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Desiccation Cracks Provide Evidence of Lake Drying on Mars, Sutton Island Member, Murray Formation, Gale Crater

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Desiccation Cracks Provide Evidence of Lake Drying on Mars, Sutton Island Member, Murray Formation, Gale Crater Desiccation cracks provide evidence of lake drying on Mars, Sutton Island member, Murray formation, Gale Crater N. Stein1, J.P. Grotzinger1, J. Schieber2, N. Mangold3, B. Hallet4, H. Newsom5, K.M. Stack6, J.A. Berger7, L. Thompson8, K.L. Siebach9, A. Cousin10, S. Le Mouélic3, M. Minitti11, D.Y. Sumner12, C. Fedo13, C.H. House14, S. Gupta15, A.R. Vasavada6, R. Gellert16, R. C. Wiens17, J. Frydenvang18, O. Forni10, P. Y. Meslin10, V. Payré19, and E. Dehouck10 1Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 2Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA 3Laboratoire Planétologie Géodynamique, UMR6112 CNRS/Université Nantes, Nantes, France 4Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA 5Institute of Meteoritics and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA 6Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA 7Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada 8Planetary and Space Science Centre, University of New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada 9Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11795, USA 10Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS-CNRS-OMP, Toulouse, France 11Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA 12Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 13Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA 14Department of Geosciences and Penn State Astrobiology Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 15Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 16Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada 17Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA 18Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 19Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France ABSTRACT reticulate ridges on the surfaces of several slabs Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover data are used to describe the morphology of rock that expose bedding planes in the Sutton of desiccation cracks observed in ancient lacustrine strata at Gale crater, Mars, and to inter- Island member of the Murray formation. Their pret their paleoenvironmental setting. The desiccation cracks indicate subaerial exposure of morphology and composition is characterized lacustrine facies in the Sutton Island member of the Murray formation. In association with to determine if they formed via desiccation and ripple cross-stratification and possible eolian cross-bedding, these facies indicate a transition to examine implications for the deposition of from longer-lived perennial lakes recorded by older strata to younger lakes characterized associated strata. by intermittent exposure. The transition from perennial to episodically exposed lacustrine environments provides evidence for local to regional climate change that can help constrain GEOLOGIC SETTING Mars climate models. As of Sol 1700, the Curiosity rover has explored more than 200 m of strata consisting of INTRODUCTION were identified in multiple sedimentary depos- fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine, and eolian sediments Reconstructions of ancient habitable environ- its from orbit (e.g., El-Maarry et al., 2014) and (Williams et al., 2013; Grotzinger et al., 2014, ments on Mars increasingly depend on detailed in situ by rovers (Grotzinger et al., 2005, 2014). 2015; Banham et al., 2016; Edgar et al., 2017) analysis of sedimentary facies recording aque- The kilometers-thick sedimentary succession represented by the Bradbury group, the interfin- ous environments. Over the past decade, the in Gale crater provides an opportunity to observe gering and overlying Murray formation (Mount Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity encoun- changes in surface environments over extended Sharp group), and the unconformably overlying tered ancient eolian, fluvial, and lacustrine envi- periods in martian history. Studies of basal strata Stimson formation (Siccar Point group) (Fig. 1). ronments deposited in hypersaline, acidic, sul- in the informally named Murray formation dem- The first ~25-m-thick Murray interval consists fate- and hematite-enriched playas formed in onstrated the presence of long-lived perennial dominantly of finely laminated mudstones with interdune depressions at Meridiani Planum (e.g. lakes in Gale crater at ca. 3.6–3.2 Ga (Grotzinger minor siltstones and sandstones of lacustrine Grotzinger et al., 2005). This setting contrasts et al., 2014, 2015; Hurowitz et al., 2017). Recent origin (Grotzinger et al., 2015). It is overlain with the clay- and magnetite-bearing, moder- facies observations at higher stratigraphic levels by an ~25-m-thick interval with decimeter- to ate pH, perennial lacustrine facies in Gale crater (Fedo et al., 2017) may record an evolution of meter-scale cross-stratification that suggests (Grotzinger et al., 2014, 2015; Hurowitz et al., the environment over time. Here we present in sediment transport as large bedforms or in chan- 2017; Rampe et al., 2017). Suites of sedimentary situ evidence for lithified desiccation cracks in nels (Fedo et al., 2017), followed by >30 m of structures, facies associations, and authigenic and the Murray formation, indicating that the lakes finely laminated red/purple-hued mudstone with diagenetic mineral assemblages were essential may have partially dried in its younger history. intervals of very fine sandstone, consistent with to recognize these paleoenvironmental settings. During Sols 1555–1571, Curiosity inves- sediment accumulation in subaqueous lacustrine Previously, potential martian desiccation cracks tigated a series of distinctive centimeter-scale environments (Grotzinger et al., 2015; Fedo et GEOLOGY, June 2018; v. 46; no. 6; p. 515–518 | https://doi.org/10.1130/G40005.1 | Published online 16 April 2018 ©GEOLOGY 2018 The Authors.| Volume Gold 46 |Open Number Access: 6 | www.gsapubs.orgThis paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. 515 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/46/6/515/4180281/515.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 El.(m) Group fm. Lithology Locality Figure 2. Mastcam (sol 1555) and Mars Hand Lens A -4330 Imager (MAHLI) images Bright Sandstone Bed of Old Soaker (OS) rock -4340 Old Soaker slab, Mars. A: A network of Mount -4350 Murray raised ridges forms closed Sharp Gray Sandstone Bed polygons on a red bed on G F -4360 SB Sebina OS. White calcium-sulfate (CaSO4) veins follow many C -4370 of the ridges. Ridgeless p Panel B gray beds underlie the red D -4380 QL bed. B: Mosaic of nadir end of outcro E MAHLI images of OS. -4390 Murray y Arrows point to alpha-par- Buttes Mount Sharp ticle X-ray spectrometer -4400 Red Mudstone Bed Murra (APXS) targets shown in 8 cm -4410 MB Table 2, and examples of n dark spots. Illumination BDC -4420 Hartmann’s Fresh Meadow Siccar Point from upper left. C: Partly Valley Stimso shadowed MAHLI image -4430 p LB/OK of Thompson Island. White BS/GH Naukluft OU Plateau arrow denotes a sub-mil- 5 mm 1 cm -4440 Murray limeter-wide fracture in a BK Marias Pass EF -4450 Mount Shar polygon. D: MAHLI image TP Pahrump shows ridges terminating CH MJ Hills on a gray patch. Illumi- Clinoform Sandstone Drill Hole nated from left. E: MAHLI Thompson Island 2 cm 8 mm Large-scale Cross-Stratified image shows a CaSO Heterolithic Mudstone/Sandstone 4 G Cross-Stratified Pebbly Sandstone vein cross-cutting a ridge Lam. Mudstone w/ minor Sandstone CH, Confidence Hills MJ, MojaveBK, Buckskin (arrow). Illuminated from BS/GH, Big Sky/Greenhorn OU, Oudam upper left. F: MAHLI image TP, Telegraph Peak MB, Marimba QL, Quela of the gray bed (target LB/OK, Lubango/Okaruso SB, Sebina 3 cm Fresh Meadow). Illumi- Figure 1. Stratigraphic column for the nated from upper left. G: sedimentary facies of the Murray for- 3-D view of the red bed showing ridges tapering off into a depression. Left arrow: CaSO4 vein mation, Mars. Old Soaker (OS) rock slab on side of ridge; middle arrow: typical polygon-forming ridge; right arrow: CaSO4 vein. is in the heterolithic facies of the Sutton Island member of the Murray formation. El.—elevation; Lam.—laminated. traced to calculate vertex angle distributions, the polygons (Fig. 2C). Gray, semi-circular, mil- widths of ridges and the polygons they form, limeter-scale patches dot the red beds on OS and al., 2017). These younger strata, comprising the and ridge surface area. A three-dimensional SC. They can show raised relief and in places are Sutton Island member of the Murray formation, (3-D) model of OS was generated from 76 cross-cut by veins (Figs. 2B and 2D). expose broken and tilted slabs of bedrock, includ- MAHLI images processed using photogram- Some very fine sand grains and millimeter- ing finely laminated red mudstones, centimeter- metry software. The grain sizes of the red and scale concretions or embedded grains are vis- scale ripple cross-laminated mudstone, deci- gray beds were measured with ~16 µm/pixel ible in MAHLI images of the gray bed at OS meter-scale cross-stratification, and massively MAHLI images. (Fig. 2F). The ridges taper off within millime- bedded intervals of siltstone (Fedo et al. 2017). ter-scale depressions in the red mudstone
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