Julian Abele: Architect and the Beaux Arts Uncovers the Life and Career of One of the First Beaux Arts Trained African AmerIcan Architects
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Julian Abele Julian Abele: Architect and the Beaux Arts uncovers the life and career of one of the first beaux arts trained African Amer ican architects. Overcoming racial segregation at the beginning of the twentieth century, Abele received his architecture degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1902. Wilson traces Abele’s progress as he went on to become the most formally educated architect in America. Abele later contributed to the architectural history of America by designing over 200 buildings during his career includ- ing the Widener Memorial Library (1913) at Harvard University and the Free Library of Philadelphia (1917). Architectural history is a valuable resource for those studying architecture. As such this book is beneficial for academics and students of architecture and architectural historians with a particular interest in minority discussions. Dreck Spurlock Wilson is a graduate of Iowa State University, USA and the University of Chicago, USA. He was an Associate Professor of Architectural History at Howard University and Lecturer in Landscape Architecture at Morgan State University and is a licensed landscape architect. Dreck is the editor and a contributing author of the Biographical Dictionary of African Amer ican Architects, 1865–1945 also published by Taylor & Francis. Minorities in Architecture The new Minorities in Architecture series by Taylor & Francis brings to light research from across the globe by and about underrepresented archi- tects to present leading perspectives on a diverse range of topics. Against the background of race, ethnicity and gender, and the intersections between them, it provides the reader with the latest scholarship in the field of archi- tecture. Areas covered include history, theory, monographs of architects, evidence- based case studies, materials and details. By making these studies available to the worldwide academic community, the series aims to promote quality architectural research from multiple voices. For a full list of titles, please visit www.routledge.com/architecture/series/ MIA. Julian Abele Architect and the Beaux Arts Julian Abele Architect and the Beaux Arts Dreck Spurlock Wilson ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Va nd erbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Dreck Spurlock Wilson The right of Dreck Spurlock Wilson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Wilson, Dreck Spurlock, author. Title: Julian Abele : architect and the beaux arts / Dreck Spurlock Wilson. Description: New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Minorities in architecture | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018029442 | ISBN 9781138496477 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351021661 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Abele, Julian F., 1881-1950. | Architects--United States--Biography. | African American architects--Biography. Classification: LCC NA737.A24 W55 2019 | DDC 720.92 [B] --dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018029442 ISBN: 978-1-138-49647-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-02166-1 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire This book is dedicated to my parents Eloise Spurlock Wilson and Laurence Paul Wilson. Not a day passes when I do not have both melancholy and happy thoughts about each of you. My love forever and always. Research funded in part by the Chicago- based Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiv 1 Advantages of Family, Color and Place 1 2 Institute for Colored Youth 9 3 Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art 18 4 University of Pennsylvania School of Architecture 23 5 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 34 6 Philadelphia T- Square Club 40 7 North by Northwest 45 8 Out of South Philadephia 49 9 Office of Horace Trumbauer 55 10 Personal Azimuth 98 11 Pennsylvania Museum of Art 108 12 “A Great Towering Church” 122 13 Amer ican Institute of Architects 136 14 “In My Father’s House There Are Many Mansions .....” 140 viii Contents 15 Epilogue 143 Appendix A: Jones–Abele–Cook Family Tree 145 Appendix B: Office of Horace Trumbauer Building List 146 Bibliography 192 Index 211 Preface African Amer ican architects have contributed significantly, albeit anony- mously, to the architectural history of America. The shroud of anonymity made denser by racism. Julian Francis Abele (1881–1950) has unavoidably fallen victim of such anonymity. Family, color and place circumscribed Abele’s pursuit to become an archi- tect. Julian was wellborn April 21, 1881, into an Olde Philadelphia family that can trace their presence in Penn’s “grand, religious experiment” back more than two centuries. Patriarch and Julian’s maternal great uncle Absalom Jones, in partnership with the prince of African Methodist Episcopalism Richard Allen in 1787, founded the race’s first mutual aid association the Free African Society. Jones’ selflessness contributed to him being elevated to Episcopal priest in 1794, the first of his race ordained. Julian’s maternal grandfather Robert Jones, a barbershop owner and real estate dealer, founded Lombard Street Presbyterian Church in 1844; the place of worship for well- to-do, light- skinned, free persons of color in Philadelphia. Julian’s father Charles Abele fought for Emancipation, was wounded and received a coveted, patronage job as a clerk at Strictland’s Second Bank of the United States (1818). Julian’s oldest brother “Bun” was amongst the first colored graduates of Hahnemann Medical College in 1883, an institutional leader in the practice of homeopathic medicine. From the 1st floor of the family homestead in south Philadelphia he operated an unusual, bi- racial medical practice. “Bun” paid Julian’s tuition for two insti- tutes, university and academy. Brother “Joe” was a patent- holding engineer with the Philadelphia Electric Co. who “passed” in order to remain profes- sionally employed. Julian’s beige complexion dissuaded him from attempt- ing Joe’s charade. Brother “Sy” was a blacksmith and the first Philadelphia sign- maker to fabricate bronze, hanging building signs several of which hung on his brother’s buildings. “Sy” was a familial touchstone for Julian to the arts and crafts movement and Quaker craftsmanship. In 1893, Julian followed older siblings to the Institute for Colored Youth the first public, preparatory school for the race founded in 1873 by the Arch Street Meeting House Quakers. Principal Fanny Jackson the first colored woman in America to have charge of a preparatory school after addressing x Preface the Congress of Representative Women at the Chicago World’s Fair (1893) returned to the “center of Quakerism” determined that a student properly trained in the “mechnik” arts should represent the race in the “City Beautiful” movement. Jackson’s formidableness landed four- square on Julian. Who could have prophesized that Julian would become a residual of the Chicago World’s Fair? It was unusual for a colored at the turn of the twentieth century to pursue a formal education in architecture. Only Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate, class of 1892, Robert Taylor had succeeded. “Those behind in the race of life must run faster or forever remain behind.”1 Julian’s response was to race toward education. His immersion into the “mechnik” arts was provided by the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, a residual of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876). Julian earned a Certificate of Architectural Drawing on October 9, 1897, the first of his race so honored. Without special consideration Julian registered at Franklin’s University of Pennsylvania, School of Architecture in 1898. The School had been the fifth in America to adopt l’techniques of l’École des Beaux Arts, Paris, which pleased Julian—a rising Francophile. Although prohibited from marching in the graduation processional to LeBrau & Rungé’s Academy of Music because of northern racism de jure on June 18, 1902, Julian became the third Negro in America to earn a baccalaureate degree in Architecture. To perfect his rendering techniques Julian passed the entrance examination to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the oldest art school in America founded in 1834 by the ridiculously eclectic Rembrandt Peale. In 1903, Julian received a Certificate in Architectural Drawing once again becoming the first of his race to do so. Julian Abele was the most formally educated architect in all of America. Certificates and a degree in Architecture do not an architect make. By kilometers Paul Philippe Cret (1876–1945) maître of the Philadelphia T- Square Club was the most influential force on Abele’s oeuvre. The T- Square Club was the most respected beaux arts drawing club amongst a dozen in America’s big cities. A product of l’École des Beaux Arts in Paris, Cret was appointed Professor of Design at the university in 1903, one year too late to critique Julian. Cret’s arrival at the School of Architecture began his ascendancy into “doubtless the ablest teacher of design America has ever possessed.”2 Julian, sponsored by his apprenticer Louis Caron Hickman (1863–c.1917) a past- president of the Philadelphia T- Square Club, joined during his Third Year at university.