Nutrition and the Eye
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Nutrition and the Eye Edited by Frank Eperjesi and Hannah Bartlett Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Frank Eperjesi and Hannah Bartlett (Eds.) Nutrition and the Eye This book is a reprint of the special issue that appeared in the online open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) in 2013 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special_issues/nutrition-eye). Guest Editors Frank Eperjesi and Hannah Bartlett Ophthalmic Research Group School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Senior Assistant Editor Xiaocen Zhang 1. Edition 2015 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan ISBN 978-3-03842-080-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-3-03842-081-1 (Hbk) © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. All articles in this volume are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, the dissemination and distribution of copies of this book as a whole is restricted to MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. III Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................... V Preface ................................................................................................................................. IX About the Guest Editors ...................................................................................................... XII Some Mechanisms Underlying Effects of Nutrition on Eye Function and Disease Barbara Demmig-Adams and Robert B. Adams Eye Nutrition in Context: Mechanisms, Implementation, and Future Directions Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(7), 2483-2501 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/7/2483 ............................................................................ 3 Lindsay Perusek and Tadao Maeda Vitamin A Derivatives as Treatment Options for Retinal Degenerative Diseases Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(7), 2646-2666 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/7/2646 .......................................................................... 22 Ming Zhong, Riki Kawaguchi, Miki Kassai and Hui Sun Retina, Retinol, Retinal and the Natural History of Vitamin A as a Light Sensor Reprinted from: Nutrients 2012, 4(12), 2069-2096 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/4/12/2069 ........................................................................ 43 Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Macular Pigment Keyvan Koushan, Raluca Rusovici, Wenhua Li, Lee R. Ferguson and Kakarla V. Chalam The Role of Lutein in Eye-Related Disease Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(5), 1823-1839 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/5/1823 .......................................................................... 75 El-Sayed M. Abdel-Aal, Humayoun Akhtar, Khalid Zaheer and Rashida Ali Dietary Sources of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Carotenoids and Their Role in Eye Health Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(4), 1169-1185 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/4/1169 .......................................................................... 92 IV Emily R. Bovier, Richard D. Lewis and Billy R. Hammond Jr. The Relationship between Lutein and Zeaxanthin Status and Body Fat Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(3), 750-757 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/3/750 .......................................................................... 109 Ekaterina Loskutova, John Nolan, Alan Howard and Stephen Beatty Macular Pigment and Its Contribution to Vision Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(6), 1962-1969 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/6/1962 ........................................................................ 117 Ocular Nutritional Supplementation Molly Schleicher, Karen Weikel, Caren Garber and Allen Taylor Diminishing Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Nutrition: A Current View Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(7), 2405-2456 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/7/2405 ........................................................................ 127 Stuart Richer, William Stiles, Lawrence Ulanski, Donn Carroll and Carla Podella Observation of Human Retinal Remodeling in Octogenarians with a Resveratrol Based Nutritional Supplement Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(6), 1989-2005 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/6/1989 ........................................................................ 180 Alfredo García-Layana, Sergio Recalde, Angel Salinas Alamán and Patricia Fernández Robredo Effects of Lutein and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Macular Pigment Optical Density in a Randomized Controlled Trial Reprinted from: Nutrients 2013, 5(2), 543-551 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/2/543 .......................................................................... 196 Stuart Richer, Jane Cho, William Stiles, Marc Levin, James S. Wrobel, Michael Sinai and Carla Thomas Retinal Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Early Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and a New Metric for Objective Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ocular Nutrition Reprinted from: Nutrients 2012, 4(12), 1812-1827 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/4/12/1812 ...................................................................... 205 V List of Contributors Abdel-Aal: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada Barbara Demmig-Adams: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA Humayoun Akhtar: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada Angel Salinas Alamán: Ophthalmology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, C/ Pio XII 36, 31080, Pamplona, Spain Rashida Ali: Department of Food Science and Technology, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; English Biscuit Manufacturers Pvt. Ltd., Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi 74900, Pakistan Stephen Beatty: Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland; Institute of Vision Research, Whitfield Clinic, Waterford, Ireland Emily R. Bovier: Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Donn Carroll: Eye Clinic 112e, Captain James Lovell Federal Health Care Center, 3001 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Kakarla V. Chalam: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 580 West 8th Street, Tower II, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA Jane Cho: Eye Clinic, James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Family & Preventive Medicine, RFUMS Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Barbara Demmig-Adams: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA Lee R. Ferguson: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 580 West 8th Street, Tower II, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA Caren Garber: Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA Alfredo García-Layana: Ophthalmology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, C/ Pio XII 36, 31080, Pamplona, Spain Billy R. Hammond Jr.: Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Alan Howard: Howard Foundation, Downing College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB22 5LA, UK Miki Kassai: Department of Physiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA VI Riki Kawaguchi: Department of Physiology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Keyvan Koushan: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 580 West 8th Street, Tower II, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA Marc Levin: Eye Clinic, James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Richard D. Lewis: Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Wenhua Li: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 580 West 8th Street, Tower II, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA Ekaterina Loskutova: Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland Tadao Maeda: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA John Nolan: Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland; Institute of Vision Research, Whitfield Clinic, Waterford, Ireland Lindsay Perusek: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA Carla Podella: Eye Clinic 112e, Captain James Lovell Federal Health Care Center, 3001 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Sergio Recalde: Ophthalmology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, C/ Pio XII 36, 31080, Pamplona, Spain Stuart Richer: Eye Clinic, Captain James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, 3001 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Family & Preventive Medicine, RFUMS Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Patricia Fernández Robredo: Ophthalmology