DOCSLIB.ORG

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K. Hill Index More Information Index accidents and major spills sizes of, 92 SO2 and its aerosols, 100 coal ash dam failure, TVA, 331 alatoxin SO2 sources, 101 coal ash, TVA, 171 carcinogen, natural, 55 SO2, reducing emissions, 101 coal slurries, Kentucky, 170 agriculture SO2, why important, 90 cyanide and metals into Danube, 7 adverse impacts, 268 air pollutants, criteria and others Deepwater Horizon blowout, 2010, 210 air pollutants long range transboundary air pollution, 106 Exxon Valdez, 210 categories, 91 air pollutants, HAPs cleanup using microbes, 308 gas vs. particulates, 92 comparison to criteria pollutants, 104 impacts on wildlife, 210 primary and secondary, 90 examples, 103 Minamata Bay tragedy, 341 air pollutants, criteria exposure to, 104 pesticides into Rhine, 7 black carbon, PM2.5, 92 introduction, 103 Texas fertilizer explosion, 33 carbon monoxide, 98–100 metal HAPs, why of concern, 104 Tianjin China, cyanide explosion, 32 an introduction, 90, 98, 328 no individual standards for HAPs, acid deposition concerns, 99 exception, 104 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network, 128 reducing levels, 100 PAHs high emission stacks, 123 sources, 99 bioavailability, 105 history, 128 ground-level ozone, 96–98 in environment, 105 introduction, 119 precursors of, 96 introduction, 105 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 121 health impacts, no safe dose, 96, 98 sources, 104, 105 wet and dry aerosols, 123 ongoing problems, 98 exposure to, 105 acid deposition, acid precursors and their reducing levels, 97 fate of, 105, 141 sources sources, 97 reducing emissions, 105 ammonia, 125 toxicity compared to particulates, 96 reducing mercury emissions, 104 carbon dioxide, 123 introduction, 96 some HAPs indoor air pollutants, 104 fertilizer and livestock, 125 lead, 102 toxicity, 105 fossil fuel power plants, 125 an introduction, 102 why of concern, 104 SO2 and NOx, 122, 125 reducing, 102 why so named, 103 acid deposition, ill efects sources, 102 air pollutants, VOCs, 103 acid surface water, 124 nitrogen oxides, NOx, 101–102 introduction, 102 Al solubilized, 122 impacts, 101 relationship to ozone, 103 aluminum toxicity, 121 sources, 102 sources, 103 basic soil protects from, 122 ozone why regulated, 103 dying aquatic life, 124 an introduction, 91 air pollution, global dying forests, 123 damage to plants, 97 atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs), 107 Europe, 105, 125 dangerous pollutant, 101 described, 108 fewer impacts in Asia, 126–127 particulate reducing, 108 haze afects visibility and health, 124 an introduction, 113 sources of, 108 lost Ca and Mg, 121 atmospheric loading, 91 China building many coal plants, 107 material damage, 125 black carbon, 91 India vs. China, 106 soil metal loss, 121 PM2.5 poses special health issues, 92 millions of children badly impacted, 106 acid deposition, recovery from, 126–127 haze, 94 ozone deaths up sharply, 106 slow, 126 haze, explained, 101 PM2.5 and ozone, 106 using lime, 127 health impacts of particulates, 93 sand and dust storms (SDSs), an intro- acid deposition, reducing precursors non-health damages, 93 duction, 108–111 ammonia, 126 PM and disease SDS, composition of, 109 cap and trade, 125 introduction, 100 SDS, how to reduce, 110 NOx, 125, 126 PM and international eforts, 95 SDS, one beneit, 109 SO2, 125 PM and workplaces, 93 SDS, human caused, 109 acid deposition, transboundary transport reducing PM quantities, 90 pathogenic microbes, 110 SO2 and NOx, 123 sizes, coarse, ine, ultraine, 92 transboundary, 108 aerosol. See global warming: aerosol sources, 94 UN Convention to Combat desertiication, aerosols, 92 sulfur dioxide (SO2), an introduction, 174 110 dust major component of, 109 SO2 and acid particulates, concerns, 100 State of Global Air, an introduction, 106 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K. Hill Index More Information 440 Index air pollution, transboundary environmental justice, 79 coniguration, 420 atmospheric brown clouds, 107–108 chemical risk electrons, 420 ammonia, 94 BPA, 53 electrostatic forces, 422 Anthropocene, 2 hazard × exposure, 68 elements, 418 signal event, 20 high-risk chemicals, 27 deuterium, 420 antidote, antagonistic action, 49 multiple chemicals, 27, 49 electronegative, 420 Aral Sea, direly impacted, 110 possible impact, 49 electropositive, 420 Arrhenius, Svante, 134 risk vs. hazard, 27 hydrogen, 421 arsenic tested one at a time, 49 lithium, 419 poisoning, 5 tiny amounts, 4 noble, 420, 421 asbestos whole eluent toxicity, 49 tritium, 420 carcinogen, natural, 55 chemical risk assessment introduction exposure, 5 factors of 10, why, 74 ionic bonds, 422 atmospheric deposition. See acid deposition four-step process, 73 isotopes aerosol loading, 120 most highly exposed population, 75 deinition, 420 DDT and PCBs, 120 multiple chemicals, 75, 76 environmental chemistry, 420 automobiles, design for disassembly, 277 risk characterization, 75 mercury, 340 no observed adverse level, 81 oxygen, 420 bauxite ore, aluminum, 275 risk characterization, BPA, 75 radioactive, 420 bees safety factor, 73 stable, 420 impacts on population, 358 why do, 73 molecular mass, 422 wild bee pollinators, 359 worst-case assumptions, 75 molecular mass, calculating, 422 bioaccumulation, deinition, 50 chemical risk reduction neutralization, 427 biomagniication, deinition, 50 actions taken, 76 oxidation and reduction reactions, 426 biodegradation, 339 EPA’s IRIS system, 77 oxidation by losing electrons, 425 when process overwhelmed, 9 EU’s REACH program, 77 oxidation of hydrocarbons, 424 biosolids. See wastewater international eforts, 77 periodic table, 419 treatment: sludge, how used managers,who are they?, 76 pH deinition, 427 bisphenol A, hard plastic, 53 public pressure, 76 radical, free, 424 blue baby syndrome, 246 using law, 77 radical, hydroxyl, 424 BPTs and POPs chemicals redox reactions, 425 PCBs cycling in environment, 321 acids, 427 stable octet, 420 POPs and Stockholm Convention, strong, 427 stoichiometry, 425 319–320 weak, 427 subatomic particles, 418 acids and bases, 427 valence electrons, 420 calcium oxide (lime), 328 bases, 427 vanishing zero, 31 cancer, 54–57 biochemicals, natural and synthetic, 423 chemistry, analytical cancer villages, 56 combustion, incomplete products, sensitivity of, 10 examples, 426 children and infants causes of, PM2.5 involved, 57 China, 55 formula as representations of, 418 avoiding home poisonings, 388 complete carcinogen, 55 inorganic, deinition, 423 exposure to DNA copying errors, 55 introduction air pollutants, protective standards, 90 genotoxic, mutate DNA, 55 organic, 423 aspirin, 44 initiating and promoting, 55 organic, synthetic, 423 CDC study of exposure, 69 introduction, 54 organometallic, 423 cigarette smoke, 380 liver cancer, 57 radioactive, types of radiation, 420 contaminated ish, neglecting ish advi- risk of, increasing, 56 reactive sories, 342 carbon isotope, 138 example, luorine atom, 421 contaminated soil, eating, 75 carbon, black, 2 reactive, lithium, 420, 421 electronic waste (e-waste), 61 Carson, Rachel chemistry excess vitamin A, 44 Silent Spring, 356 atomic mass, 418 ire retardants, 322 chemical exposure, 27 atomic nucleus luoride in drinking water, 252 body burden of xenobiotics, 69 protons and neutrons, 418 indoor carpets with contaminants, 390 CDC study, 68 atomic number, 419 methylmercury, 50 epidemiologic studies, 70 atoms, 418 neurotoxins, prenatal, 58 meaning of results, 70 Avogadro’s constant, 425 nitrate in drinking water, 227 Percival Pott balancing chemical reactions, 425 ozone, susceptibility, 96 safety, 68 chemical bonds, 421 PCBs in contaminated ish, 322 and scrotal cancer, 70 combustion, incomplete products, 426 pesticides, less-developed countries, chemical paradoxes, 43–44 covalent bonds, 421 364 chemical pollution electron phthalates, 53 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K. Hill Index More Information Index 441 polluted air, reduced lung capacity, 7 factor-10, computers fulill criterion, 401 product stewardship and extended pro- toxicant, children’s greater exposure, 48 factor-10, dematerialization, 398 ducer responsibility, 407 toxicants, sensitivity may be greater, 48 how EU works toward, 398 remanufacturing convertibility, 407 UV-B radiation, 199 how Renault works toward, 399 remanufacturing metal products, 271 water-borne disease, 246 industrial ecology, 397, 400 remanufacturing. See also circular econo- indoor air pollutants, 377 Japan tracks material lows, 398 my, tools used: design for disassem- smoke in poorer countries, 386 more value, less waste, 397 bly: DfD examples food wastage, meanwhile malnutrition, needs highly recycled materials, steel, servicizing, 408 268 399 chemical products, 408 handling household hazardous waste, 267, other terms that describe, 397 Consumer Product Safety Commission 389 personal actions, 401 (CPSC), 379 hazardous product alternatives, 389 recovering waste raw materials, 311 corporate use of, 408 hazardous products, protection from, 387 reject linear economy, 396 keep out of children’s reach, 388 remanufacturing, 399 dead zone immune system less developed, 47 renewable energy, 412 Gulf of Mexico, 228 lead similar terms, 38 Delhi, most polluted capitol, 106 blood lead levels, 69, 336 steel recycling important to, 399–400 dental caries blood levels needing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cátia Alexandra Ribeiro Venâncio Salinization Effects on Coastal
    Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes (Investigadora Principal do CESAM e Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro), do Professor Doutor Rui Godinho Lobo Girão Ribeiro (Professor Associado com Agregação do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Universidade de Coimbra) e da Doutora Ruth Maria de Oliveira Pereira (Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade do Porto). This work was supported by FEDER funds through the programme COMPETE- Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, grant SFRH/BD/81717/2011, within the CESAM's strategic programme (UID/AMB/50017/2013), and the research project SALTFREE (PTDC/AAC- CLI/111706/2009). o júri presidente Prof. Doutor João de Lemos Pinto Professor Catedrático, Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes Investigadora Principal do
    [Show full text]
  • Eric Moody: You're Listening to Making Waves, Fresh Ideas in Freshwater Science
    Eric Moody: You're listening to Making Waves, fresh ideas in Freshwater Science. Making Waves is a bimonthly podcast where we discuss new ideas in Freshwater Science and why they matter to you. Making Waves is brought to you with support by the Society for Freshwater Science, Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences and the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Eric Moody: This is Eric Moody with the Making Waves podcast for the Society for Freshwater Science. This month I'll be talking with Dr. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, who is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Barcelona. Among other things, his research has focused on the effects of reverse salinization on biotic communities and freshwater environments. Thanks for joining me Miguel. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: Yeah, thank you very much for the invitation Eric. Eric Moody: My first question for you is, what exactly is reverse salinization or freshwater salinization? What causes this process to happen? Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: Basically, this is a good question because we use the term a lot. Basically we use it as the increase in dissolved ions or in the US we use the term total dissolved solids, but in the end it's just increase in dissolved salts in rivers. This comes from a lot of different activities, human activities. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: I think that the most documented issue is land clearing in Australia. Most of the papers, important papers, early papers come from Australia because they have saline ground waters. The groundwater in many parts of Australia has salts dissolved in it naturally, and so when they clear the trees and they replace it by crops and other kind of vegetation that does not retain water, then the groundwater came up with all those dissolved salts in it and it caused salinization of rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Salinization Syndrome on a Continental Scale With
    Freshwater salinization syndrome on a PNAS PLUS continental scale Sujay S. Kaushala,1, Gene E. Likensb,c,1, Michael L. Paced, Ryan M. Utze, Shahan Haqa, Julia Gormana, and Melissa Gresea aDepartment of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; bCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545; cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; dDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and eFalk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044 Contributed by Gene E. Likens, November 30, 2017 (sent for review June 28, 2017; reviewed by Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, W. Berry Lyons, Diane M. McKnight, and Matthew Miller) Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the base cations (i.e., sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium). chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing There are at least three primary categories of salt sources driving salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a the freshwater salinization syndrome: (i) anthropogenic salt inputs concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links saliniza- (e.g., road salts, sewage, brines, sodic/saline irrigation runoff); tion and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as con- (ii) accelerated weathering of natural geologic materials by current trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base strong acids (e.g., acid rain, fertilizers, and acid mine drainage); cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes and (iii) human uses of easily weathered resource materials (e.g., in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, re- concrete, lime), which cause increases in salts with strong bases spectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over and carbonates (6, 9–13).
    [Show full text]
  • Episodic Salinization and Freshwater Salinization Syndrome Mobilize Base Cations, Carbon, and Nutrients to Streams Across Urban Regions
    Biogeochemistry (2018) 141:463–486 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0514-2 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Episodic salinization and freshwater salinization syndrome mobilize base cations, carbon, and nutrients to streams across urban regions Shahan Haq . Sujay S. Kaushal . Shuiwang Duan Received: 26 January 2018 / Accepted: 11 October 2018 / Published online: 24 October 2018 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Abstract Urbanized watersheds in colder climates statistically significant linear increasing trends in experience episodic salinization due to anthropogenic calcium and potassium concentrations with experi- salt inputs and runoff from impervious surfaces. mental salinization across all 12 sites and in magne- Episodic salinization can be manifested as a ‘pulse’ sium concentrations at 11 of 12 sites (p \ 0.05), with in concentrations and fluxes of salt ions lasting from mean rates of increase of 1.92 ± 0.31 mg-Ca per hours to days after snowstorms in response to road g-NaCl, 2.80 ± 0.67 mg–K per g-NaCl, and salting. Episodic salinization contributes to freshwater 1.11 ± 0.19 mg-Mg per g-NaCl, respectively. Simi- salinization syndrome, characterized by cascading larly, there were statistically significant increasing mobilization of chemicals and shifting acid–base linear trends in total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) con- status. We conducted laboratory experiments and centrations with experimental salinization at 9 of the analyzed high-frequency sensor data to investigate the 12 sites, with a mean rate of increase of water quality impacts of freshwater salinization syn- 0.07 ± 0.01 mg-N per g-NaCl. There were statisti- drome and episodic salinization across 12 watersheds cally significant increasing linear trends in soluble draining two major metropolitan regions along the reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations with exper- U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Salinization of Freshwater Alter Fish Behaviour?
    Tamara Priscila Faleiro Pereira Leite DOES SALINIZATION OF FRESHWATER ALTER FISH BEHAVIOUR? Dissertation in MsC in Ecology, supervised by Paulo Branco PhD and Professor Cristina Canhoto PhD, presented to the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra June 2018 Does salinization of freshwater alter fish behaviour? Dissertation in MsC in Ecology, supervised by Paulo Branco PhD and Professor Cristina Canhoto PhD, presented to the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra Tamara Priscila Faleiro Pereira Leite Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of Coimbra 2018 1 2 “La natura è la fonte di tutta la vera conoscenza. Ha la sua logica, le sue leggi, non ha alcun effetto senza causa né invenzione senza necessità.” Leonardo da Vinci 3 4 5 6 Acknowledgements/ Agradecimentos Porque sem eles este trabalho não teria sido possível, deixo o meu agradecimento: Ao projeto MARS (Managing Aquatic ecosystems and water Resources under multiple Stress) fundado pela Comissão Europeia sobre o 7th Framework Program (contract no. 603378) por ter apoiado este trabalho. Ao Doutor Paulo Branco, pela orientação e exigência que me impulsionaram a fazer um trabalho de que me orgulho, e também pela descontração e amizade que, em tempos mais difíceis, me ajudaram a lidar com o stresse deste trabalho de forma mais positiva. À professora Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira por me ter acolhido no seu grupo de trabalho, e também por me ter disponibilizado condições e infraestruturas para realizar o meu projeto. Ao Doutor José Maria Santos e a todos os colegas no ISA por me receberem tão bem e por toda a ajuda ao longo deste trabalho.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Ohio Agri-Culture Newsletter
    OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Northeast Ohio Agri-Culture Newsletter Your Weekly Agriculture Update for January 16, 2018 Ashtabula and Trumbull Counties In This Issue: Hello, Northeast Ohio Counties! • 5 Ways to Kick 2018 into Gear • Growing Shitake Mushroom We’re back to the deep freeze this week! As you can see Program from the picture above we had a great turnout for our first • Winter Road Salt, Fertilizers Pesticide Applicator Training session of 2018, and we just Turning North American beat the ice! 2018 is also the first year of recertification for Waterways Increasingly Saltier Fertilizer Applicators, so be sure to check your certification • Not All Corn is Created Equal! to make sure it doesn’t expire this year. • DICAMBA Luncheon Slated for January 17, 2018 in Cortland We have 3 more opportunities in our region for pesticide • Fertilizer Re-Certification Options recertification, so be sure to check out those dates at the for NE Ohio end of our newsletter. We also have classes coming up for • David’s Weekly News Column those who want to obtain a new pesticide license or new • Donors Sought for 2018 fertilizer certification. Ashtabula County Ag Day David Marrison Lee Beers • Upcoming Extension Program Extension Educator Extension Educator Dates Ag & Natural Resources Ag & Natural Resources Ashtabula County Trumbull County 5 Ways to Kick 2018 into Gear By Susan Crowell / [email protected] Published on January 4, 2018 Source: https://www.farmanddairy.com/columns/5-ways-to-kick-2018-into-gear/463912.html OK, 2017 was a rough year for many farmers, so let’s blast into 2018 with no regrets, no whining and no looking back at what was or what might have been.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Salinization Syndrome on a Continental Scale With
    Freshwater salinization syndrome on a PNAS PLUS continental scale Sujay S. Kaushala,1, Gene E. Likensb,c,1, Michael L. Paced, Ryan M. Utze, Shahan Haqa, Julia Gormana, and Melissa Gresea aDepartment of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; bCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545; cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; dDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and eFalk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044 Contributed by Gene E. Likens, November 30, 2017 (sent for review June 28, 2017; reviewed by Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, W. Berry Lyons, Diane M. McKnight, and Matthew Miller) Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the base cations (i.e., sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium). chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing There are at least three primary categories of salt sources driving salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a the freshwater salinization syndrome: (i) anthropogenic salt inputs concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links saliniza- (e.g., road salts, sewage, brines, sodic/saline irrigation runoff); tion and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as con- (ii) accelerated weathering of natural geologic materials by current trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base strong acids (e.g., acid rain, fertilizers, and acid mine drainage); cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes and (iii) human uses of easily weathered resource materials (e.g., in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, re- concrete, lime), which cause increases in salts with strong bases spectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over and carbonates (6, 9–13).
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change on Islands Of
    SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE Archaeology, environmental justice, and climate change on islands of the Caribbean and SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE southwestern Indian Ocean Kristina Douglassa,b,1 and Jago Cooperc Edited by Daniel H. Sandweiss, University of Maine, Orono, ME, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Dolores R. Piperno December 11, 2019 (received for review August 15, 2019) Climate change impacts island communities all over the world. Sea-level rise, an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events, and changes in distribution and health of marine organisms are among the most significant processes affecting island communities worldwide. On islands of the Caribbean and southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO), however, today’s climate change impacts are magnified by historical environmental injustice and colonial legacies, which have heightened the vulnerability of human and other biotic communities. For some islands, archaeological and paleoecological research offers an important re- cord of precolonial climate change and its interplay with human lives and landscapes. The archaeological record suggests strategies and mechanisms that can inform discussions of resilience in the face of climate change. We detail climate-related challenges facing island Caribbean and SWIO communities using archae- ological and paleoecological evidence for past climate change and human response and argue that these cannot be successfully addressed without an understanding of the processes that have, over time, disrupted livelihoods, reshaped
    [Show full text]
  • Water Pollution from Agriculture More People, More Food, Worse Water? - a Global Review of Water Pollution from Agriculture
    LED BY LED BY More people, more food, worse water? more food, More people, worse water? more food, More people, Current patternsCurrent patterns of agricultural of agricultural expansion expansion and intensification and intensification are bringing are bringing unprecedented unprecedented environmentalenvironmental externalities, externalities, including including impacts impactson water on quality. water Whilequality. water While pollution water pollution is is slowly startingslowly startingto receive to thereceive attention the attention it deserves, it deserves, the contribution the contribution of agriculture of agriculture to this to this problemproblem has not yethas received not yet received sufficient sufficient consideration. consideration. We needWe a much need bettera much understanding better understanding of the causes of the andcauses effects and of effects agricultural of agricultural water water pollutionpollution as well asas effectivewell as effective means to means prevent to preventand remedy and remedythe problem. the problem. In the existing In the existing literature,literature, information information on water on pollution water pollution from agriculture from agriculture is highly is dispersed. highly dispersed. This report This is report is a comprehensivea comprehensive review and review covers and different covers different agricultural agricultural sectors (includingsectors (including crops, livestock crops, livestock - - a global review of water pollution from agriculture a global review of water pollution
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams
    water Article Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams Robert Miltner Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, OH 43216-1049, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Salinization of freshwaters is a growing concern, especially in urban catchments. Existing aquatic life criteria for chloride (230 mg/L; a US standard) or total dissolved solids (1500 mg/L; specific to Ohio) do not protect sensitive species, and standards for sulfate have yet to be promulgated on the national level. To help identify water quality thresholds for protection and restoration, species sensitivity distributions were compiled for chloride and sulfate based on field observations of macroinvertebrate communities co-located with water quality samples obtained from rivers and streams throughout Ohio. Additionally, attainment of biological benchmarks for macroinvertebrate communities found in headwater streams were modeled against chloride and sulfate using Bayesian logistic regression. The hazard concentration based on statewide data for chloride was 52 mg/L. The hazard concentration for sulfate based on data from the Western Allegheny Plateau ecoregion was 152 mg/L. The median effect levels from logistic regression for chloride and sulfate varied by ecoregion. Mayfly taxa were disproportionately represented in taxa comprising the lower 5th percentile of the species sensitivity distributions for chloride. However, logistic regression models of individual taxa response (as presence/absence) revealed that some taxa considered sensitive to pollution in general were highly tolerant of chloride. For 166 taxa showing directional response to chloride, 91 decreased and 75 increased. For the 97 individual taxa showing directional responses to sulfate, 81 decreased.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalizing Pollution: a Critical Social Science View on the Link Between
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB Naturalizing pollution: a critical social science view on the link between potash rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org mining and salinization in the Llobregat river basin, northeast Spain Review Santiago Gorostiza1 and David Saurı´2 1 Cite this article: Gorostiza S, Saurı´ D. 2019 Institut de Cie`ncies i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 2Departament de Geografia, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain Naturalizing pollution: a critical social science view on the link between potash mining and SG, 0000-0002-8516-5642 salinization in the Llobregat river basin, The scientific literature distinguishes between primary or natural and second- northeast Spain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 374: ary or human-induced salinization. Assessing this distinction is of vital 20180006. importance to assign liabilities and responsibilities in pollution cases and for http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0006 designing the best policy and management actions. In this context, actors inter- ested in downplaying the role of certain drivers of human-induced salinization Accepted: 4 October 2018 can attempt to neglect its importance by referring to natural salinization, in a similar fashion to other pollution and health-related cases, from tobacco smoke to climate change. Potash mining, which has experienced continued growth One contribution of 23 to a theme issue ‘Salt during the last decades and is a significant contributor to salinization, is in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences prone to originate such controversies because natural salinization from the and future prospects’.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’S Coastal Wetlands
    Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’s Coastal Wetlands by Emily Ury University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Emily S. Bernhardt, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Justin Wright, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Jennifer Swenson ___________________________ Marcelo Luiz Ardón Sayao ___________________________ Xi Yang Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’s Coastal Wetlands by Emily Ury University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Emily S. Bernhardt, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Justin Wright, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Jennifer Swenson ___________________________ Marcelo Luiz Ardón Sayao ___________________________ Xi Yang An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Emily Ury All rights reserved except the rights granted by the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License Abstract Climate change is driving vegetation community shifts in coastal regions of the world, where low topographic relief makes ecosystems particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, salinization, storm surge, and other effects of global climate change. Salinization has clear effects on vegetation, as few plant species can survive in brackish water, and these shifts in vegetation lead to declines in biomass carbon stocks, as well as significant changes in habitat structure and biodiversity. The rate and extent of these impacts on other wetland ecosystem properties and function is far less certain.
    [Show full text]