts EPA exposure standards, 304 moisture, mold, and bacteria, 380 changing the seasons, 147–148 green chemistry reducing generation, 309 mold growth, 379 coastal looding, 147 international transport. See Basel reducing indoor pollutants, a how-to melting ice and glaciers, 145 Convention summary, 379 ocean temperature rising, 146 managing HW using WMH’s four steps, 298 reducing moisture levels of, 381 permafrost thawing, 146 recycling methods, 299 smoking and it impacts, 379 sea-level rising, 146 stabilize before disposal, 300 sources of moisture, 380 storm intensity increasing, 147 treatments for, 300 VOCs,health concerns, 380 worse-case possibilities, 148 who generates hazardous waste?, 298 reducing exposure, 380 grasshopper, global distillation, 8 hazardous waste sites, 299 VOC sources almost ubiquitous, 380 green chemistry deinition, 301 indoor air pollutants, ones diicult to avoid basics of green chemistry, 409 describing brownield, 306 benzene, properties and toxicity, 382 green dot trademark, 275 funding cleanup, 306 benzopyrene, properties and toxicity, 382 green roof, 223 health risk, 304–305 formaldehyde, properties and toxicity, 382 greenield if imminent hazards, 306 how to minimize exposure, 383 undeveloped land, 306 lead and cadmium are common, 332 introduction, 381 Gulf of Mexico living close to HW site, 305 PAHs, properties and toxicity, 382 dead zone, 228 many thousands of abandoned mining paradichlorobenzene, properties and sites, 303, 329 toxicity, 383 Haber–Bosch process mining sites, abandoned, but “forever” PERC, properties and toxicity, 382 produces reactive nitrogen (ixed nitro- cleanup, 330 radon gen), 224 underground storage tanks, 301 detecting and reducing, 385 synthetic fertilizer, 225 hazardous waste treatment how exposure occurs, 383 hazardous products, home bioremediation, 307 properties and toxicity, 385 alternatives to, 389 metal cleanup, 307 scientiic uncertainty, 385 asbestos, legacy hazard, 389 methods, 300 solid radioactive daughters, 384 concerns relating to, 387 haze toxicity and action level, 383 combustible, 387 PM2.5, 94, 101 indoor air pollutants, poorer countries corrosive, 387 heat islands, 157 introduction, 386 emergency room visits, 387 Holocene, 134 reducing smoke, clean cookstoves, 387 lammable, examples, 387 hormones reducing smoke, examples, 386 gasoline, multiple hazards, 387 estrogens, androgens, others, 53 industrial ecology: moving toward closed hazardous characteristics, 387–388 hydroxyl radical, 9, 94 loop, 399 Hazardous Substances Act, 388 atmospheric cleanser, 141 industrial symbiosis, 37–38 See inorganic reactive, examples, 387 destroy VOCs, 103 chemicals toxic, examples, 387 fate, 9 labeling of products, 388 indoor air pollutants International Agency for Research on Cancer lead paint, legacy hazard, 389 attached garages as sources, 380 (IARC) legacy hazards, 389 biological contaminants WHO cancer research, 360 more than one hazard, 387 biological contaminants, examples and ionizing radiation Read he Label First campaign, 388 sources, 381 damage to DNA, 384 recommendations to follow when using, biological contaminants, reducing, 379, introduction, 384 388 381 sources, anthropogenic, 385 reducing exposure to, 388–389 combustion pollutants, examples, 377 sources, natural, 384 signal words that indicate, 387 carbon monoxide and CO detectors, 379 iron oxide, 328 Toxics Use Reduction (TUR), 388 diicult to avoid pollutants and possible hazardous products, household hazardous impacts, 381–383 Kalundborg waste (HHW), 389–390 dust and dirt eco-industrial park, 37 community collection program, 390 carpets, 381 Keeling, David, 136 how handle speciic hazardous wastes, 390 reducing, 381 how to reduce HHW, 389 particulates, 379 Lake Chad: pumps out dust, 110 introduction, 389 health efects, potential law, EC pesticides, how reduce use, 390 acute, 377 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment hazardous products, principal hazard chronic, 378 Directive, 311

444 Index

law, US introduction, 344 mercury emissions in Arctic high, 342 CERCLA or Superfund, 303 natural and human sources, 345 Mad Hatter, 337 Clean Air Act. See NAAQS, 90 poisoning with, 345 Minamata, 342 Clean Water Act (CWA), 206, 221 power plant emissions, particulates, 345 Minamata and international action, 341 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Roden- toxicity of inorganic arsenic, 345 Minamata Convention, 338, 341 ticide Act (FIFRA), 365 uses of arsenic, 344 Minamata Convention, how it works, Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 78, metals, cadmium 342 361 by-product, zinc mining, 327 Minamata emissions by Chisso Corp, Hazardous Substances Act, 388 excreted very slowly, 343 341, 342 Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, 388 exposure to, cereal crops and smoking, 343 Minamata, poisoning disaster, 47 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, 333 exposure to, reducing, 344 toxicity Poison Prevention Act, 388 exposure to, shellish and smoking, 332 conversion to methylmercury, toxicity Resource Conservation and Recovery Act hyperaccumulators and cadmium, 308 high, 339 (RCRA), 268, 298 introduction, 343 methylmercury biomagniies in food right-to-know law, 31 itai itai disease, 343 chain, 338, 339 right-to-know: toxic release inventory phosphate rock, 259 metals, metalloid. See metals, arsenic (TRI), 31–33 sources, uses, transport, 343 methane (swamp gas), 9 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 206, toxicity, kidney, 343 methanotrophs, 140 243 metals, lead microplastics Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 77 common at Superfund sites, 335 physical degradation, 9 laws,natural, 4 exposure, work and beyond, 334 plastics, broken down, 2 leachate, 280 lead exposure Minamata Convention lead pollution banning lead from gasoline, 336 purpose of, 342 many sources, 249 banning products with lead, 336 mineralize, deinition, 9

lethal dose LD50, 45 introduction, 334 mining overburden and tailings, 266 lifecycle assessment, automobiles, 277 legacy lead, 335, 336 movement reducing exposure, 91–95 transboundary, 126 Mauna Loa Observatory, 136 reducing leaded gasoline, Mexico City, 336 MSW maximum available control technology reducing legacy sources, 337 recycling MACT, 104 sources, 334 terminology, 273 mega-cities, 15 toxicity, 335 MSW and gross pollution examples of, 90 babies and children, 335, 336 start trash pickup, 288 dramatic mobilization, 328 eagles, 337 emissions to atmosphere, 328 mother’s early exposure, 336 nature’s services human exposure to, 332 no safe blood level, 336 algae, 226 particulates, 328 reference level, CDC, 336 algae and oxygen production, 226 reducing risk, 333, 365–366 small children absorb more, 336 categories of services, 13 mining, 329 transport in environment, 334 deining services, 10 lifecycle assessment of mining, 329 in winter haze, 334 desertiication prevention, 13 mining operations, 329 metals, mercury iltering water, 11 mining wastes produced, 329 atmospheric concentrations, 338 glaciers, 12 metals and metal pollutants complex cycling in environment, 340 microbes, 12 abandoned mines and “relentless isotopes help trace travels, 340 Ogallala aquifer, 12 pollution”, 329, 330 elemental, inorganic, and methylmercury, soil, 11, 13 acid mine drainage, 329 337 trees, 12 ancient mining, 332 elemental mercury NIMBY, not in my backyard, 281 folk remedies, lead, mercury, cadmium, emitted by incinerators, 340 nutrients arsenic, 334 long atmospheric life, 340 toxicity, 45 heavy metals, 328 introduction, 337 introduction, 327 sources, 338 ocean acidiication, 149–152 soils, maximum-loading rate, 332 artisanal mining largest worldwide calcium carbonate shells, 150 sources of metal pollutants, 329–332 source, 338 CO2 leads to acid, 149 coal-burning power plants, 330 fossil fuel burning largest US source, on coral reefs, 151 metal mining and processing, 329 338 decreased seawater pH, 149 toxicity of, 333 sources of possible exposure deinition, 149 treating disease with, 334 consumer products, now mostly example, 151 tributyltin, 333 banned, 338 in future, 152 water, soil, agricultural soil, 332 dental amalgams, 342 impacts of acidiication metals, arsenic exposure of humans and wildlife, 342 less shell-friendly water, 150 all crop plants, 344 exposure of loons, eagles to ish, 342 on marine life, 151 drinking water, 344 ish, are many ish advisories, 342 organic chemicals

Index 445

can biodegrade, 9 inert ingredients, 366 hive dwellers, 358 degradation, factors impacting, 9 International Code of Conduct, FAO impacts, pesticides plus other human orthophosphate administered, 364 actions, 358 reacts with lead, 251 introduction, 353 importance, 358 Owens Lake less-developed countries, 364 pesticides, public involvement. See REACH dried up, 110 200,000 killed /year, 364 EU’s socioeconomic analysis, 360 ozone FAO statistics, 364 growing demand for organic produce, 362 ground level compared to stratospheric, 96 FAO teaching organic and IPM, 365 what is needed in registration process, 360 ozone, ground level indigenous knowledge “old customs, pesticides, reducing their risk transport, 7 examples”, 365 alternative pesticides, 371 lack of safe management, 365 Amsterdam increases bee diversity, 368 Paracelsus, 43 National Pesticide Information Center, 355 Amsterdam, urban agriculture, 368 particles obsolete, what happens to them, 364 biocontrol agent examples, 371–372 inorganic and nitrogen, 2 pest resurgence, 362 biopesticides, characteristics of, 371 PBTs and POPs, 316 philosophies regarding pesticide use, 366 biopesticides, may expedite registration, bioaccumulation vs. biomagniication, reducing risk, integrated pest management 366 316, 317 (IPM), 212 can agriculture be sustainable?, 367 chemical description, 318 Rotterdam Convention controls, 364–365 crop protectant, 366 deinitions. See also POPs metals, pesticides containing them, 355 desirable characteristics in pesticides, 366 long-range transport, 318 transport in air, water, 340 France’s major eforts, 368–369 many are pesticides, 319 what biopesticides are, 363 GEOs, legitimate to use?, 371 many emitted dispersively, 318 what characteristics are desirable in pesti- green chemistry examples, 366 many volatilize, 318 cides, 366 integrated pest management (IPM), 366 PBDEs, a brominated chemical family, 322 why used, many reasons, 354–355 characteristics, 366 PCBs pesticides, beyond just pesticides common features, 367 biomagnify in food chain, 321 biodiversity loss, 362 organic farming, 367 bioaccumulated high level in whales, major habitat loss, 363 characteristics, 367 321 sixth extinction event, 363 Rachel Carson’s advice, 366 polychlorinated chemical family, 321 pesticides, combinatorial urban agriculture, 368 toxicity and exposure, 322 how impact bees, 359 using law, FIFRA, 365 PFAS chemicals in drinking water, 323 pesticides, herbicides pesticides, registration in human blood, 323 broad spectrum, 360 setting tolerance, 78 polyluorinated chemical family, 323 glyphosate overview, 359–361 tolerance and no-harm, 361 PFOA and PFOS, no natural sources, impacts bee immune system, 360 pesticides, resistance to 323 introduction, 359 continues to grow, 362 POPs Roundup-ready controversies, 360 how resistance develops, 362 all POPs are organic, no metals, 316 USA and EU disagree on use, 360 pH impacts on water life, 121 all POPs are PBTs, 316 used worldwide, 360 pH, deined, 120 found in fatty food and breast milk, 319 pesticides, insecticides, 357 phosphorus POPs and most BPTs bioaccumulate in 3 families of insecticides, 357 nutrient, sewage as a source, 231 fat, 317 carbamate family, 357 sources of this nutrient, 231 POPs EPA has identiied to date, 316 neonicotinoid family (neonics), 358 phosphorus pollution POPs are PBTs, but not all PBTs are exposure,75% from food, 358 its impacts, 232 POPs, 316 EU severely restricts use, 359 introduction, 231 why a concern, 317 found in 75% of honey samples, 358 reducing its pollution, 232 why persistence a concern, 317 still used in USA, 359 sources, 231 widespread contamination, 319 systemic action, 358 phytoestrogens pesticides worldwide use, 358–359 plant estrogens, 53 almost everyone uses them, 355 organophosphate family, 357 pig-pen, 381 broad and narrow spectrum, 356 polychlorinated, DDT history, 357 planet’s boundaries examples, e.g., chlorine chemicals, 356 DDT, how used when new, 356 living within, 17 heat, ionizing radiation, 356 polychlorinated, POPs, 357 nine risks, 18 disinfectants, 356 rotenone, 356 what they are, 17 example, fumigants, 356 pesticides, monitoring plastic lumber, 284 phenol since 1867, 356 FDA aided by safety factors, 362 plastic pollution, reducing categories of, 355 foreign produce seldom checked, 362 ban single-use plastic, 289 exposure, air, water, food, 361 pesticides plus other human actions Basel Convention, 290 historical damaging biodiversity, 363 beat plastic pollution, 289 early hazardous waste pickups, 355 pesticides, pollinators cutting use with pollution prevention, what was used, 355 bees, what impacts them, 358 289 impacts on honey and bumble bees, 359 colony collapse disorder, 358 EU action, 289

446 Index

plastic pollution, reducing (cont.) fate of, 9 cancer. See cancer risk assessment National Geographic’s actions to reduce gases becoming particulates, 7 Tox21 use, 289 lead at Superfund site, 62 example, BPA, 80 Ocean Conservancy, 288 natural chemicals, 4 high throughput, 79 recycling plastic packaging, 289 POP hotspots in Arctic, 8 less animal testing, 80 recycling, needs to be improved, 290 synthetic and industrial pollutants, 4 more predictive, 79 UN Clean Seas campaign, 290 pollution robotics and technology, 79 plastic pollution, in ocean blatant, 3 risk assessment, chemical, alternatives to. See absorbs chemicals, 286 deaths attributed to pollution, 60 chemical risk assessment, alternatives becoming microplastics, 286 is a design failure, 3 risk reduction can it be removed?, 286 devastating amounts of pollution, 10 educating public, 78 colossal amounts, 285 lead in old houses, 62 for children, pesticide standards, 78 entering food chain, 286 poverty and pollution, 78 public pressure, 77 how plastic kills wildlife, small and large, tiny amounts, 10 using law, 29–30 286 waste electronics, 61 risk reduction, chemical. See chemical risk low percentage ocean pollution from USA, where pollution occurs, 5 reduction, See chemical risk reduction 285 why pollution happens, 3 for children in poor countries, 78 low percentage in gyres, 285 is zero pollution possible?, 31 international eforts, 77 high percentage from coastal countries, pollution prevention or source reduction, 35 using non-regulatory programs, 77 285 pollution, severe and cancer, 60 using precautionary principle, 78 mammoth problem, 286 POPs for wildlife and natural resources, 79 microplastics in soil, water, food, 24, 238, 325, 326 road building deining microplastics, 286 reducing by P2, 319 pollution and other damage from, 6 in food chain, 286 population, human, 15 Rockström, Johan, 411 in human bodies, 286 population momentum, 15 root causes now ubiquitous, 286 environmental problems, 14 most found in open sea, 285 radical, nitric oxide consumption, 15 plastic, solid waste stratospheric ozone, 142 PAT, 14 a huge problem, 283 radionuclides, 2 population, 14 developing better plastics, 284 plutonium 239, 2 uncontrolled technology, 16 landilling plastic, 284 radon plastic uses, 283 carcinogen, natural, 55 salinization pyrolysis as option to destroy, 285 outdoor air, 4 how it happens, 14 recycling diiculties, 284 reactive nitrogen sanitary landill, 280 recycling PET and HDPE, 284 crossed planetary boundary, 228 sensitive populations, response to, 253 searching for plastic replacements, 284 dead zone Shanghai, 3 thermoplastic recyclable, 284 Gulf of Mexico, 228 signal event, 2 using waste-to-energy to burn, 279, 284 Haber–Bosch process, 228 silicosis, 47 using incineration, 284 human sources, 228 sink, 123 worldwide production, 283 reducing agricultural runof, 207 algae as carbon sink, 226 plutonium 239, 2 some natural sources, 228 sequestering carbon dioxide, 139

PM2.5 composition, 92 Reilly, William, 16 sinks for POPs, 190, 223 pollinators risk smog, 95 honey bees and others, 358 deinition, 72 air you can see, 95 pollutant transport, 6–8 zero to one, 72 Delhi, India, 106 of acid particulates, 7 risk assessment photochemical, 95 in air, 7, 96–98 comparative, 27 pollutants, 95 in air, dioxin, 6 comparative, how to do, 29 soil in air, transboundary, 7 planetary, 29 sends environmental messages, 14 of DDT, grasshopper efect, 8 risk assessment, cancer. See also cancer risk solid waste, municipal in sediment, 7 assessment beaches in less-developed countries, 289 in soil, 8 cancer potency, 81 Chinese ban, 274 in water, transboundary, 6, 7 dioxin most potent carcinogen, 81 food waste, 267–268 transport, biotransport, 8 hazard identiication, its importance, 80 challenges, 268 transport, POPs in Arctic, 8 identifying carcinogens, 80 worldwide, 268 pollutants lifetime studies, 80 great quantities of many wastes, 266 Arctic, land-based bioaccumulation, 8 maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 81 how food becomes waste, 267 categories of, 6 risk assessment, chemical. See also chemical introduction, 265 concentrations of, 4 risk assessment landill monitoring, 280 deinition, 2 alternative new methods rapidly less-developed countries, 266 degradation, hydroxyl radical, 9 developed, 79 food waste, 268

Index 447

product’s history of waste, 266 UV radiation monitored planetwide, transport. See pollutant transport, promoting recycling to lessen quantity, 278 199 fallout what is in MSW, 266 Superfund toxicity among species, 47 why is MSW a concern, 267 purpose of, 303 why cannot eliminate dioxins, 320 source reduction. See WMH: pollution Superfund sites endocrine disruptor. See environmental prevention cleaned up hormones Stockholm Convention. See also persistent energy generation use, 306 environmental estrogen, an endocrine organic pollutants site-speciic-standards, 306 disruptor, 51 dirty dozen, 319 Coeur-d’Alene, very large mining site, 302 formaldehyde, 104, 382 efectiveness of Convention, how seen, 320 Love Canal, a history, 302 glyphosate, 359 exceptions to banning a chemical, 320 National Priority List, 303, 304 hydrogen cyanide (fumigant), 355, 356 PBTs and POPs, eliminating, 342 sustainable iron, can kill children, 328 safer alternatives, 320 agriculture, 368, 369 lead, 335 stratosphere atmospheric layer cities, 283 lead arsenate, 355 contains most ozone, 193 clean water and sanitation, 255 lead shot, 337 normal chemical reactions, 195 forestry, 138, 185 mercury, 104, 342 ozone screens out UV radiation, 193 land management, 110, 111 methyl bromide (fumigant), 356 reactions with and without chlorine, 195 materials use, 299 methyl isocyanate (MIC), 31 stratospheric ozone-depleting chemical phosphorus source, 231 methylene chloride, 377 reactions societies, 38 methylmercury, 104, 342 Antarctic, shows most ozone depletion, 96 future, 14 neonicotinoid (neonic), 358 how ozone destroyed, 195–196 UN Sustainable Development Goals, 220 nicotine sulfate, 355 ice clouds, role of, 196–197 sustainable chemistry. See green chemistry nitrate, 245 ozone “hole” formation, 197 sustainable development organophosphate, 45, 357 polar vortex, role of, 142–144, 197 agriculture, 353 oxalic acid, 45 volcanic eruptions, 198 excess garbage, barrier to development, PAHs, 382 stratospheric ozone-depleting chemicals 282 sources, 319 CFCs and halons, 194 maintaining nature’s services, 395 paradichlorobenzene, 383 chemicals causing, 194–195 population growth hinders, 15 paraquat, still manufactured, 364 had been useful chemicals, 194 UN Clean Seas campaign, 290 parathion, skin absorption, 357 meaning of ozone-depleting potential PCBs, 321 (ODP), 195 take-back law. See EPR and product chloracne, 322 Montreal Protocol, 194 stewardship human exposure, 322 natural halocarbons, 195 Tox21. See chemical risk assessment remediating Hudson River, 322 stratospheric ozone depletion toxic, deinitions, 43 PERC, 382 assist less-developed countries, 201 toxicant, 31 pesticides, 319 eliminating depleting substances acetylcholine, 357 PFAS chemicals, 323 global warming and ozone depletion, 201 arsenic, 247 phthalates, leaching from plastic, 52 HCFCs, substitutes for CFCs, 200 asbestos, 80, 389 polysilicon and polysilicon tetrachloride, 176 HFC substitutes, potent greenhouse gases, aspirin, 44 radon, 383 200 atrazine, an herbicide, 359 rotenone and borax, 356 Montreal Protocol, 200–201 benzene, 80, 104, 382 Roundup, 360 compliance with, 202 benzopyrene, 48, 105, 382 secondary poisoning, 363 remaining problems, 201–202 biotransformation, 47 smog, 95 substances that deplete the ozone layer, botulinum toxin, 45 solanine, 45 200–201 cadmium, 104 tetraethyl lead, 328 UV exposure, its impacts on Earth, cafeine, 45 thalidomide, 48 199–200 carbon monoxide, 44 tributyltin, 333 stratospheric ozone layer children’s greater exposures, 48 trichloroethylene, 214 absorbs UV-B radiation chloroform, 104 triclosan, 253 introduction, 198 DDT, 317, 355 vinyl chloride, 80 history, 193–194 as environmental estrogens, 52 vitamin A, 43, 44 measuring UV-B, 198 deinition. See xenobiotic toxicants and system impacting Montreal Protocol accomplishments, 194 diethylstilbestrol, 52 immune system, 58 more UV reaches earth when ozone dimethyl sulfoxide, 46 kidneys, 58 depleted, 198 dioxins, 47, 68, 317 liver, 57 protects earth from UV-B radiation, 198 bonding to soil and sediment, 49 lungs, 59 seasonal ozone depletion, 194 exposure, 68 nervous system, 58 UV exposure in fat, 6 pesticides action on children, 53 impacts on health, 199 poisoning, 47 reactive gases, 59 impacts on sea organisms, 200 sources, 319 skin, local and systemic, 58

448 Index

toxicity uses of, 216–217 examples, 212, 366 absorption, how occurs, 46 small or private treatment systems, 218 freshwater-salinization syndrome, 212 acute and chronic efects, 44 steps in treatment, 216 salinizing North American waterways, 212 arsenic symptoms of poisoning, 248, 249 treatment plants and combined sewer salt and alkali, 43, 212 children’s sensitivity, 47 overlow, 218 water pollutants, priority, 208–212 comparing chemical toxicities, 45 wastewater, untreated, 220, 331 introduction, 211 direct entry into body, 46 cities, 220 pesticides, 211 dose and response, 44 commonly used on crops, 255 water pollutants, toxic. See water pollution:- dose per time, 45 contaminates Indian food chain, 256 pollutants, priority excretion, 47 great quantities, 220 water pollution factors afecting toxicity, 47–49–51 killing a river, 220 Chesapeake Bay, 232–234

lethal dose (LD50), 45 reducing amounts, 221 closed shellish beds, 215 movement of toxicant within body, 49 some Indian rivers, 255 coastal beaches, 216 nutrients, dose per time, 45 UN goal, cut in half, 220 eutrophication protection,most sensitive populations, 47 water body red tide, an HAB, 227 systemic and local efects, 46 coastal, 214 red tide, Florida, 226–227 toxicity, lead shot not banned, 337 estuary, 214 red tide, wildlife massacre, 227 toxics use reduction (TUR). See pollution groundwater red tide with powerful toxins, 227 prevention cleanup, 213 ishable and swimmable, 206 transport introduction, 212 hypoxia and dead zone, 226, 228 transboundary,deinition, 7 reducing pollution, 213 introduction to reactive nitrogen, 209, sources, 213 224, 226 UN Convention on Long-Range VOCs, 213–214 nonpoint source pollution Transboundary Air Pollution, 126 river atmospheric deposition, 222 US Geological Survey (USGS), 214 compare to other water bodies, 214 best management practices to reduce, wetlands 221 waste management hierarchy (WMH), 268 sequester pollutants, 214 diicult to identify source, 207 introduction, 268 water pollutants how point source difers, 207 waste to product ratio, 266 reactive nitrogen, 224–226. See also ixed NPS runof, 207 waste electronics, 309–311 nitrogen overuse of water, 224 Basel Action Network, 309 beyond planetary boundaries, 225 preventing NPS runof, 222 China banned e-waste imports, 310 bioavailable to plants, 224 reducing NPS runof, 222 EPA’s actions and proposals, 311 China project to reduce, 229 reducing storm runof, 221 Europe’s program, 311 confronting reactive nitrogen, 225 stormwater runof, 224 four steps in recycling, 309, 310 dead zones and legacy nitrate, 228 point source and how identiied, 207, 221 introduction. See waste, electronics deining fertilizer overuse, 227 water pollution, falling ocean oxygen, 228 life cycle of electronics, 311 eutrophication, an introduction to, 226 climate change and more, 228 poor recycling, 309 eutrophication also occurs naturally, reasons for fall, 228 proper recycling, 310 226 watershed quantity of electronics up, quality down, eutrophication, harmful algae blooms deinition, 207 311 (HABs), 226 wellhead, 213 raw materials overused, 311 increasing number of dead zones, 226 WMH or waste management hierarchy shorter life spans, 309 International Nitrogen Management incineration, 280 “smash and bash recycling”, 309 System, 225 can be misused, 280 wastewater introduction, 224 how difers from waste-to-energy, 279, 284 less-developed countries, 255–256 reducing agricultural runof, 228 incineration or combustion, 279 recovering needed phosphorus, 259 reducing livestock runof, 229 mass burn, 282 reusing gray water, 219 why use has soared, 226 preferred by China, 282 reusing wastewater, 219 water pollutants, banned discharges, 212 products banned from incinerator, 279 uses of wastewater, 411 water pollutants, conventional what it is, 279 wastewater treatment, 411 BOD, 209 why used, 279 introduction, 216 BOD and hypoxic water, 209 landilling, an introduction, 280 primary treatment, 216 introduction, 208, 211 bioreactor landill, 281 reduces pollution on beaches, 218 nutrients, 209 landill ecosystem, 283 reducing point pollution, 218 nutrients, reactive nitrogen and eutrophi- landilling and methane production, 280 secondary treatment, 216 cation, 209 landilling, disposal (lowest step on septic systems and septage, 218, 219 oil and grease, 210–211 hierarchy), 37 sewer terminology, 215 pathogens, 209 much used in China, 282 sludge pH beyond normal range, 209 sometimes a irst option, 282 industrial, 217 suspended solids (SS), 209 stabilization of landill, 281 metals contaminants, 217 water pollutants, nonconventional P2, design for the environment, 35

Index 449

P2, environmentally preferable products, 271 toxics use reduction (TUR), 35 projects in Curitiba, 283 P2, source reduction, 34 recycling saves energy and material, 275 P2, purpose of, 34 advantages (second step in hierarchy), 36 uncommon examples, 276 P2, use China’s role, 274 reuse in industry, 34 composting considered recycling, 274, reuse examples, 36 P2, when not enough, pollution prevention 276 reuse of industrial, 271 (P2), 34–35, 37 contaminants in recyclables, 274 reuse similar to pollution prevention, 35 apex of hierarchy, 34, 268 common products recycled, 274, 276 treatment (third step in hierarchy), 36 environmentally preferable purchasing. construction and demolition debris, energy recovery, 36 See also Green procurement 276 purposes of, 268 French law reduces food waste, 268 end-of-life cars, 277 treatment, reasons for, 36 green procurement program, 273 ills vital need, 273 personal actions to practice P2, 273 packaging presents problems, 36, 275 xenobiotic and natural chemicals, 46 Pollution Prevention Act, 35, 409 problems that recycling presents, 36 source reduction equates to pollution promoting its use, 278–279 zero waste, zero emissions prevention, 268, 270 products from landills, recycling, 276 an introduction, 395