FACE of the AIA Diversity: What the Numbers Tell Us
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VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS OCTOBER 13, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA Diversity: What the Numbers Tell Us were discouraged in more or less subtle ways by their instructors from embracing architecture as a career, and simply by persevering fought their way through architecture school and into practice. Others, from more privileged backgrounds, found their way into practice with fewer bumps, but not without facing various forms of discrimination in architecture school and beyond. Some have aspired to owning their own firm; others have sought the special status conferred through a full partnership in a large, establishment, majority-owned firm. Still others have found careers in the public service, with its security and solid benefits—permanently or as a stepping stone to private practice. Fi- nally, a small contingent—a little over a hundred, took to teaching full-time in the architecture schools, providing a steady income and offering a modest by Stephen A. Kliment, FAIA many successes to balance the bad supplemental income by taking on news. But all this does little actually to small design projects. “Merely engaging in high-minded advance the cause of greater oppor- debates about theoretical future tunity for black architects. In the Old The mood today. reductions while continuing to steadily West, they had a pithier phrase than Al A small number of black-owned firms increase emissions represents a self- Gore’s sincere but plodding language: operate on the same lines as major- delusional and reckless approach. In Talk is cheap but it takes money to buy ity firms. They win a share of work some ways, that approach is worse whiskey. from private and public sources, than doing nothing at all, because though more from the public patron. it lulls the gullible into thinking that African American architects licensed But many other firms work very hard something is actually being done, to practice in one or more of the to carry on—because they are small, when in fact it is not.” states at press time numbered 1,558, or because they lack the benefits —Al Gore, in a speech at NYU Law of whom 185 are women. There’s of networking, because, as the late School, quoted in The NY Times Sep- no single model. Black practitioners Chicago-based publishing magnate tember 19, 2006 range across a vast spectrum of firm and publisher of Ebony, John Johnson size, ownership, employment status, once told me, they’re “outside the Al Gore’s objection to lots of talk but gender, personal history, location, self- area of gossip.” So they end up with little action in reducing emissions appraisal, and aspirations. a low volume of work and unadven- has something in common with the turous clients, and they miss out on urge to say the right things about the Some of the architects came from opportunities to do pioneering work, challenges facing African American humble beginnings, grew up in attract attention, make the profes- architects, even though there are segregated or all-black high schools, sional journals, and recruit the most VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS OCTOBER 13, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA talented staff. work not demanded of their majority over the recent past. One bright sign, colleagues. They are often denied the happily, is that profitability levels of One example of barriers benefit of the doubt at promotion time black-owned firms typically rival, even broken when matched against majority and exceed those of majority firms. When John Johnson (1918–2005), was female colleagues. Some succeed planning the new world headquarters despite the odds. For example, Ralph (Note: Where figures designate only for Johnson Publishing in Chicago’s Jackson, FAIA, about whose life more African Americans, it is so stated. Oth- Loop, he turned to Dubin, Dubin, in a later episode, is now the design erwise, the term minorities includes Moutoussamy. John Moutoussamy partner in the 132-year-old Boston Asian and Hispanic/Latino groups and (1920-1995), name partner in the firm Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and a breakdown was not available.) Chicago firm had designed schools, Abbott. colleges, apartment buildings. But he For a start, here are some totals. had never designed and completed Many African American practitioners U.S. Census Bureau’s 2004 Commu- an office building because no white are employed by industry, public nity Survey figures [http://factfinder. person would ever let him do it. agencies, and as faculty at schools of census.gov/servlet] show that out of architecture. This gives offers them a a population of 285,691,501 at the Said Johnson: “Now I’m black and certain security more seldom afforded time of the survey (the population on he’s black. If he can’t build my build- owners or employees in private archi- October 1, 2006, actually stood at ing, whose building can he build? You tectural practice. 299,879,191, but the demographics know, he has the same credentials as breakdowns weren’t yet available), all the other architects, he’s a mem- Some revealing statistics 34.8 million were African American. ber of a respectable firm. And I said, The bare figures defining the status That’s 12.1 percent, a ratio that has ‘All I know is I’m in the publishing of African American architects are remained constant over the past business and I will have to let people nevertheless shameful. I use them as decade. know that you [the bank] turned me the basis of this first episode in the down because I had a black architect, diversity series. Note the low levels of Switching now to the architect fully qualified, and the only reason is black architects as a percentage of population of the United States, the he has never built an office building all architects, when compared to their numbers depend on the source. The before is because you and people like numbers in the overall U.S. popula- 2000 U.S. Census Bureau figures—the you never allowed him to build it.’” tion; the modest levels of black faculty latest available—place the number of in the schools of architecture and the architects at 192,860, a hugely inflated So Johnson, leading publisher of low percentage of black students; figure that includes unlicensed and black-directed media, broke down and the scarce rate of improvement any unregistered individuals who call long-standing biases against black- owned property in Chicago’s Loop and insisted on having the black partner of a Chicago firm design his company’s headquarters. I will cover this and other stories of barrier-break- ing patrons in a later episode of this diversity series. Black architects as indi- viduals By virtue of being in a tiny numeri- cal minority, black architects often work as lone individuals in a firm, and thanks to remnants of racist at- titudes, are often closely scrutinized and expected to produce a level of VOLUME 13 THE NEWS OF AMERICA’S COMMUNITY OF ARCHITECTS OCTOBER 13, 2006 FACE OF THE AIA themselves architects. figure were not the base numbers so prise as one that is at least 51-percent A far more accurate number is the small, as they end up exaggerating owned and controlled by minorities.” 101,179 recognized by the National percentage increases. The number of women principals and Council of Architectural Registration partners rose from 11.2 percent in Boards as having passed the licens- Using the AIA’s own figures in its 1999 to 20.7 percent three years later. ing exam in their state (NCARB neither DDAR, 1% of its 52,000 registered- collects nor maintains demographic architect members are black, 2% are Minorities account for 16 percent data on it registrants on the advice of Hispanic/Latino, and 3% Asian. of architecture staff at AIA member- counsel, according to the summary of owned firms. And though this includes a demographic diversity audit report The black-owned firm non-black minorities (but not women), (DDAR) issued by the AIA in Decem- Here’s another type of measure: the it has not even begun to approach the ber 2005. numbers of black-owned firms. Ac- combined percentage of those three cording to Mann, 608 of the 1,558 minorities in the overall U.S. popula- Now if we see eye to eye with the names in his database have identified tion (about 25 percent). argument—and I see no reason not themselves as firm owners, or 39 per- to—that in a just society African cent, an intriguingly high ratio, which, The good news: American architects’ representation Mann told me, ranges from large profitability in their profession should match their firms such as Columbus-Ohio based Some 75 percent of minority firms representation in the population, and Moody-Nolan all the way to one-per- reported profits of 10 percent or more taking NCARB’s statistic of 101,179 as son firms. (Many of these one-person before taxes, discretionary bonuses a base, then 12.1 percent of architects firm pricipals have regular day jobs and profit-sharing. Not only were the should be black. In truth, the actual ra- as employees and work on indepen- minority firms profits higher than the tio, using Dennis Alan Mann’s Center dent projects after hours. Twenty-one rate for all firms; of those which cited for the Study of Practice, University percent of minority partners are sole a loss, minority firms accounted for of Cincinnati database of 1,558 black practitioners, according to the AIA’s slightly less than the average for all registered architects, is 1.5 percent, a latest (2003) Business of Architecture firms, which was 13 percent.