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The Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet, an Urban Area in Simanjiro District of Tanzania Amani Lusekelo

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The Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet, an Urban Area in Simanjiro District of Tanzania Amani Lusekelo The Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet, an Urban Area in Simanjiro District of Tanzania Amani Lusekelo http://dx.doi./org/10.4314/ujah.v20i1.2 Abstract An investigation of the linguistic landscape in urban Africa is a welcome contribution to make in that multilingualism presents fascinating results. To satisfy this demand, the current paper investigates the patterns of language use in billboards in a small township of Orkesumet in northern Tanzania. Data demonstrates that the state of Kiswahili and English bilingualism is apparently open for religiously, privately and publicly owned institutions such as schools, churches, public offices, and accommodation facilities. Such bilingual billboards do not make use of hybrid language because there were no tokens of Kiswahili-English, Maasai-English and Kiswahili-Maasai recorded in the area. The main mechanism used to attract customers is through the selection of font- colour and font-size. The large font in black colour is preferred for names of firms, while red colour is opted for items sold and/or services rendered. Keywords: Bilingualism, Billboards, Language Use, Simanjiro, Tanzania Introduction The linguistic situation in Tanzania is arguably claimed to comprise Kiswahili as the main national language used as a lingua franca and official language across the country (Batibo 2000; Petzell 2012). With regard to wider communications in formal settings, English turns the second in command because it manifests in most formal institutions such as schools, high courts, international forum and diplomatic relations (Abdulaziz 1972; Roy-Campbell & Qorro 1997; Rubagumya 2003; Keya 2016). The ethnic community languages remain confined to informal 30 UJAH Volume 20 No.1, 2019 settings in most cases around the homesteads (Batibo 1992; Msanjila 2003; Muzale & Rugemalira 2008). This paper wants to expose the linguistic situation in urban Tanzania by examining the language use in the billboards found around Orkesumet District Headquarters of Simanjiro in Manyara Region, northern Tanzania. The Study of linguistic landscape in African cities is growing though much output come from South Africa. For instance, Dowling (2010, 2012), Kotze and du Plessis (2010) and Stround and Mpendukana (2009) examines the linguistic situation in white settlements as opposed to the black suburbs of South Africa. The outcome shows that each area is dominated by a single language. In suburbs, Isixhosa or Isizulu dominates while in white settlements, Afrikaans and English are commonly used. In addition, in South Africa, the billboards obtained in suburbs tend to contain bottom-up language which represents the class of the minority languages, as discussed by Kotze and du Plessis (2010) and Dowling (2010, 2012). In this decade, research on linguistic landscape had been growing in Tanzania. It begins with Bwenge (2009) who presents the Kiswahili and English use in billboards. Peterson (2014) and Chul-joon (2014) examined signboards in Dar es Salaam. Both Bwenge and Chul- joon focus on billboards while Peterson pays much attention to signboards for privately owned firms. Recently, Mdukula (2018) examined linguistic landscape of Muhimbili National Referral Hospital, while and Legère and Rosendal (2019) report on the linguistic landscape being informed by language policy in Africa. The findings from studies on linguistic landscape demonstrate contradicting results. For instance, while Bwenge (2009, 2012) found a two-strand of English and Kiswahili bilingualism in billboards in Dar es Salaam, Peterson (2014) reports of the evidence of multilingualism in shop-signs, with the use of many languages, namely Kiswahili, English, Arabic, Hindi and numerous ethnic community languages. Another difference is reported on the predominance of Kiswahili by Bwenge (2009, 2012) and English by Peterson (2014). Such kinds of different outcomes of researches conducted in the same township call for research 31 Lusekelo: The Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet on other areas in the country as well; hence this research was envisaged to fill the gap. The studies mentioned above obtained data from the metropole Dar es Salaam. The outcomes of their research does not provide a full picture of the linguistic profile of the country. Lusekelo and Alphonce (2018) examined the language of public space in district capitals in Tanzania. Findings from Arusha and Manyara Regions exhibit the dominance of English. This indicates that Tanzanians affiliate with the language of power in Tanzania, namely the language of ex-colonial master. Another motivation for the current research emanates from the fascinating findings in urban centres in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Kigali Rwanda, Rosendal (2010) found the adherence to the modern language regulations in main-streets, having predominantly English and French, while the shop-signs in back-streets ignore modern language rules and stick to French and Nyarwanda. In metropolitan cities such as Accra in Ghana and Cape Town in South Africa, it is found that the use of font- type and font-colour underscores the prominence of some information given in certain languages (Stroud & Mpendukana 2009; McLaughlin 2012; Quayson 2010), in most cases hybrid language (Higgins 2009). In order to emulate previous studies, the current contribution examines the font-types and font-colour used in billboards in Orkesumet small- township in northern Tanzania. Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet and the Status of Simanjiro Maasai Previous studies found different patterns of language use in Tanzania. For instance, in rural areas, Msanjila (2004) found the shift to more Kiswahili than ethnic community languages amongst the inhabitants of the rural area of Ibaba in southern Tanzania. Muzale and Rugemalira (2008) report that both English and Kiswahili dominate the domains which used to be predominantly for ethnic community languages in rural Tanzania. In urban areas, Kiswahili predominates although English remains the language of formal settings, e.g. high court and court of 32 UJAH Volume 20 No.1, 2019 appeal (Keya 2016). Batibo (2005) suggests that Tanzanian speech community has the following pattern: English and Kiswahili on top, areally dominant languages, e.g. Ruhaya, Sukuma, Nyakyusa, Maasai and Iraqw are amidst, and minority languages, e.g. Akie, Hadza, Ikizu, Mbugwe, Sandawe, and Segeju at the bottom of the hierarchy (Figure 1). The suggested pattern in Figure 1 is attained in many urban areas in the country. However, the current study of linguistic landscape in a small township of Orkesumet does not obtain the same picture. The picture of language use portrayed by Batibo (2005) does not reflect each and every situation in Tanzania. For instance, on the basis of a series of studies in Endamagha, Yaeda Chini and Mang’ola wards (Lake Eyasi area) in rural Tanzania, Lusekelo (2015) found the patterns in Figure 2. This pattern is slightly different from the previous one given by Batibo (2005). In this pattern, English is confined in very limited use of formal institutions, mainly in secondary schools where it is used in teaching. Four languages appear to be dominant in Hadzabeland, namely Kiswahili, Datooga, Iraqw and Nyisanzu. These are languages of wider communication around Lake Eyasi area. Higher status English and Kiswahili: The prominent languages in formal domains, e.g. schools and courts. Areally dominant languages: Majority languages such as Sukuma, Maasai and Nyakyusa are prominent languages of wider communication in informal settings. Minority languages: Least prominent languages which are confined to smaller populations and get used in narrow domains. Lower status Figure 1: Language use and predominance in Tanzania. 33 Lusekelo: The Linguistic Situation in Orkesumet Higher status English: The prominent language in formal domain of secondary education. Kiswahili: The prominent language in formal domains such as church and primary schools and informal domains like sports. Areally dominant languages: Majority languages, e.g. Datooga, Iraqw and Isanzu are prominent languages of wider communication in informal settings. Minority language of Hadzabe: Least prominent languages which are confined to the foragers. Lower status Figure 2: Language use and predominance around Lake Eyasi in Tanzania. In both patterns (Figure 1 and 2), the alignment of Kiswahili as the languages of wider communication remains central throughout the country (Blommaert 1992). Likewise, the predominance of English, which is the language of upward mobility (Blommaert 2013), cannot be overlooked. The current research was conducted within Simanjiro District. The research site is Orkesumet Township (see Map 1) (URT 2015). Data was gathered within the district headquarters at Orkesumet. Orkesumet is a typical Maasai township in Tanzania. Most of the Maasai people lived in the Maasai District. According to Hodgson (2005: 112-113, the Maasai District existed in the late 1950s but it was split into Kiteto District and Monduli District in 1974 and Ngorongoro District in 1979. According to URT (2013: 26, 190), the typical Maasai districts of Tanzania include Kiteto, Longido, Monduli, Ngorongoro, and Simanjiro. 34 UJAH Volume 20 No.1, 2019 Map 1: Administrative Wards in Simanjiro District (URT 2015) Historically, Orkesumet was predominantly a small Maasai village between 1957 and 1977 within the Maasai District of Tanzania (Jacobs 1978), which is now divided into several administrative districts, namely Arusha District Council, Kiteto, Longido, Monduli, Ngorongoro and Simanjiro
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