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The Role of Protected Areas in the Conservation

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The Role of Protected Areas in the Conservation THE ROLE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES IN THE CHOBE DISTRICT OF BOTSWANA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for a degree in MASTERS OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY by MODIEGI BAKANE DECEMBER 2016 Supervisor: Prof. Olaf LF Weyl Co-supervisor: Mr. Denis Tweddle i THE ROLE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES IN THE CHOBE DISTRICT OF BOTSWANA DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is hereby summited to Rhodes University for a Master of Science in Ichthyology and Fisheries science (Management) and has not been submitted for a degree at any other University. This is my effort; The role of Protected Areas in the Conservation and Management of fisheries in the Chobe district of Botswana and I have not plagiarised anyone's work, ideas, phrases, passages, photographs or illustrations without prior and complete acknowledgment of their authorship. ii ABSTRACT This study was aimed at better understanding the function of protected areas as a management strategy for the Chobe District fishery in Botswana, by first investigating the relative abundance in fish communities in and outside protected areas and secondly, by performing an assessment of the biology of commercially important large cichlid species viz threespot tilapia Oreochromis andersonii, greenhead tilapia Oreochromis macrochir and redbreast tilapia Coptodon rendalli. In this study, data and specimens were collected during seasonal surveys between September 2014 and April 2015, using the standard graded fleets of gillnets employed in other programmes in the region, together with D-nets, angling and electro-fishing. The study demonstrated that fish communities in the floodplain ecosystems in the Chobe District of Botswana were representative of the region, containing some 70 species in 14 families. This study also demonstrated that for all the species collected, the mean Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) by weight for all the species was significantly higher in protected areas (Kruskal Wallis Test; P<0.05) namely, Zibadianja Lagoon (38 ± 31 kg/net.night"1 and Savuti River/marsh 25 ± 19 kg/net.night"1) than in the fished Chobe River floodplains CPUE (6 ± 3 kg/net.night-1). Biological contributions were estimates of longevity, growth and maturity for O. andersonii, O. macrochir and C. rendalli. Age and growth were estimated using sectioned sagittal otoliths. The Von Bertalanffy growth equation from otolith derived length at age was Lt(mm) =298 (1-e-0 59(t=- 098)) for O. andersonii and Lt(mm) = 337 (1-e-0'20(t=-235)) for C. rendalli. The results indicated that protected areas enhanced fish longevity, and fish in protected areas were larger and older than those in exploited areas. Maturity estimates for the large cichlids were consistent with other research in the region and the length-at-50% maturity was estimated as 250mm L t for O. andersonii, 225 mm L t for O. macrochir and 210 mm L t for C. rendalli. Management recommendations are therefore to retain gill net mesh size regulations that ensure that these fish reach maturity and can breed before being harvested and to assess the possibility of increasing the number of protected areas in the district. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A sizeable number of individuals and organisations contributed to the success of my study. First, my heartfelt gratitude goes to Prof. Olaf Weyl and Mr. Dennis Tweddle for their unreserved mentorship and supervision provided during my studies. It would be logically absurd to presuppose that the study could have been accomplished without their direction. Many thanks go to Gunda Spingies for proofreading my thesis. I would like to sincerely thank the Government of the Republic of Botswana, the Ministry of Environment Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks who gave me the chance, opportunity and privilege to read for a Master’s Degree. I would also like to thank the Ministry of Environment Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism of Botswana for granting me the permission to conduct my research in the Chobe district of Botswana. I would like to thank Richard A. Peel and Geraldine C. Taylor for their assistance during my project. Thank you, Richard, for making otolith extraction easy and smooth with the right equipment and thank you Geraldine, with your valuable experience, for making it easy for me to cut and read the otoliths. To custodians and managers of the Selinda Reserve Ng 16, the Joubert family, Derreck and Beverly, Pete and Sharon, George and Emma, the great plains staff, the professional guides who assisted us to load the boat, for accommodating us at CSU and granting us the permission to sample in their area I say thank you. Many thanks go to the Kavimba fishermen at Longara for the fish purchases. I also extend my thanks to the Regional Wildlife Officer, Chobe, Mr. Balisana Marotsi, (R.I.P) and the Research, Statistics and Fisheries personnel at Kasane for their endless support during my data collection. I I also thank my colleagues, the staff at the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, for welcoming me to South Africa and specifically to Rhodes University. Many international students, friends and contemporaries at Rhodes University, particularly from Mumuni Abdullay from Ghana and Jazman from Malawi deserve my thanks. iv Table of Contents DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1 1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Fisheries.................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Chobe District Fisheries ......................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Fisheries Management in Botswana ............................................................................................ 8 1.7 Thesis outline...............................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA AND FISH BIODIVERSITY IN CHOBE-ZAMBEZI AND KWANDO-LINYANTI RIVER SYSTEMS................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................12 2.2. Description of the Study area......................................................................................................13 2.3 Materials and methods................................................................................................................ 20 2.3 Results..........................................................................................................................................30 2.4 Discussion................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL GILLNET CATCHES, COMPOSITION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF LARGE CICHLIDS SPECIES IN THE CHOBE DISTRICT, BOTSWANA.......................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Material and methods.................................................................................................................. 52 3.3 Results......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4 Discussion................................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4: AGE AND GROWTH OF THREESPOT TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS ANDERSONII, GREENHEAD TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS MACROCHIR AND REDBREAST TILAPIA COPTODON RENDALLI IN THE CHOBE DISTRICT OF BOTSWANA................................................................................................................................ 70 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 70 4.2 Materials and methods................................................................................................................ 72 4.3 Results......................................................................................................................................... 75 4.4 Discussion....................................................................................................................................81 CHAPTER 5: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF LARGE CICHLIDS IN THE CHOBE DISTRICT, BOTSWANA.......................................................................................................... 84 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................84
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