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The Trailblazers: Six Profiles VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS NOVEMBER 10, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA DIVERSITY The Trailblazers: Six Profiles by Stephen A. Kliment, FAIA Lankford showed up in Washington man, who eventually founded his own Contributing Editor to great fanfare. Ethridge writes that office. along with “a large front page pic- Following are profiles of six eminent ture of the architect, [the Washington Meanwhile, Lankford thrived. By the trailblazers who thrived in this environ- Bee’s] readers were told that he had 1920s he had won a national reputa- ment. made drawings for the new John Wes- tion, with commissions in 15 states ley A.M.E. Church, and that his draw- and the District of Columbia. John A. Lankford (1876–1946) ings for the True Reformers Building Lankford arrived in Washington in had been ‘submitted to the Engineers His local reputation also bloomed. 1902, followed three years later by Department of the District Govern- “He became in 1925 the first black William S. Pittman (see below). Born ment and have been fully approved.’” registered architect in the District of in 1874 in Potosi, Mo., Lankford came The Bee ended up with the following Columbia after registration became a to town with the commissions to panegyric: requirement in 1924.” Like Pittman, he design the True Reformers Building married well: his wife was the grand- and the John Wesley A.M.E. Church. Lankford became in 1925 daughter of A.M.E Bishop Henry M. He had started an office in Jackson- Turner. ville, Fla. His training was typical of the first black registered the handful of black architects of that architect in the District of In a self-confident, upbeat speech, era, combining design and practical Columbia after registra- Lankford told an audience: construction knowledge. Lankford had spent six years at the Lincoln Insti- tion became a require- tute in Potosi, Mo., where he studied ment in 1924 “mechanical drawing, blacksmithing, carpentry, and engineering,” accord- “The Nation’s capital will see one of ing to the Washington Bee, Washing- the finest structures ever designed by ton’s principal black newspaper of man, notwithstanding the charge that the day. He then moved to Tuskegee, the Negro cannot grasp science … Ala., the college founded by Booker the scientific history of the world will T. Washington, which emerged as the never be complete if it fails to contain fountainhead of solid practical training Professor John A. Lankford, M.S., to for black professionals and crafts. whom the nation’s capital is intro- duced.” Lankford did well in Washington. He was the nation’s first black practicing architect. Aside from churches and fraternal work, his practice included dwellings and small commercial jobs, and much remodeling. For a short D.C., by John Lankford. Reformers Building, Washington, True span he also went into real estate in “The Negro architects and builders a small way, but eventually teamed are doing well in Washington; in fact, up with his brother A. E. Lankford, a it is said that there has never been mechanical and electrical engineer so many Negroes at work for the city and, for a period, with the redoubtable and the government as now, and we John A. Lankford talented and abrasive William Pitt- could today put 500 more to work and VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS NOVEMBER 10, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA have places to spare. The field is so from Tuskegee with a certificate in ar- Stimson told those present, accord- very great with very little discrimina- chitecture in 1900, obtaining a degree ing to that day’s Washington Bee, tion, and we should grasp this great in architecture from Drexel Institute in in remarks that by any standard are opportunity. In the past three years I Philadelphia, returning to Tuskegee grossly patronizing: have designed for Washington and 15 to teach, finally moving north to join states of the Union nearly $6 mil- Lankford’s office in Washington, D.C. “[I wish] to congratulate you first on lion worth of buildings [a vast sum, in what you have done towards the erec- those days]. I have designed, over- In Boyd’s Directory of the District of tion of this building—what has been hauled, and built in Washington and Columbia, 1906, Pittman marketed done by the colored people of this city vicinity over $700 thousand worth of himself as an architect who spe- and this land. I want to congratulate property during the same time.” cialized in steel construction and you on the fact that this magnificent later prided himself on his ability to building, which I have just inspected, His practice declined with the Depres- do drafting , detailing, tracing, and is the work of a colored architect, Mr. sion, and he ended up working for the blueprinting, further claiming he could Pittman. I want to congratulate you on Public Works Administration. He died render in monotone, water color, and the fact that it has been substantially in 1946. Wrote Ethridge: pen and ink, according to the July built by the labor of your own race and 1910 Washington Bee. your own hands.” “[His] significance was his ability to succeed as a black architect in a A year after launching his own Black citizens put up about a quarter world that offered few encourage- practice, Pittman married Portia, the of the $100,000 cost. The rest came ments. A man of great energy, he used daughter of Booker T. Washington, from John D. Rockefeller, Julius Ros- racial solidarity advanced by Booker T. and his father-in-law’s connections enwald, and the Central Association of Washington’s philosophy of self-help (he was also president of Tuskegee the District of Columbia. … Lankford’s churches and frater- Institute), did him no harm. Presi- nal buildings deserve recognition as dent Theodore Roosevelt, who knew Pittman also dabbled in real estate, monuments to the stamina, faith, and Washington, gave the couple a set including an ambitious venture to self-reliance of the black community in of silverware, and shortly afterwards erect an eight-story mixed use bulking a particularly difficult era.” Pittman got to design a home—a to contain a 2,500-seat theater, and William S. Pittman (1875–1958) neat two-story house with a generous aimed at a black customer base, but Pittman left Lankford’s office to hang porch in Fairmount Heights, Md. the venture failed amid charges that out his shingle in 1906, at the age of funds had been mishandled. Mean- 31. As a boy he had worked with his Pittman’s best known while, Pittman’s Washington practice uncle, a seasoned carpenter, then fol- grew, but to what extent it was hard to lowed what had become a traditional building was the YMCA tell because, after the notoriety of the route for black architects, graduating Building on 12th Street in 12th Street YMCA Building, the bulk Washington, D.C. Presi- of his Washington work was small scale—houses, stores, and schools. dent Roosevelt had laid the cornerstone. The But outside Washington, his work dedication in May 1912 flourished, and none drew greater at- tention than his design for the Negro was a celebrated event Exposition Building at the tercentenary celebration of the landing at James- His best known building was the town in 1607. Pittman won a competi- YMCA Building on 12th Street. tion, and was cited as the first black Roosevelt had laid the cornerstone. man to win an architectural commis- The dedication in May 1912 was a sion from the federal government. The celebrated event, and attracted as the building, in traditional neo-Georgian main speaker Secretary for War Henry style, was built by two black contrac- L. Stimson, who would occupy the tors, S. H. Bolling and A.J.Everett, and YMCA Building, Washington, D.C., by William Pittman. YMCA Building, Washington, same post under another Roosevelt. cost $30,000. VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS NOVEMBER 10, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA Pittman also designed churches and the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- fraternal buildings in Alabama, Texas, nology (class of 1892). The same year North Carolina, and Georgia, where he joined the Tuskegee Institute. There he allegedly out-promoted all other he headed the mechanical industries competitors, black and white, for the department, which included archi- commission to design the Odd Fel- tecture and construction. The main lows auditorium. buildings at Tuskegee were built under his direction: “students learned every Pittman in due course moved his of- phase of architecture, from drafting to fice to Dallas, where he died in 1958. making bricks.” (Taylor was also in pri- vate practice, with a clientele through- Ethridge thus sums up these two out the South. He eventually became careers: “it was the two Washington the first licensed black architect in architects’ application of the theme of Alabama—in 1931, the first year that racial self-help that made their careers licensure was required by that state.) so representative of the era. Neverthe- less, it must be remembered that the Lankford, Pittman, and many other White Hall, Tuskegee University, by Robert Taylor. University, White Hall, Tuskegee almost total dependence on com- black designers and builders studied missions generated within the black under Taylor at Tuskegee. The curricu- In the event, students built 36 out community was a result of attitudes lum there, which came to be known as of 40 buildings, large and small, on and limitations imposed by the domi- the “Tuskegee Machine,” was rooted the Tuskegee campus. Moreover, nant society.” [A black architect was in the teachings of Booker T.
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