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Text Práce (3.363Mb) Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Diplomová práce 2014 Bc. & Bc. Julie Tomsová Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav hospodářských a sociálních dějin Diplomová práce Julie Tomsová „Zdomácnění“ vědecko-technické revoluce v Československu: inovace v české kuchyni a výživě 50. a 60. let 20. století „Domesticating“ the Scientific-Technological Revolution in Czechoslovakia: innovation in the Czech Kitchen and Alimentation in the 1950s and 1960s Praha 2014 Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Michal Pullmann, PhD. PODĚKOVÁNÍ V první řadě děkuji vedoucímu své diplomové práce, doc. PhDr. Michalu Pullmannovi, Ph.D., za jeho užitečné rady a trpělivé vedení. Rovněž děkuji zaměstnancům Zemského archivu v Opavě za jejich pomoc při studiu archivního fondu státního podniku Galena. Věnováno in memoriam Sibi. PROHLÁŠENÍ „Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu.“ V Praze dne ……………… Podpis……………………............ ANOTACE Cílem předkládané diplomové práce je analýza „zdomácnění“ vědecko-technické revoluce a nejvýznamnější proměny alimentárního, tj. potravinového (respektive majícího vztah k výživě), chování české společnosti v 50. a 60. letech 20. století. Zmíněný proces je v této diplomové práci interpretován v kontextu změn režimu a ideologických vzorců v polovině 50. let, které měly napomoci překonat potíže stalinského utopismu – zvýšený důraz na kvalitu životního stylu, rozvoj bytové výstavby, architektury a designu, modernizace vybavení kuchyně a proměna představ o žádoucích životních standardech a jejich významu pro legitimizaci post-stalinského uspořádání. Podrobněji se v kontextu „zdomácnění“ vědecko-technické revoluce věnuji tématům jako racionalizace a mechanizace práce v domácnosti, důraz na hygienu a výživu, na kvalitu uchovávání a přípravy potravin, na proměnu složení potravin, „objev“ vitaminů, enzymů a minerálů atd., náběhy na konzumní způsob života, rozvoj nauk o vedení domácnosti, obraz ženy a její postavení v rámci domácnosti a další témata. Předložená práce zkoumá nejen strukturální změny, k nimž docházelo, ale zejména jejich ideologické aspekty – především místa, kde příslib kvalitnějšího života mohl (či nesl intenci) zesilovat působení nových ideologických vzorců. Tato studie dále analyzuje vztah mezi příslibem zkvalitnění životního standardu a představou blízkého přechodu ke komunistické společnosti (souběh nebo diskrepance). Součástí této diplomové práce je rovněž komparace vývoje v Československu se situací v Sovětském svazu a ve Spojených státech amerických. Klíčová slova: Československo – 50. léta – 60. léta – dvacáté století – sociální a kulturní dějiny – stravování – výživa – domácnost – kuchyně – vědecko-technická revoluce – Sovětský svaz – Spojené státy americké – studená válka – socialismus – legitimizace SUMMARY The aim of the thesis is the analysis of "domestication" of the scientific-technical revolution and the most important alimentary behavior of Czech society in the 1950' and 1960' of the 20th century. In the thesis is this process interpreted in the context of the change of the regime and of the ideological patterns in the mid- 1950', which should help to overcome the difficulties of the Stalinist utopianism – increased emphasis on quality of lifestyle, housing development, architecture and design, modernization of kitchen equipment and the transformation of ideas about desirable social standards and their importance to legitimize post-Stalinist organization. More specifically, in the context of "domestication" of the scientific-technical revolution, I deal with topics such as the rationalization and mechanization of houseworks, emphasis on hygiene and nutrition, quality of food storage and preparation, the transformation of food composition, the "discovery" of vitamins and enzymes, minerals and etc., haunches on consumerism, developing doctrines of household management, image of woman and her place in the household and other topics. The present work examines not only the structural changes that have occurred, but their ideological aspects – especially the place where the promise of a better life could (or bore intention) reinforce the effects of new ideological patterns. The study analyzes the relationship between the promise of improving the standard of living and the idea of a close transition to a communist society (parallel or discrepancy). Part of this thesis is also a comparison of the development of the situation in Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union and United States of America. Keywords: Czechoslovakia – Fifties – Sixties – Twentieth century – Social and cultural history – alimentation – nutrition – household – kitchen – Scientific-technological revolution – Soviet Union – United States of America – Cold War – socialism – legitimization Obsah 1. Úvod ...........................................................................................................................................10 1.1 Zdomácnění vědecko-technické revoluce ...........................................................................10 1.2 Společenský pokrok a vize „lepších zítřků“ ........................................................................11 1.3 Periodizace výzkumu, dobový diskurz a jeho limity ..........................................................13 1.4 Struktura diplomové práce ..................................................................................................15 2. Politická situace v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .............................................................17 2.1 Politický vývoj v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .........................................................17 2.2 Poválečná obnova a reformy v Československu ................................................................19 2.3 Hospodářský vývoj v 50. a 60. letech v Československu ..................................................21 2.4 Společenský vývoj v 50. a 60. letech v Československu ...................................................27 3. „Zdomácnění“ vědecko-technické revoluce v 50. a 60. letech v Československu ...............31 3.1 Charakteristika a periodizace vědecko-technické revoluce ...............................................31 3.2 Vědecko-technický rozvoj v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .......................................32 3.3 Bytový výstavba v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .......................................................34 3.3.1 Státní bytová politika v poválečném období ............................................................34 3.3.2 Státní bytová politika v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .....................................36 3.3.3 Bytová výstavba v 50. a 60. letech v Československu .............................................38 3.4 „Zdomácnění“ vědecko-technické revoluce v 50. a 60. letech v Československu ............42 3.4.1 Racionalizace a mechanizace práce v domácnosti ....................................................43 4. Diskurz o výživě v 50. a 60. letech v Československu ............................................................46 4. 1 Periodizace dobového diskurzu o výživě ...........................................................................46 4.2 Limity a ideologické souvislosti dobového diskurzu o výživě ..........................................48 4.2.1 Problematika štíhlé linie a obezity ............................................................................51 4.3 Odborné instituce a vědecká periodika ...............................................................................54 4.3.1 Společnost pro racionální výživu lidu .......................................................................54 4.3.1.1 Marie Úlehlová-Tilschová .........................................................................55 4.3.1.2 Vilém Hons ................................................................................................57 4.3.1.3 Josef Mašek ...............................................................................................58 4.3.2 Svaz pro výzkumnictví v průmyslu výživy ..............................................................60 4.3.3 Československá společnost pro gastroenterologii a výživu a Československá společnost Jana Evangelisty Purkyně ........................................................................ 60 4.3.4 Ústav pro výzkum výživy lidu .................................................................................61 4.3.5 Institut pro racionalizaci výživy ...............................................................................63 4.3.6 Další odborné instituce k problematice výživy ........................................................63 4.3.7 Další prameny a literatura k problematice výživy ....................................................64 4.4 Politický a ekonomický kontext změn ve výživě ...............................................................66 4.5 Společenský kontext změn ve výživě a vznik konzumní společnosti ................................70 4.6 Limity odborného diskurzu o výživě .................................................................................72 5. Česká kuchyně a racionální výživa .........................................................................................76 5.1 Haute cuisine aneb gastronomie nejvyšší úrovně ...................................................... 76 5.1.1 Světové výstavy Expo 1958 a Montreal 1967 .................................................
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