DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams water Article Assessing the Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Ohio Streams Robert Miltner Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, OH 43216-1049, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Salinization of freshwaters is a growing concern, especially in urban catchments. Existing aquatic life criteria for chloride (230 mg/L; a US standard) or total dissolved solids (1500 mg/L; specific to Ohio) do not protect sensitive species, and standards for sulfate have yet to be promulgated on the national level. To help identify water quality thresholds for protection and restoration, species sensitivity distributions were compiled for chloride and sulfate based on field observations of macroinvertebrate communities co-located with water quality samples obtained from rivers and streams throughout Ohio. Additionally, attainment of biological benchmarks for macroinvertebrate communities found in headwater streams were modeled against chloride and sulfate using Bayesian logistic regression. The hazard concentration based on statewide data for chloride was 52 mg/L. The hazard concentration for sulfate based on data from the Western Allegheny Plateau ecoregion was 152 mg/L. The median effect levels from logistic regression for chloride and sulfate varied by ecoregion. Mayfly taxa were disproportionately represented in taxa comprising the lower 5th percentile of the species sensitivity distributions for chloride. However, logistic regression models of individual taxa response (as presence/absence) revealed that some taxa considered sensitive to pollution in general were highly tolerant of chloride. For 166 taxa showing directional response to chloride, 91 decreased and 75 increased. For the 97 individual taxa showing directional responses to sulfate, 81 decreased. Of the 16 taxa showing an increase, 6 are considered tolerant of pollution, 9 facultative and 1 moderately intolerant, the latter being taxa in the dipteran family Tipulidae. The Citation: Miltner, R. Assessing the hazard concentrations are useful as protective thresholds for existing high-quality waters. The logistic Impacts of Chloride and Sulfate Ions regression model of attainment can be used to inform management goals conditional on site-specific on Macroinvertebrate Communities information. in Ohio Streams. Water 2021, 13, 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131815 Keywords: chloride; sulfate; salinization; macroinvertebrates; rivers; Bayesian Academic Editor: Christopher Nietch Received: 18 May 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 28 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021 Dissolved ions in freshwater environments are often collectively expressed as to- tal dissolved solids (TDS mg/L) or measured as specific conductance (SC uS/cm, spe- ◦ Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral cific to 25 C). Typical ranges for relatively undisturbed freshwater streams in Ohio are µ with regard to jurisdictional claims in 160–660 mg/L TDS, and 206–960 S/cm. Because freshwater organisms are internally published maps and institutional affil- saltier than the water they live in, they must actively maintain their internal ionic con- iations. centrations and ionic compositions through osmoregulation. Most freshwater organisms are facultative with respect to external osmotic pressure as an adaptation to natural sea- sonal variations in external concentrations, but this requires time to acclimate. However, some macroinvertebrates, notably mayflies [1], are particularly sensitive to increases in dissolved ions, and rapid variations in concentration are more stressful compared to slow Copyright: © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. concentration changes [2]. This article is an open access article Anthropogenic salinization also alters ionic composition [3]. The mode of ion toxicity distributed under the terms and action to aquatic macroinvertebrates is uncertain [4] but appears less related to direct conditions of the Creative Commons disruption of osmoregulation [2,5], and more related to the actions of specific ions [6,7]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// The apparent toxicity of a specific ion, however, is mediated by the presence of other creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ ions [8–10], resulting in wide ranges in effect levels for a given ion in toxicity tests. Ad- 4.0/). ditionally, although disruption of osmoregulation may not be a direct cause of mortality, Water 2021, 13, 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131815 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 Water 2021, 13, 1815 10], resulting in wide ranges in effect levels for a given ion in toxicity tests. Additionally,2 of 21 although disruption of osmoregulation may not be a direct cause of mortality, the energy cost needed to regulate internal ionic balance has been demonstrated to have sublethal effects at concentrations below chronic endpoints [11–13], and consequential at the assem- blagethe level energy [14]. cost needed to regulate internal ionic balance has been demonstrated to have sublethalThe natural effects background at concentrations concentration below chronicand composition endpoints [of11 dissolved–13], and consequentialions in rivers at andthe streams assemblage is largely level governed [14]. by the geology of the catchment area. In Ohio, streams drainingThe the natural Western background Allegheny concentrationPlateau (WAP) and tend composition to average of100–200 dissolved SC units ions inlower rivers and streams is largely governed by the geology of the catchment area. In Ohio, streams than streams draining ecoregions in the glaciated portion of the state (Figure 1), and tend draining the Western Allegheny Plateau (WAP) tend to average 100–200 SC units lower to have sulfate as the dominant anion. However, across all ecoregions, agriculture, min- than streams draining ecoregions in the glaciated portion of the state (Figure1), and tend ing, impervious cover, and wastewater loadings increase the concentrations of dissolved to have sulfate as the dominant anion. However, across all ecoregions, agriculture, mining, ions. Of these sources, loadings from impervious cover and mining are the most threaten- impervious cover, and wastewater loadings increase the concentrations of dissolved ions. ing, as those come in either high pulses [15], or steady high doses [16]. Ecoregions com- Of these sources, loadings from impervious cover and mining are the most threatening, as prising the glaciated portion of the state are the Huron-Erie Lake Plain (HELP); the Erie- those come in either high pulses [15], or steady high doses [16]. Ecoregions comprising the Ontario Lake Plain (EOLP); the Eastern Corn Belt Plains (ECBP); and the Interior Plateau glaciated portion of the state are the Huron-Erie Lake Plain (HELP); the Erie-Ontario Lake (IP). Plain (EOLP); the Eastern Corn Belt Plains (ECBP); and the Interior Plateau (IP). Figure 1. Figure 1. LevelLevel III ecoregions III ecoregions of Ohio. of Ohio. Traditional laboratory toxicology tests focusing on lethality, or mesocosm experiments Traditional laboratory toxicology tests focusing on lethality, or mesocosm experi- on the toxicity of TDS or specific ions (i.e., chloride or sulfate), have resulted in conditional ments on the toxicity of TDS or specific ions (i.e., chloride or sulfate), have resulted in endpoints. That is, endpoints are conditioned on various factors such as acclimation, ionic conditional endpoints. That is, endpoints are conditioned on various factors such as accli- composition, synergistic effects with other toxicants (e.g., metals), and secondary effects. Additionally, many laboratory test organisms show efficient osmoregulation, as evidenced by lethal endpoints near isotonic concentrations. In the net, the results from laboratory and mesocosm studies with lethal endpoints can be interpreted as maximum thresholds not to exceed. However, mesocosm studies that account for sublethal [12] and assemblage- Water 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 23 mation, ionic composition, synergistic effects with other toxicants (e.g., metals), and sec- ondary effects. Additionally, many laboratory test organisms show efficient osmoregula- tion, as evidenced by lethal endpoints near isotonic concentrations. In the net, the results Water 2021, 13, 1815 from laboratory and mesocosm studies with lethal endpoints can be interpreted as maxi-3 of 21 mum thresholds not to exceed. However, mesocosm studies that account for sublethal [12] and assemblage-level effects [14] have produced protective endpoints in line with obser- levelvations effects from [14 field] have studies produced [17], and protective that are endpoints an order inof line magnitude with observations less than laboratory- from field studiesderived [ 17endpoints.], and that are an order of magnitude less than laboratory-derived endpoints. SpeciesSpecies sensitivity distributions distributions (SSDs) (SSDs) can can be be generated generated from from field field collections collections by ob- by observingserving the the occurrence occurrence of ofspecies species or or taxa taxa over over a aspecific specific stressor stressor gradient. gradient. For For example, example, a afield field data data set set that that has has matching matching biological biological and and chemical chemical observations observations (of (ofchloride, chloride, for forex- example)ample) can can be bearrayed arrayed by incr by increasingeasing chloride chloride concentration concentration for each for eachtaxon, taxon, and the and corre- the correspondingsponding 95th 95thpercentile
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cátia Alexandra Ribeiro Venâncio Salinization Effects on Coastal
    Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Universidade de Departamento de Biologia Aveiro 2017 Cátia Alexandra Salinization effects on coastal terrestrial and Ribeiro Venâncio freshwater ecosystems Efeitos de salinização em ecossistemas costeiros terrestres e de água doce Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes (Investigadora Principal do CESAM e Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro), do Professor Doutor Rui Godinho Lobo Girão Ribeiro (Professor Associado com Agregação do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Universidade de Coimbra) e da Doutora Ruth Maria de Oliveira Pereira (Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade do Porto). This work was supported by FEDER funds through the programme COMPETE- Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, grant SFRH/BD/81717/2011, within the CESAM's strategic programme (UID/AMB/50017/2013), and the research project SALTFREE (PTDC/AAC- CLI/111706/2009). o júri presidente Prof. Doutor João de Lemos Pinto Professor Catedrático, Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Isabel Maria da Cunha Antunes Lopes Investigadora Principal do
    [Show full text]
  • Eric Moody: You're Listening to Making Waves, Fresh Ideas in Freshwater Science
    Eric Moody: You're listening to Making Waves, fresh ideas in Freshwater Science. Making Waves is a bimonthly podcast where we discuss new ideas in Freshwater Science and why they matter to you. Making Waves is brought to you with support by the Society for Freshwater Science, Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences and the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Eric Moody: This is Eric Moody with the Making Waves podcast for the Society for Freshwater Science. This month I'll be talking with Dr. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, who is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Barcelona. Among other things, his research has focused on the effects of reverse salinization on biotic communities and freshwater environments. Thanks for joining me Miguel. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: Yeah, thank you very much for the invitation Eric. Eric Moody: My first question for you is, what exactly is reverse salinization or freshwater salinization? What causes this process to happen? Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: Basically, this is a good question because we use the term a lot. Basically we use it as the increase in dissolved ions or in the US we use the term total dissolved solids, but in the end it's just increase in dissolved salts in rivers. This comes from a lot of different activities, human activities. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles: I think that the most documented issue is land clearing in Australia. Most of the papers, important papers, early papers come from Australia because they have saline ground waters. The groundwater in many parts of Australia has salts dissolved in it naturally, and so when they clear the trees and they replace it by crops and other kind of vegetation that does not retain water, then the groundwater came up with all those dissolved salts in it and it caused salinization of rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Salinization Syndrome on a Continental Scale With
    Freshwater salinization syndrome on a PNAS PLUS continental scale Sujay S. Kaushala,1, Gene E. Likensb,c,1, Michael L. Paced, Ryan M. Utze, Shahan Haqa, Julia Gormana, and Melissa Gresea aDepartment of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; bCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545; cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; dDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and eFalk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044 Contributed by Gene E. Likens, November 30, 2017 (sent for review June 28, 2017; reviewed by Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, W. Berry Lyons, Diane M. McKnight, and Matthew Miller) Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the base cations (i.e., sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium). chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing There are at least three primary categories of salt sources driving salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a the freshwater salinization syndrome: (i) anthropogenic salt inputs concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links saliniza- (e.g., road salts, sewage, brines, sodic/saline irrigation runoff); tion and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as con- (ii) accelerated weathering of natural geologic materials by current trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base strong acids (e.g., acid rain, fertilizers, and acid mine drainage); cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes and (iii) human uses of easily weathered resource materials (e.g., in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, re- concrete, lime), which cause increases in salts with strong bases spectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over and carbonates (6, 9–13).
    [Show full text]
  • Episodic Salinization and Freshwater Salinization Syndrome Mobilize Base Cations, Carbon, and Nutrients to Streams Across Urban Regions
    Biogeochemistry (2018) 141:463–486 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0514-2 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Episodic salinization and freshwater salinization syndrome mobilize base cations, carbon, and nutrients to streams across urban regions Shahan Haq . Sujay S. Kaushal . Shuiwang Duan Received: 26 January 2018 / Accepted: 11 October 2018 / Published online: 24 October 2018 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Abstract Urbanized watersheds in colder climates statistically significant linear increasing trends in experience episodic salinization due to anthropogenic calcium and potassium concentrations with experi- salt inputs and runoff from impervious surfaces. mental salinization across all 12 sites and in magne- Episodic salinization can be manifested as a ‘pulse’ sium concentrations at 11 of 12 sites (p \ 0.05), with in concentrations and fluxes of salt ions lasting from mean rates of increase of 1.92 ± 0.31 mg-Ca per hours to days after snowstorms in response to road g-NaCl, 2.80 ± 0.67 mg–K per g-NaCl, and salting. Episodic salinization contributes to freshwater 1.11 ± 0.19 mg-Mg per g-NaCl, respectively. Simi- salinization syndrome, characterized by cascading larly, there were statistically significant increasing mobilization of chemicals and shifting acid–base linear trends in total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) con- status. We conducted laboratory experiments and centrations with experimental salinization at 9 of the analyzed high-frequency sensor data to investigate the 12 sites, with a mean rate of increase of water quality impacts of freshwater salinization syn- 0.07 ± 0.01 mg-N per g-NaCl. There were statisti- drome and episodic salinization across 12 watersheds cally significant increasing linear trends in soluble draining two major metropolitan regions along the reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations with exper- U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Salinization of Freshwater Alter Fish Behaviour?
    Tamara Priscila Faleiro Pereira Leite DOES SALINIZATION OF FRESHWATER ALTER FISH BEHAVIOUR? Dissertation in MsC in Ecology, supervised by Paulo Branco PhD and Professor Cristina Canhoto PhD, presented to the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra June 2018 Does salinization of freshwater alter fish behaviour? Dissertation in MsC in Ecology, supervised by Paulo Branco PhD and Professor Cristina Canhoto PhD, presented to the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra Tamara Priscila Faleiro Pereira Leite Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of Coimbra 2018 1 2 “La natura è la fonte di tutta la vera conoscenza. Ha la sua logica, le sue leggi, non ha alcun effetto senza causa né invenzione senza necessità.” Leonardo da Vinci 3 4 5 6 Acknowledgements/ Agradecimentos Porque sem eles este trabalho não teria sido possível, deixo o meu agradecimento: Ao projeto MARS (Managing Aquatic ecosystems and water Resources under multiple Stress) fundado pela Comissão Europeia sobre o 7th Framework Program (contract no. 603378) por ter apoiado este trabalho. Ao Doutor Paulo Branco, pela orientação e exigência que me impulsionaram a fazer um trabalho de que me orgulho, e também pela descontração e amizade que, em tempos mais difíceis, me ajudaram a lidar com o stresse deste trabalho de forma mais positiva. À professora Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira por me ter acolhido no seu grupo de trabalho, e também por me ter disponibilizado condições e infraestruturas para realizar o meu projeto. Ao Doutor José Maria Santos e a todos os colegas no ISA por me receberem tão bem e por toda a ajuda ao longo deste trabalho.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Ohio Agri-Culture Newsletter
    OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Northeast Ohio Agri-Culture Newsletter Your Weekly Agriculture Update for January 16, 2018 Ashtabula and Trumbull Counties In This Issue: Hello, Northeast Ohio Counties! • 5 Ways to Kick 2018 into Gear • Growing Shitake Mushroom We’re back to the deep freeze this week! As you can see Program from the picture above we had a great turnout for our first • Winter Road Salt, Fertilizers Pesticide Applicator Training session of 2018, and we just Turning North American beat the ice! 2018 is also the first year of recertification for Waterways Increasingly Saltier Fertilizer Applicators, so be sure to check your certification • Not All Corn is Created Equal! to make sure it doesn’t expire this year. • DICAMBA Luncheon Slated for January 17, 2018 in Cortland We have 3 more opportunities in our region for pesticide • Fertilizer Re-Certification Options recertification, so be sure to check out those dates at the for NE Ohio end of our newsletter. We also have classes coming up for • David’s Weekly News Column those who want to obtain a new pesticide license or new • Donors Sought for 2018 fertilizer certification. Ashtabula County Ag Day David Marrison Lee Beers • Upcoming Extension Program Extension Educator Extension Educator Dates Ag & Natural Resources Ag & Natural Resources Ashtabula County Trumbull County 5 Ways to Kick 2018 into Gear By Susan Crowell / [email protected] Published on January 4, 2018 Source: https://www.farmanddairy.com/columns/5-ways-to-kick-2018-into-gear/463912.html OK, 2017 was a rough year for many farmers, so let’s blast into 2018 with no regrets, no whining and no looking back at what was or what might have been.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Salinization Syndrome on a Continental Scale With
    Freshwater salinization syndrome on a PNAS PLUS continental scale Sujay S. Kaushala,1, Gene E. Likensb,c,1, Michael L. Paced, Ryan M. Utze, Shahan Haqa, Julia Gormana, and Melissa Gresea aDepartment of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; bCary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545; cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; dDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904; and eFalk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044 Contributed by Gene E. Likens, November 30, 2017 (sent for review June 28, 2017; reviewed by Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, W. Berry Lyons, Diane M. McKnight, and Matthew Miller) Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the base cations (i.e., sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium). chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing There are at least three primary categories of salt sources driving salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a the freshwater salinization syndrome: (i) anthropogenic salt inputs concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links saliniza- (e.g., road salts, sewage, brines, sodic/saline irrigation runoff); tion and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as con- (ii) accelerated weathering of natural geologic materials by current trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base strong acids (e.g., acid rain, fertilizers, and acid mine drainage); cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes and (iii) human uses of easily weathered resource materials (e.g., in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, re- concrete, lime), which cause increases in salts with strong bases spectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over and carbonates (6, 9–13).
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change on Islands Of
    SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE Archaeology, environmental justice, and climate change on islands of the Caribbean and SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE southwestern Indian Ocean Kristina Douglassa,b,1 and Jago Cooperc Edited by Daniel H. Sandweiss, University of Maine, Orono, ME, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Dolores R. Piperno December 11, 2019 (received for review August 15, 2019) Climate change impacts island communities all over the world. Sea-level rise, an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events, and changes in distribution and health of marine organisms are among the most significant processes affecting island communities worldwide. On islands of the Caribbean and southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO), however, today’s climate change impacts are magnified by historical environmental injustice and colonial legacies, which have heightened the vulnerability of human and other biotic communities. For some islands, archaeological and paleoecological research offers an important re- cord of precolonial climate change and its interplay with human lives and landscapes. The archaeological record suggests strategies and mechanisms that can inform discussions of resilience in the face of climate change. We detail climate-related challenges facing island Caribbean and SWIO communities using archae- ological and paleoecological evidence for past climate change and human response and argue that these cannot be successfully addressed without an understanding of the processes that have, over time, disrupted livelihoods, reshaped
    [Show full text]
  • Water Pollution from Agriculture More People, More Food, Worse Water? - a Global Review of Water Pollution from Agriculture
    LED BY LED BY More people, more food, worse water? more food, More people, worse water? more food, More people, Current patternsCurrent patterns of agricultural of agricultural expansion expansion and intensification and intensification are bringing are bringing unprecedented unprecedented environmentalenvironmental externalities, externalities, including including impacts impactson water on quality. water Whilequality. water While pollution water pollution is is slowly startingslowly startingto receive to thereceive attention the attention it deserves, it deserves, the contribution the contribution of agriculture of agriculture to this to this problemproblem has not yethas received not yet received sufficient sufficient consideration. consideration. We needWe a much need bettera much understanding better understanding of the causes of the andcauses effects and of effects agricultural of agricultural water water pollutionpollution as well asas effectivewell as effective means to means prevent to preventand remedy and remedythe problem. the problem. In the existing In the existing literature,literature, information information on water on pollution water pollution from agriculture from agriculture is highly is dispersed. highly dispersed. This report This is report is a comprehensivea comprehensive review and review covers and different covers different agricultural agricultural sectors (includingsectors (including crops, livestock crops, livestock - - a global review of water pollution from agriculture a global review of water pollution
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalizing Pollution: a Critical Social Science View on the Link Between
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB Naturalizing pollution: a critical social science view on the link between potash rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org mining and salinization in the Llobregat river basin, northeast Spain Review Santiago Gorostiza1 and David Saurı´2 1 Cite this article: Gorostiza S, Saurı´ D. 2019 Institut de Cie`ncies i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 2Departament de Geografia, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain Naturalizing pollution: a critical social science view on the link between potash mining and SG, 0000-0002-8516-5642 salinization in the Llobregat river basin, The scientific literature distinguishes between primary or natural and second- northeast Spain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 374: ary or human-induced salinization. Assessing this distinction is of vital 20180006. importance to assign liabilities and responsibilities in pollution cases and for http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0006 designing the best policy and management actions. In this context, actors inter- ested in downplaying the role of certain drivers of human-induced salinization Accepted: 4 October 2018 can attempt to neglect its importance by referring to natural salinization, in a similar fashion to other pollution and health-related cases, from tobacco smoke to climate change. Potash mining, which has experienced continued growth One contribution of 23 to a theme issue ‘Salt during the last decades and is a significant contributor to salinization, is in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences prone to originate such controversies because natural salinization from the and future prospects’.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42308-3 — Understanding Environmental Pollution Marquita K. Hill Index More Information Index accidents and major spills sizes of, 92 SO2 and its aerosols, 100 coal ash dam failure, TVA, 331 alatoxin SO2 sources, 101 coal ash, TVA, 171 carcinogen, natural, 55 SO2, reducing emissions, 101 coal slurries, Kentucky, 170 agriculture SO2, why important, 90 cyanide and metals into Danube, 7 adverse impacts, 268 air pollutants, criteria and others Deepwater Horizon blowout, 2010, 210 air pollutants long range transboundary air pollution, 106 Exxon Valdez, 210 categories, 91 air pollutants, HAPs cleanup using microbes, 308 gas vs. particulates, 92 comparison to criteria pollutants, 104 impacts on wildlife, 210 primary and secondary, 90 examples, 103 Minamata Bay tragedy, 341 air pollutants, criteria exposure to, 104 pesticides into Rhine, 7 black carbon, PM2.5, 92 introduction, 103 Texas fertilizer explosion, 33 carbon monoxide, 98–100 metal HAPs, why of concern, 104 Tianjin China, cyanide explosion, 32 an introduction, 90, 98, 328 no individual standards for HAPs, acid deposition concerns, 99 exception, 104 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network, 128 reducing levels, 100 PAHs high emission stacks, 123 sources, 99 bioavailability, 105 history, 128 ground-level ozone, 96–98 in environment, 105 introduction, 119 precursors of, 96 introduction, 105 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 121 health impacts, no safe dose, 96, 98 sources, 104, 105 wet and dry aerosols, 123 ongoing problems, 98 exposure to, 105 acid deposition,
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’S Coastal Wetlands
    Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’s Coastal Wetlands by Emily Ury University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Emily S. Bernhardt, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Justin Wright, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Jennifer Swenson ___________________________ Marcelo Luiz Ardón Sayao ___________________________ Xi Yang Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT Ecosystem Consequences of Sea Level Rise and Salinization in North Carolina’s Coastal Wetlands by Emily Ury University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Emily S. Bernhardt, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Justin Wright, Co-Advisor ___________________________ Jennifer Swenson ___________________________ Marcelo Luiz Ardón Sayao ___________________________ Xi Yang An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Emily Ury All rights reserved except the rights granted by the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License Abstract Climate change is driving vegetation community shifts in coastal regions of the world, where low topographic relief makes ecosystems particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, salinization, storm surge, and other effects of global climate change. Salinization has clear effects on vegetation, as few plant species can survive in brackish water, and these shifts in vegetation lead to declines in biomass carbon stocks, as well as significant changes in habitat structure and biodiversity. The rate and extent of these impacts on other wetland ecosystem properties and function is far less certain.
    [Show full text]