El Cuento Chicano

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El Cuento Chicano El Cuento Chicano Identitätsfindung in den zeitgenössischen Chicano-Kurzgeschichten auf Spanisch Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn verlegt von Dr. Laura Ruth Carro-Klingholz aus Mexiko Bonn 2005 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Lange 2. Berichterstatter: PD. Dr. Kian-Harald Karimi Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04. Mai 2005 Diese Dissertation wurde mit LATEX 2" in Times-Roman und Helvetia- Bold gesetzt. Sie wurde mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität im Jahr 2005 auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort . xi Einleitung . xiii I. Heterogenität und Einheit: Geschichte und Literatur der Chicanos 1. Die geschichtlichen Hintergründe der Chicanos . 3 1.1. Die Hispanisierung des Gebietes und das angelsächsische Volk . 3 1.2. 1848: Die neue Grenze zwischen den USA und Mexiko . 10 1.3. Der Südwesten als blühende, multikulturelle Region . 15 1.4. Movimiento chicano oder Brown Power der 60er und 70er Jahre . 24 1.5. Die 80er und 90er Jahre: Die Kolonie der Chicanos . 28 2. Die Literatur der Chicanos . 37 2.1. Literatur des Südwestens auf Spanisch . 37 2.2. Identitätssuche: Zwischen mythischer Vergangenheit und Zukunft . 50 2.3. Die Chicanesca-Literatur, ein Exkurs . 55 2.4. Frauenperspektive und -literatur: Das Malinche-Paradigma 57 v Inhaltsverzeichnis II. Sprache, Erzählverfahren und Stil als Instrumente zur Charakterisierung der Chicano-Identität 3. Die Sprache der Chicanos . 71 3.1. Sprachvarietäten des Spanischen auf dem Chicano-Gebiet 73 3.2. Die englische Sprache . 89 3.3. Heteroglossie . 102 4. Die Erzählverfahren . 109 4.1. Der allwissende Erzähler . 110 4.2. Die Hauptfigur erzählt ihre Geschichte . 123 4.3. Personale Erzählsituation . 134 5. Die stilistischen Strategien zur Darstellung von Konflikten . 142 5.1. Soziale Konflikte des Individuums . 143 5.2. Innere Konflikte: Die Welt der Illusionen und die Realität 149 6. Die Karnevalisierung des Diskurses und die Chicano-Identität 174 6.1. Schimpfwörter versus Tabu . 176 6.2. Ironie, Humor, schwarzer Humor und Satire . 189 III. Kultur und Identität: Das Aufeinandertreffen zweier Weltanschauungen 7. Die Kultur der Armut . 223 7.1. Traditionelle soziale Rollenteilung . 226 7.2. Patriarchat und Übertretung von Konventionen . 230 7.3. Die wechselnden sozialen Rollen . 238 8. Das Individuum und die Geschichte . 245 8.1. Der Protagonist: Identität und Alterität . 246 8.2. Der historische Raum in der Herausbildung der Chicano- Identität . 251 8.3. Allegorie der Chicano-Geschichte . 265 vi Inhaltsverzeichnis 9. Mythen und Identität . 278 9.1. Kosmogonische Mythen . 280 9.2. Verehrung von Ahnen und Gottheiten . 287 9.3. Das Malinche-Paradigma und die Identität . 293 10. Kulturelle Kolonisation . 306 10.1. Bibel, Christentum und Aberglaube . 307 10.2. US-Gesellschaft: dominante Ideologie . 327 10.3. Massenmedien und Gesellschaft: Mentalität und Zuflucht 330 10.4. Groteske Darstellungen des Körpers . 333 11. Übergangsriten und archetypisches Verhalten . 340 11.1. Übergangsriten im sozialen Leben . 341 11.2. Initiationsrituale der erwachsenen heldenhaften Figuren . 350 11.3. Individuelle Initiationsriten durch innere Reise . 357 Schlußfolgerungen . 371 Anhang A: Zusammenfassung der Kurzgeschichten . 387 Anhang B: Werke und biographische Daten . 405 Anhang C: Chronologie der Chicano-Kurzgeschichten . 427 Anhang D: Glossar . 435 Literaturverzeichnis . 439 Personenregister . 473 Sachregister . 477 vii viii Abbildungsverzeichnis Karte 1: Arid Amerika und Oasis Amerika . 5 Karte 2: Expansion der USA auf mexikanischem Gebiet . 9 Karte 3: Spanisch-mexikanische Siedlungsbewegung bis 1850 . 11 Karte 4: Spanisch-mexikanische Siedlungsbewegung nach 1850 . 23 Karte 5: US-Bevölkerung spanischsprachiger Herkunft 1990 . 32 ix x Vorwort Die ersten Anregungen für die Untersuchung der Chicano-Literatur ver- danke ich den Anglisten Prof. Dr. E. Kreutzer, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Karrer und insbesondere Prof. Dr. Heiner Bus, der mir zuerst seinen Katalog mit zweitausend Eintragungen zur Sekundärliteratur über die Chicanos und anschließend die entsprechenden Kopien der von mir ausgewählten Auf- sätze zugänglich machte. Für die geduldige Lektüre und formale Korrektur verschiedener Kapitel der letzten Fassung meiner Dissertation möchte ich meinen Freundinnen Beate Steiner, Sylvia Fernández und Claudia Zerresy danken. Auch möchte ich mich bei vielen anderen Freunden, die sich bei der Lektüre der vorherigen Versionen dieser Arbeit beteiligt haben, bedanken, insbesondere bei Elsa Bläsner, Dr. Volker Buschmann, Dr. Barbara Ver- wiebe, Kattrin Graff und Ilke Saul. Meinem Mann, Dr. Moritz D. Kling- holz, danke ich für seine technische Hilfe beim Layout der letzten Version dieser Arbeit. Schließlich möchte ich Herrn Prof. Dr. W.-D. Lange große Dankbarkeit für die kritische Lektüre der verschiedenen Fassungen meiner Dissertati- on über fünf Jahre hinweg aussprechen. Dr. Laura Carro, im April 2004 y 2002 xi xii Einleitung Die Chicanos gehören zu der spanischsprachigen Bevölkerung der Ver- einigten Staaten von Amerika (im Folgenden USA genannt), hispanics oder latinos, und stellen die zweitgrößte ethnische Minderheit im heu- tigen Südwesten der USA dar. Die Bezeichnung Chicanos umfaßt die Summe von sozialen Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen historischen Erfah- rungen, die insgesamt eine komplexe und ambivalente Identität besitzen. Das Verständnis dessen, was die Chicanos ausmacht, erschließt sich aus der Auseinandersetzung mit ihrer Geschichte als Abstraktion der neuspa- nischen, mexikanischen und nordamerikanischen Epoche. In der Geschichte der Chicanos wiederholt sich das Verhältnis Herr- scher und Beherrschte, wie es zuerst vom 15. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert erfahren wurde, als die spanischen Eroberer sich zusammen mit soge- nannten friedlichen Indianern, Schwarzen und Mestizen aus Nueva Es- paña gegenüber den sogenannten wilden indigenen Völkern jenes Gebie- tes durchsetzten und sich dort niederließen. Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert kämpften dann die angelsächsischen Einwanderer (im Folgenden Anglos) gegen die verbliebenen Gruppen von indigenen Völkern und gegen die Mexikaner um das Territorium und seine Bodenschätze. Erneut verbrei- teten die Anglos negative Bilder von diesen, deren Effekt im Rahmen der psychologischen Kriegsführung diesmal zugunsten der neuen Einwande- rer wirkte. 1848 verwandelte die neue politische Grenze zwischen Mexiko und den USA die Mexikaner jenseits der Grenze in US-Bürger. Dadurch stie- ßen die Chicanos zunehmend an den Begriff der Grenze als Bruch in der Territorialität der Nation und als zu bewältigendes Hindernis. Von nun an bildete die Grenze im ethnischen, rassischen, linguistischen und kulturel- len Sinne ein Element, das die Zugehörigkeit zum mexikanischen, zum xiii Einleitung angelsächsischen oder zum Chicano-Universum bestimmte. Im soziolo- gischen Sinne hat die wechselnde Grenze implizit die feste Zugehörigkeit zur Familie und zur Nation aufgehoben und sozusagen verflüssigt. Mit der Zeit bedeutete sie auch für viele die Entwurzelung. Die Identität dieser abgetrennten Gruppe konnte sich daher nicht auf die üblichen Begriffe wie Nation, Ortschaft, Land oder Sprache stützen. Die mexikanische Kultur und Identität wurde in dieser Region zum Teil durch Migration aufrechterhalten, während die Mischung mit den angel- sächsischen Einwanderern aufgrund der Vorurteile und Stereotype relativ gering geblieben ist. In diesem Sinne wird die Identität der Chicanos im Rahmen des postkolonialen Prozesses vielfältig. Und aufgrund der ständi- gen Berührung mit mindestens zwei Kulturen, der mexikanischen und der angelsächsischen, wird sie auch als Zwischenraum und als dynamischer Prozeß verstanden. Erst seit den 60er Jahren taucht die selbstgewählte Be- zeichnung Chicano auf, deren Etymologie wahrscheinlich auf die Elision in der indianischen Aussprache des Wortes Mexicano zurückgeht. Sie ver- deutlicht den Anspruch dieser Gruppe auf eine kollektive Identität. Themenstellung: Die Kurzgeschichte der Chicanos und Chicanas Die jeweilige literarische Ausdrucksform der Chicanos in den verschie- denen Perioden ist vielfältig und heterogen. Historisch-literarisch gesehen ragt der cuento unter den meistbehandelten Gattungen als Produkt unter- schiedlicher Traditionen heraus. Zunächst wurden die im amerikanischen Doppelkontinent existieren- den einheimischen traditionellen Mythen, Legenden und Erzählungen im Mittelalter durch die ebenfalls mündlich überlieferten cuentos aus Spa- nien und andere europäische und orientalische Werke der Antike ergänzt. Diese Basis prägte zunächst den volkstümlich-traditionellen, danach auch den literarischen, in spanischer Sprache verfassten cuento in den nach Un- abhängigkeit strebenden Ländern im Lateinamerika des 19. Jahrhunderts. Überdies bereicherte sich diese Gattung formell und inhaltlich durch ver- schiedene literarische Strömungen wie den Romanticismo, Realismo, Na- xiv Einleitung turalismo, Modernismo, Simbolismo, Existencialismo usw., in denen die Identitätssuche implizit oder ausdrücklich präsent war. Sie reichte vom Internationalen zum Nationalen, vom Land zur Stadt und von der Ge- genwart in die Vergangenheit. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts kam, u.a. durch Handbücher, Kurse und akademische Anthologien, der Einfluß der short story auf diese Gattung, vor allem was die Kürze, den Überra- schungseffekt,
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