28 This reform of the Bundeswehr, launched in 2011, is the latest of the three decisive stages in the post-war transformation of the German armed forces. The reform aims at “constructing” the armed forces anew in the political, military and social dimensions. The present paper presents the evolution of the role of the armed forces in German foreign and security policy and the ongoing process of “constructing” a new Bundeswehr. it analyses the process of redefining the objectives and principles of: the Bundeswehr’s participation in international operations, its current military transformation, and changes in its image and social identity. it also presents the implications of this broader transformation for political and military cooperation within NATO and the EU.

BUNDESWEHR 3.0 Justyna Gotkowska

ThE POliTicAl, MiliTARy AND SOciAl analyst in the centre for Eastern DiMENSiONS OF ThE REFORM OF ThE GERMAN Studies, Department for Germany and Northern Europe. her areas of ARMED FORcES expertise include Germany’s foreign and security policy and security policy Justyna Gotkowska in the Nordic and Baltic countries NUMBER 28 WARSAW MAY 2012

BUNDESWEHR 3.0 The political, military and social dimensions of the reform of the German armed forces

Justyna Gotkowska © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Content editors Olaf Osica, Anna Kwiatkowska-Drożdż

Editor Anna Łabuszewska

Co-operation Katarzyna Kazimierska

Translation Anna Kucińska

Co-operation Nicholas Furnival

Graphic design PARA-BUCH

DTP GroupMedia

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-11-3 Contents

Key points /5

Introduction /7

I. The Bundeswehr as a political instrument of Germany /8

II. The military dimension of the reform /13

1. Improving expeditionary capabilities /16 2. Challenges for the Bundeswehr’s transformation /22

III. The social dimension of the reform /25

1. Problems with legitimacy /25 2. The new image and identity of the Bundeswehr /27

IV. The implications for NATO and the EU /30

1. The implications for political cooperation within NATO and the EU /30 2. The implications for military cooperation within NATO and the EU /32

Appendix /36 1. 1993: Volker Rühe’s reform /36 2. 1999: Rudolf Scharping’s reform /38 3. 2003/2004: Peter Struck’s reform /40

• • points Key will ny’s participation The and Both ing approach of and structing” In profile. expeditionary its optimise In EU. NATO in the and membership with connected legitimacy processes, a In dimensions. social and military Germany. in government rectly, jectives operations new world. resort) allied strument military German the the the reform energy which the Bundeswehr interests. however the armed political social military to The of

and EU. premises increase in supporting to capabilities will uses which of the for security and Bundeswehr

The principles foreign, political and sphere forces. the in remain the The be dimension German modern economic dimension EU, main Bundeswehr, not is subject is of the new participation set policy NATO smaller security Germany’s the the the and and criterion

and appeal of the to model equipment. present armed

reform will employing be result to links military protecting Germany military and will ultima the sovereign an but and thus of of launched instrument UN reform’s for have and engagement of forces reform professional is more (also) the in the ratio become intended decision cooperation operations equipment

The the is the international an German armed decision redefining political anew effective, economic

and Bundeswehr impact changes wish objective for in (to 2011, the making the Germany. to in forces military in to interests be will are of same provide NATO developments commitments on within aims develop the in used well-trained policies. the the is designed Germany’s operations be structure, and, about

to political, German as as role, at as Germa and service

Grow create NATO in an social “con other a indi good The last

the the ob EU in to ------

5 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 6 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 • • discussed. being rently fence which tion objectives. national their of which sions). dicated tions operation They partners fragmentation itary evolution also as In The relations reluctance region. its tries, both the the image projects, premises be cooperation, also in (this (NATO) discussions generate spheres do However,

organisations the cautious the in with as not of which go to

concerns political using Middle well Germany’s take for in involve and emerging of of tendencies military line example Germany would in as the influence part certain pooling within Germany East

the engaging and with above too by Bundeswehr’s in security political result

and military the and economies operations much in NATO the capabilities and will within all of the largest North will political in tendency in these sharing units take areas dependence policy and and operations

a constraints not the permanent Africa, member part will in countries. involved economic transformation the of be gains. in EU regions fit (the logistics to influence ready in international EU in (CSDP) use as (limited) EU) for with in about Germany

states this of in dependence which position the Muslim to

Germany Germany concepts the and combat the could develop and closer Germany’s structures

to smart training, coopera existing are and achieve has NATO. opera in coun affect mis seen cur mil will and

the the de co in on ------in foreign Since I was The Germany’s allies. with missions second justify reunification ment cal tary a the implications underway. social of “constructing” in tions EU. NATO the and within cooperation military and The dimensions. social and military political, the in anew launched changes is ntroduction ntroduction redefinition being German the Germany changes Bundeswehr present a first after in its taking burden identity military the was and Bonn, establishment and strengthened. in in concept 1990. existence It foreign the created security in paper 2011, the as of place has of and for Europe of of a military transformation this an As position Germany. new was been the is the the presents was later and in important a intended after new of policies. result, goals transformed. military. Europe: German German and brought the in security established in The aspect, of concept the 1955 Berlin, in Bundeswehr These Germany the and the current to transatlantic collapse However, the instrument the about armed armed The evolution “construct” and in principles policy political Bundeswehr to events of internal EU paper A in devise the the by in reform similar of forces. forces, and the and the its and the Bundeswehr change the brought of and discusses relations a NATO relations of Cold for the policy legacy the German strategic legitimise Soviet concept of process deploying forcing It military has achieving ongoing Bundeswehr’s also the in War about and are of been the Union the with Bundeswehr, which armed which World analyses transforma period. is the for undergoing in its image concept process objectives perceived currently geopoliti the relations political its role goals govern and forced War would forces allies mili role and The and the the in of of II - - - -

7 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 8 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 (Grundgesetz) Europe). diers) forces two gitimacy ritory With states. European the in deswehr: established navy of Therefore World (1) I 1 the helped defence litical role ed forces that In .

the to The states. German two of the reunification for the support of only from lished) Bonn Bundeswehr armed factors of instrument of Germany of Germany instrument T of the return to increase the German autonomy was of he Bundeswehr as a political apolitical as Bundeswehr he the War were (intended consent ensuring legal to membership the occupation and West Firstly, Western and accepted division the Bundeswehr gradually forces a allies by the accepted for II integrated ensured representative in deterrence political treated its weighed lack as remilitarisation, West Germany army order expressed acceptance the European to a with on the statute, to military of in of military restrictions be territorial Germany’s that Bundeswehr ultimately and increase both security as roles to a and established regard NATO heavily General from doctrine. ensure an the within the of the organisations, Union social by in the serving recognition instrument by existence for the combat command the to NATO of the on self-defence whole West and contribution access the the NATO. Staff, reach the very concept US the For after W after was degree for (above exclusively allies Bundeswehr’s German Germany state and during units the to West beginning fulfilling West of the defined of nearly Secondly, NATO structures. the of their the 1 government of . orld W and of organisational all

Germany of However, German government and imposed foreign the the to West West and society the and those commitments society. half European in NATO’s the to Bundeswehr Cold extended the to was II ar air the the defend German Germany’s gained democratic the subordination T from a policy, armed confirmation force and on he domestic the constitution government War million in in (newly The territorial Bonn the Bonn legacy allies the the Western the focus intend resulting and beyond period, forces. armed armed which lifting estab West Bun as ter was sol po the the for the le of of of ------civic of ensured cept 2 legitimacy, ciple anew Mandatory a deswehr ceptance man sponsibility es ny’s T reforms. military necessary launch ment integration Germany’s (2) T society. forces with armed the grating changes were in UK Bundeswehr ment the concept War Official he international acceptance of acceptance he international critical preventive, the in www.bmvg.de 04.12.06, of guidance, means in UN

importance consisted

he end of the C he endof the did policies, education” of to Germany’s redefined its abroad the remilitarisation and be Innere

of not in by armed should abroad approach German Western the the the reunification

military for strengthen the in fit i.e. in above has means

of stabilisation Bundeswehr into the Führung the security 2 philosophy the forces (Innere its the remain for the within foreign translation. already European

country EU the to all foreign goals a principle acceptance old W service to model the –

the and new of its this i.e. NATO, environment. Führung) the implied and and and legality the US partly position broughtar and

NATO and of to realities. policy. Source: end. dating instrument of was Union began security principles of acquire the country, regaining an crisis extend also of the The intended that existed. expeditionary “citizen of and and West Innere back with It (WEU). “leadership even to Germany’s

the political, Germany response was about soldiers legitimacy fulfil Thus policy of the the for regard of to used German orders of to conscription. Führung Due deemed in to the the the country’s predictability German expect fundamental full the the create uniform”. to which were military

deployment had operations period

to Bundeswehr, to development military they function increase German sovereignty military at society, is Germany’s France

that that to home a citizens our participation were

influence were sense “construct” of The and Germany, This established the

the govern engage of Germa - and chang and of critical abroad due and given. of social prin of inte Bun with Ger Cold con was and and full the the ac re to to at ------

9 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 10 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 would which of intended “multilateralism which trine of implied allies The forces (see armed Appendix).the a deswehr’s Court gitimacy in was expeditionary gradually philosophy legitimacy deswehr’s ment NATO sations This declined. only move for forces grow Bundeswehr’s proportion gradual development of the expeditionary capabilities of capabilities development expeditionary of the gradual the Germany’s Germany’s a

domestic legitimacy domestic the ruling did united excluded obtained accustomed within systems in proved and participation would fully previously and political greatest the 1994. was The to familiarise engagement deployment WEU of paved was and resulting principle Germany ensure NATO, participate the be military ensured government involvement successful The of engagement the armed independent importance not contrary (later collective challenge and the doctrine” Bundeswehr, to approval court benefited adjusted the it. in international way of military tasks forces mainly to by involvement EU) The and international abroad. Innere EU take recognised in for the regarding

to of believed security operations for and government in are thus abroad of in of crisis to German the the focused the from ruling “international European NATO, conscripts the support the the Führung German compatible the based This Bundeswehr’s Bundeswehr’s gradually policies Bundestag. new German acceptance management UN. NATO’s and would that abroad of that was stabilisation on decisions operations EU on providing the for goals Germany collective also security become a international countries the of done Germany’s in and gradual actions make Federal with became government. in the the protective explained and responsibility”. “citizen However, UN the engagement by for evolution on US armed the devalued, rules by that operations. German policy also defence a 1990s. operations operations security increase taken the Constitutional with or outdated. slow Grundgesetz. the membership in the intended France of operations forces expansion the umbrella, the uniform” necessity the was The the Legal increase by towards govern organi society but armed in issues in social these Bun Bun This doc also also UN, The and and Not but the the le to ------(3) O Afghanistan. involved in combat in tasks September 3 met France) extended NATO This Defence Policy. and mon Security from intervention of tions new the Bundeswehr The France. refused tion the functioning Paradoxically, is forces, plied ple UK the and bychampioned France arguments in See: now the international 2011. July Commentary, policy, OSW security of German tion of international significant of new with ver the last decade (whose decade last ver the approach is the not undertaken this Atlantic and Justyna the more manifested

but to to “multilateralism interpretation a opposition to achieve willing”. EU

participate approach 11th greater of an has Germany, likely were in Gotkowska, structures a the was

consensus extension attacks increasingly Iraq intensified, historical operations. and by their also emancipation autonomy by to shown Another in was its from be later the in

in demonstrated which 2003 No national allies of the by the

Germany’s New of about doctrine” increased more nature society best German NATO-led which its its case However, determining cautious and EU and

within has York) largest compulsory involvement by beginning the operation objectives. in non-participation of 3 readiness were has . when gradually the question to role interests

German the instrumentalisation opposition NATO, by operation member also approach conditional unlike recent

raised, process and Germany’s German engagement. factor. affected may in This to in the was the been security Chad, and German in countries deploy Afghanistan. be

national to of in to mode process EU the The when troops

the support marked disintegration shifting the the Libya participation in resistance promoted The and 1990s first role the policy the EU’s of American opt-out Germany emancipa has (the the interest became NATO’s in of armed “coali exam for by of when Com away 2011, both also UN. The im US, the the ac by to of ------

11 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 12 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 The membership will convinced deswehr’s political launched ing same EU macy Germany ing Bundeswehr. of the legitimacy of anew social establishment the file operations its political of process not as of security the the the other and does in deployment armed that Bundeswehr. result independence 2011, of in military not will allied policy. more redefining NATO forces have is of depend to armed than the The areas and abroad to seal is political be improvement The 60 the therefore the on with and forces. the guided years started Bundeswehr Germany’s EU. goals ongoing to regard commitments The introduce after Its by underway, and alongside historical deployment German of to the transformations sovereign principles the its will end a expeditionary allies. new Germany’s political thus accompanied reasons connected of in World decision social The of become NATO the elite in reform, War in grow legiti shap Bun with pro and and the the are by II - - - - - Bundeswehr’s Appendix), Several budget and savings. Afghanistan in run operation the to report comings challenges Struck, es. of introduced abroad, and nation process ated 4 The II forces. Ministry of a to concept implement home. The consecutive

. adjusting command, as Guttenberg ises a new ued ing increasing 2011). (November concept reservists’ the 2011); (October Germany The current in series T

at Neuausrichtung the and work he military dimension of the reform military dimensionhe reform of the by After insufficient prepared However, structure of including the 2011 the devised of years in ministry Defence made the of of the met on it reforms beginning

Defence the reform, in the reform documents: Defence the 2008 (CSU) turned branches the in stage the transformation international the during after

appeal of planning, armed in the Minister by reform there of decision the the the who the combat defence, Bundeswehr the was of which which duplication Minister out headed Bundeswehr ISAF the of Bundeswehr 4 supervised the

US Defence of the , was was forces of Federal military in directly that Thomas to the the and 2003/2004

transformation command the operation launched mission were equipment the suspend its not in

the 1990s operations”

to reduction armed in Policy understood military Federal enough of service 2007

Ministry de the new of necessary (September the structures caused did the conscription. Maizière by structures, creation in had (see Guidelines

SPD/Greens challenges in forces by and Defence not German Afghanistan, and reform in and Ministry political Afghanistan. aspects to Franz-Josef Appendix). military by of take execution a enumerated as face of (CDU). launched financing 2011); but new and problems Defence and Minister the a (May The authored continuous armed excessive up controversial fully dislocation

reform’s will is equipment and plans of of The procedures government reform to part 2011); different Defence in

in Jung Karl-Theodor circumstanc ministry It of in in more into of for The with forces the the constitutes operations initial 2007, 2004 of the the Plans was restructur by red of (CSU) and internal account a coordi process Federal serious regard units armed refers contin short wider levels issued Peter then initi prem – of tape, “The arms, back (see the the zu to in ------

13 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 14 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 euros a June austerity plan pabilities savings, the try deswehr to An consecutive stagetransformation. ofthe the ian tasks Afghanistan challenges 8 7 6 5 or funding spending man The http://milexdata.sipri.org/ Database, Expenditure Military TheSIPRI SIPRI, The In number include even soldiers. 300 Force with Reaction Quick Wehrverwaltung) the in (Rüstungsbereich). ment lating Defence 11.10.2011. 17/7293, Drucksache gungshaushaltes, auf of important staff direct

GDP) 2014 2010 the line 5 . Defence die Bundeswehr in plans army This slightly to for will in with total Federal was Kleine – plan in 7 in of agreement . incentive procurement, of 27.7 in due from set Furthermore, forced 2011 2012-2014: the the recent and be the options its provided billion up of would by incentive to Anfrage June implementation removed higher Bundeswehr. the German coalition then the to (Bundeswehrverwaltung) the Ministry 2014. the and years 2010 further euros. to government in federal 6 deteriorating the not and . CDU/CSU/FDP the Bündnis real 2012 implement By by allowed than This Grundgesetz first to have purchase from fluctuated costs See: agreement their 2014 estate the – of introduce extend 30.9 government combat motivated the Bundestag, Defence 90/Die Nevertheless, to for economic the linked it billion and possible of fulfil one the agreed of will the ministry’s security there unit the the personal arms, following Grünen: between government of a euros, a with have its reform was range reform after declaration Antwort which the is deep 2010 crisis implications that information of obligations a in the civilian set situation management June the Sparbeitrag ministry a budget despite (Germany’s 2013 of performs reform budget 1.3 budget the was will end reduction and to der the and 2010. – in save Federal administration 29.6 of Bundesregierung of the be armed to the autumn and 8 the the World in 1.4% made . of comparable to functions billion implement for des Under “obtained” Additional search 8.3 (territoriale IT Northern four-year Ministry the fact consider in defence Verteidi manage the of Minis War billion forces’ in civil euros, 2009 Bun Ger that this the ca for II re of of – ------

11 10 9 from ghanistan troops). 5,000 approximately Data 6. footnote See Bundesfinanzministerium, 2015 2014 2013 for 2012–2015 (billion euros) (billion for 2012–2015 T 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 T 2012 2011 www.bmvg.de teidigung, n,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf deshaushalt/Bundeshaushalt__2012/20110905-Bundeshaushalt12-Finanzpla DE/Wirtschaft__und__Verwaltung/Finanz__und__Wirtschafts he budget of the F of the budget he he forecasted budget of the F of the budget forecasted he gradual bis from 2015, (the the decrease source: Federal German ederal M ederal http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/nn_137300/ Ministry in contingent

Unterrichtung inistry of D inistry 10 German ederal M ederal 9

of 10 Defence,

30.4 27.7)ments agree earlier to 30.9 (according 29.6) ments agree earlier to (according 31.4 31.5 31.1 31.2 29.5 28.4 27.8 ments agree earlier to 31.7 (according efence, 2006–2011 (billion euros) (billion 2006–2011 efence, had inistry of D inistry military 11

des 11

Bundes, in 30.9) Bundesministerium the involvement efence efence

Finanzplan beginning ­­politik/Bun

des der of

in Bundes - - - 2012 Ver Af 9 - - -

15 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 16 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 Bundeswehr be a its order on In 1. 12 above improvements cesses, The also from vided a Germany which ble sional posed diers By point ministry. of of view the the from less significant areas in the certain months). (170,000 oping The conventional third Improving expeditionary capabilitiesImproving expeditionary military Joint soldiers etc. IT equipment, of military maintenance the the diminished range 2015 principle army be

involved its to with reduction the all and Joint is Support military international downsized capabilities (respectively capabilities

complete allies the smaller professional The on of armed will and still contract modern Medical capabilities capabilities. analysing of number is armed Service be the and in armed in considers Breite vor Tiefe vor Breite by to of dimension, in but a forces’

the air the Service – 40,000). volunteer to approximately generate training equipment. and while soldiers from will forces more

to economic fill tasks force and attack of expeditionary threats with 57,500 capabilities have military However in will Bundeswehr 75,000 there decreasing contract effective,

or will will it The the the (which 36,700 regard up

military on could have work that and which The flow. number gaps be be German to to to objective equipment 14,600 is this soldiers in thus scaled 14%

22,500 55,000 10,000 not soldiers changes be to to is the excellently in such Germany profile service the can its maintain less

will a undertake troops (to the reduced soldiers of ministry territory increased negligible (reduced down areas efficiency/effectiveness soldiers), have (a civilian is troops than 13,000 also capabilities and in reduction to of are lasting the as will (reduced wishes a by mean create the trained, by the 5,000-15,000 the by infrastructure, negative geared

wants alone. to and soldiers) structure, employees approximately 25,000 independence 37%) the widest total Bundeswehr. likelihood initially from be prioritising is of to a by needed and navy

deployed to In and focusing military towards 20,000). develop 26%), 185,000 profes 12 impact

12 possi follow devel 30,000 . to pro pro pro will will The sol the the 23 in of ------

nation the 14 13 pabilities proximately in tain Federal The Groups level. previous tle at the 2011 tions. a in conscripts erations nated. into to Maizière, bilisation eliminated. tion, the tion policing. structure cept Bundesministerium Bundesministerium broad

military international the undertaken www.bmvg.de. frastructure (Truppenreserve), www.bmvg.de Reserve). (Allgemeine tasks specific support

branches its complete in conscription undertake reduction intervention, was Furthermore, The area contribution in the Ministry spectrum currently Changes introduced conducting needed the of and in

number goal and operations of At the 7,000). the

in Bundeswehr of (Territoriale professionalisation training combat the in response conscripts actions is The armed the operations future of for was to of the will stabilisation reservists same run new of following der Defence The armed der to adjust tasks Germany that operations commands,

suspended number and tasks. the also Verteidigung, forces concept to in Verteidigung, since . the armed units time Reserve) The natural the increases

NATO in who will the forces, be assigned Bundeswehr at announced 14 both in Soldiers they earlier area the introduces a . introduced armed

the to forces A not, of operations new opted and disasters and abroad Response substantial and take statements a soldiers low- command of combine Defence same

Konzeption to contrary strengthening of their support finally Bundeswehr development division territorial will as forces for will on the the and or 13 that a time abroad . will the Policy service importance result the further in division – Despite be has armed Force high-intensity reservists both to

Germany forces the change structures to made protection role der of trained confine (currently defence the Guidelines,

when been the the 55,000 Reserve, organisation and elements into extension reservists’ of develop cooperation reductions forces. realities of

by present will a the Bundeswehr will not reservists linked the the tasks, framework Thomas to in its of will places need assigned be 01.02.2012, (a critical 27.05.2011, perform be the position EU it activity In the opera reduc of

main elimi actions situa of is made were arises with Bat con new July sta who op the ap ca for de or

in of to ------

17 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 18 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 view savings al the a of 18 17 16 15 in hind allocation financing be As cesses. ficiency being duced current support On It The Niemieccy reduction the new operations. www.bmvg.de 21.10.2011, Umrüstung, billigt howitzers cles concern industry. fence use. from withdrawn been already frigates military rofighter planned the has to from pl/start-4172, start-4576 needed far Federal now 60, the of General condition planned planned not as in largest

military (from the the but helicopter A400M and requirements military equipment military amounts reduction size yet and equipment Leopard 80 of equipment in combat 3B

ministry rather

(from Ministry in eksperci made the 95% reductions simplifying to such submarines (Eurofighter, tranche) 122

Inspector that It 15 Bezużyteczne older – 40),

equipment planned / from is to to 148 of a aircraft being 2 to the quantities or decision Tornado 80), worth 23% in tanks

funds by to krytykują is “release” equipment the NH90 and of Ministry mostly purchases 81), are the Tiger of needed of will 410 Defence introduced of planned (currently (from the military decision-making NH90 planned noting navy within the

about combat the Tigery, will Puma) to however multi-role medium-sized Bundeswehr’s

ordered after NH90, of funding 350), Bundeswehr

350 more Bundeswehr) will is medium remain accepting Defence 60 with in of transport

concerned, in that aircraft this 26.05.2010, to the or not Panzerhaubitze to

new the the be use into 23.02.2010, in 225), fire 40). because Luftwaffe in the be phased the budget sized for Bundeswehr’s army armed reaches the and equipment the support changed; (from Puma the service budget. The aircraft aim the budget transport

and transport same delivery http://www.altair.com.pl/ and (Tiger equipment out the plans 1990s and

was equipment it 185 http://www.altair.com. infantry of has an forces Minister the helicopters bureaucratic more does 16 reform the increasing (Transall 2000 agreement to 17 the . for 143 of appropriated . The In which of air multi-role 85), is helicopter purchasing oldest quickly Eurofighters, helicopter) not 37 structure has investments internation the not force fighting self-propelled probably reason Eurofighters de allows currently meet which past been – models to (from will Maizière with and from or its make (from vehi pro have the fire new will not the be re for Eu the ef de of in 80 to 18 of it ------.

joint interests maritime ny tion improvements tions try transport more manoeuvre not national T self-propelled howitzers. and vehicles fighting infantry – tanks, 21 20 19 I Germany strengthened lery and air shifting increase most the army n the Germany Heer, www.bmvg.de Grobstruktur zur Informationen Klaus he 21 development for (first tally-friendly p. 11–13. 1/2008, Convention Maritime pektrum, try maritime ing p. 9/2011, 30–36. Sicherheit, Europäische Zukunft, der Marine Deutsche German defence will . only

to units, into navy Joint operations. from exports significant as 600 highly perform place become von of offer regards joint in the registered abroad operations

helicopters transport economy. assesses will which some the is transport Dambrowski, and combat regarding for industrialised of model the operations more at of means goods sea. in improve political a mobile missile the world’s the units There strengthening the is criterion broad its and The in The that military visible German units, and of is cost of the routes capabilities Germany) with protection will one German to an Germany’s transportation, and are third Ein imports number navy defence spectrum its decisions. but in in another of expeditionary of a the be in maritimes two economy capabilities light, for remote the is the more poor the largest options the moved has trade and of reinforcement of of the reasons safest, reduction future of of units in container natural of strategic reduction prepared robust thus branch been of participation exporter. combat fleet natural Domestically German is regions. supporting realignment. Konzept it but to tasks well-functioning cheapest occupies is as undergoing the consists for resources the for of also participation navy ships). well of resources. strategic in 19 importance capabilities to participating Luftwaffe). Furthermore, this. of . für the navy It citizens The expand armoured run third military of and will as for of See: das land-based armed and The infantry it in 3,500 CH-53 infantry

most joint This will significance several gesamte also place Axel is The a thus international global protection and the transforma easier ships of environmen equipment will operations The Schimpf, forces undertake be to prerequisite in it means heavy-lift and also the room in is German

the and - Einsatzs trade. Germa years needed will (includ opera infan a be inter for to artil navy to world coun (the the the ac for Die the the an be As 20 of ------. 19 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 20 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 wings rial maintain, the maintain and fighter will and in As probably be 2016/2018. placed in will ships to erations ties the ing operations navy cept 22 conducting and purchase other number bases ing In natural combined of-the-art helicopters, gistic force 2018 aircraft. kampfschiff ordered. be probably will Ships) made. for German board new defence will the the be that a approximately will branches and decision two (Geschwader) only and the suppliers support current delivery of increase structure as increase of JSS nuclear for internationally be ships Most disasters. from though soldiers well German F125s, a fighter-bomber new of one air ten 180) affected will several joint show Germany for likely to to of force (Einsatzgruppenversorger the minesweepers wing reform as military will provide of three Germany’s the operate sharing be 2016 maritime to Germany’s operations. of of humanitarian (approximately sea, nuclear in be used Due air force air will years a armed the left force German to with F124s, 2019-2020 introduced lesser logistic evacuation the and the to navy equipment develop (out to from it capability operations, 22 in aircraft financial . air is weapons. Eurofighter four forces). launch NATO. and least autonomy Joint navy extent, easier of a support political , show Under force the six given the eight into F123s), the its will extent Support and small sea operations, The 14% joint Reductions service six capable current transformed capabilities within which to the P-C3 will for reasons, capabilities have: the The class region, support five without class with implement. and multi-task air land compared direction operations combat Orion by also Luftwaffe 2020 concept Luftwaffe and Bundeswehr K130 Berlin eleven Ships force has 212A NATO. operations military of the regard three) in in prioritise the maritime electronic been corvettes, special tasks will establishing approximately submarines, ships) reduction will for frigates conducting (JSS) ships aircraft. for Luftwaffe order of to Furthermore, Therefore with to participation not from on retain changes over in (Joint the leverage to (Mehrzweck its planned surveillance forces the (four affect will provide response for three capabili Tornado allies territo the combat 30% Support in draw 30 There three these state- thus land land 2016- will op sea task new the the the be lo in in in in ------

26 25 24 23 tions. NATO missile The Ralph Germany The will class with a deswehr class the now, of For craft completing grounds. it on financial abandoned which ALTBMD has the the ly, erations. rocket, only Com tion. launched erations was threat tion system of and 2011. July No. 162, Series Strategy ISPSW Development, Luftwaffe of the troduction man use of ers www.bundeswehr.de 26: 25, system space, the MALE with Four and the Bundeswehr which and area US Alliance ordered Bundeswehr and be intended Germany contribution

supplement Bw2) The the in foreign HALE Eurohawk defence Thiele, MEADS posed is Luftwaffe the decided artillery upgraded verifies the for regard Centre is of for Bundeswehr The priority aimed class of Bundeswehr German will in (Active could is and leasing German operating communication, for area the UAVs. protecting four recent by responsible Ground Reconsidering partners). MANTIS to be programme is UAV 25 and tactical satellite (SAMOC). information to same to become at UAVs , and is gradually seeking of developing reform, of the to to them uses Layered unmanned withdraw protecting From three building protecting areas reconnaissance (the years. taking these). “ear” influence the the mortar) priority Surveillance class the will equipped has short data ballistic and ALTBMD with part It equivalents reconnaissance PAC-3 such 2015 14 for to Space in Until 23 In also together its replace Theatre over also Secondly, by batteries missile maintain maintaining

the and the

unmanned are obtained. developing range reconnaissance, of from the will onwards is participation UAVs German own NATO German version the wants 2011 to purchase missiles Situational Relevancy on air. tasks aircraft services with mentioned: area programme be develop the Core the satellite NATO air defence and until Ballistic conducting with Germany As of used troops of Germany its signals performed to of defence The MEADS military Patriot the the companies, and part the support aircraft system, with capabilities autonomous reconnaissance develop 2012 the systems the missile provided four in capabilities of systems Israeli Luftwaffe main anti-missile short-range capabilities Awareness communication the in during of this satellite Missile Air US ranges will took and navigation intelligence system. US protection international the military programme, is Surface bases systems for and Power which source defence context its by taking IAI international Global (SAR-Lupe) be has German part possibly by land-based operations 26 up Italy, multirole capabilities in probably, Defence) will systems Heron capabilities

not opted in satellite Due and Centre – to in in the is of to which German part Hawk international system. (the and and system 3,000 only use two the being have this footnotes (SIGNIT) Air contribution to area in systems for UAV, Air Germany projects. development in communica Bundeswehr geoinforma the areas. currently which which of after in cooperation programme programme Missile combat against operations. are systems UAVs. four developing kilometres developed the of in the (counter- Surface The Air space the fact and opera already the Patriot higher the 22, which NATO HALE First range (SAT Force gath were Ger Bun Ger that will also The Op air use op the 24, in 24 in in to ------,

21 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 22 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 forces whether performing size remains graphic rolled fessional signed suspension new will air (1) (1) into difficulties. run implementation will reform the of the areas bilities Will 2. Integration new of tional in transformation along service to number ing Challenges forChallenges Bundeswehr’s the transformation the 15,000). the also man – die-bundeswehr/ Despite force,

in http://augengeradeaus.net/2012/01/zum-nachlesen-kampfdrohne-fur- of be command equipment the with area armed as in developing military the the

from set companies, possible do trends of Bundeswehr an it contract and July army

not armed by will military, The – volunteers of - measures the open their from military the forces contract the

2011 conscription inspire in structures be process? Bundeswehr’s and and projects introduction to is planning,

military question Germany. commissioned Federal forces soldiers. possible the introduced 22.5% evaluate takes political navy it

earth’s service with to be soldiers) may (the regarding The (185,000 increase left able Ministry capabilities are place, service in how

synchronisation is Military optimism expected Furthermore, prove the implementation aspects within discovered. the surface tested to voluntarily of and first by many and results unmanned achieve new future financial the soldiers, will the difficult when of experiences indicate for officials Federal a

to – – number procedures Defence of available social decide

short out will when: operational space to the the the Nevertheless, combat or there

including maintain of and to and Ministry take volunteers

unfavourable objectives express amount were recognition consequences of 3,459 to on recruit within ranges the the stay integration are within social with air joint several are

reorganisation discharged). volunteers vehicles reform concerns purposes, of the in 170,000 doubts of introduced, a the a from operations. Defence, incentives the and in an currently volunteer sufficient time expected years. of present several (UCAVs) – armed opera demo of of 5,000 capa serv both as pro that

(re en the the the are to It It ------

and to military defence several port the (3) years budgetary (4) forces. armed German the with sioned into service 29 28 27 the (2) (2) form right-wing circles radical from part large in recruited be will troops and classes” According tions resources its overstretching to crisis may this conduct but Harald op.cit Wehrpflicht, der Ende Das Kujat, Harald Zwischen difficulties pp. 3 2011, November 48/2011, Zeitgeschichte, und Politik der Aus verdummung/4224518.html www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zwischen-verrohung-und- The In Even Bundeswehr will problem helicopters, returned can contract look calls cannot ago in the (currently reduction

years also industry (Unterschichtenarmee) be longer

the transport if Kujat for and years into to plan achieved the Verrohung involve EU of further the soldiers be not , in for will question Das and Federal a (to to deteriorates. ruled the Tiger Federal may shortage adjustment, as yet in 7,000) Ende come more pass aircraft, 2015), was a production through the budget delivered become und coupled decrease multi-role out der Ministry the Ministry the number before the demanding will a

Verdummung, of in Wehrpflicht, decrease feasibility case savings K130 Bundeswehr high military the the Financial be repair with 29 or in 27 this . process involved fire with and/or of “armed of of the coming corvettes. quality of the troops military Defence Defence if equipment international in or support ability equipment NH90 w: the of Handelsblatt premise upgrade. funds setbacks of a Wehrpflicht the forces . training military years. in economic will the by of It and medium equipment international reform’s adopted helicopters, 25,000 allocated German/European the is still of that will The military This quite , accompanied

ordered the Bundeswehr and 27.05.2011, whose operations struggle und and up professional government be lower sized a guidelines. may equipment likely long Zivildienst, to delivered to financial commis – soldiers A400M officials 7. several the 10,000 be opera

trans social http:// term with 28 that due due . re by to - - - -

23 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 24 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 pabilities reductions the a possible 30 evaluates conduct account Stephan development Allgemeine Zeitung Bundeswehr developments the recruitment (which Löwenstein, maintaining in full military depends spectrum will the p. 4. , 02.01.2012, Das ministry decrease problems in equipment an unerreichte the on of effective international capabilities whether further. currently could and/or Ende military lead the This der as wishes abandoning security Fahnenstange, to necessary German would a with decision to imply environment. avoid) the government taking certain ability Frankfurter wherein 30 further . Such into ca to - the image e.g. forces would be. armed allied other any as government precisely tend ment/policing itself. NATO deswehr expeditionary ate mation tious the performed Desinteresse began operations acceptance 31 A 1. The III ernments in wards government tomed tional Köhler cquiring social legitimacy for legitimacy social cquiring international Problems with legitimacy with Problems 00.html 27.11.2008, . new

media last in present T the image In operations also he social dimension of the reform dimension reform of social the he an to to when the campaign two social scope recent taking fordert the evolve

expeditionary hoped where had ISAF was by for of )

stage years since http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,593131, justifying gradual 31 the . At agency legitimacy its profile negative of foreign operations. maintained. years mehr operation towards over that the has operations the engagement German German of the the military the Aufklärung been increase same new German the and in beginning Bundeswehr deployments its implications military uniforms” transformation a for image is tasks, society’s the in lack armed time “friendly Furthermore, Due in intended a Afghanistan. was in in greatest society Bundeswehr order of über society of to the exclusively and focused the of forces portrayed a the clashed approach the has larger the for Auslandseinsätze, Bundeswehr’s of indifference” Bundeswehr’s to Germany to would Bundeswehr challenge was lack the maintain the had 1990s. in be is on in military However, with also Afghanistan. German Bundeswehr, sceptical used that order of conducting as to “good” slowly to a a Consecutive substantially used the intended sufficient is the quasi for by the to improving (freundliches participation evolution Bundeswehr involvement conveyed stabilisation grow government win the actual the Spiegel Online of this this security “develop the interna German German greater Within a to fact accus fictive infor Bun tasks ficti gov cre ex to its by in of ------,

25 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 26 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 ban. of tion of ter society. tember against Germany not concerning served its 32 who stood Partly Until soldiers. professional for of and volunteers contract candidates recruitment and nationally The society. acceptedbe by German the between theory, Mandatory Defence approximately in age cheap conscription tion. Bundeswehr. of the profile new of the face the in service and “draft versies, recent tem of own in evolution been The of issue resigned conscripts social that the about served despite also the as The part two 2009 staff. contingent Franz-Josef number equality”, years the accompanied a new while and a of Taliban care deployable course recruitment the in due further tanker the in The of military the in armed the of were only amidst the conformity in this CDU/CSU/FDP the the the institutions German recruitment the to diminishing Bundeswehr the of of social of military. small 100 CDU/CSU/SPD approximately criticised, “citizen this was by mandatory trucks and civilian transformation Afghan Jung, ensuring Bundeswehr service forces accusations the Afghan armed proportion scandal, by the of system of legitimacy foreign the in Bundeswehr The the the called role an in numbers fulfilled as casualties and reason province Germany, the military whole former government, well uniform” forces majority in adequate northern of civilians 32 17% 2011 stood country’s conscription society and . the the of by Conscription coalition as of the of situation conscripts for of the a of of mandatory security is at service German providing last head all thus conscripts. German of performed function and the one 45%, point the indirectly caused philosophy young information provinces. Kunduz which while security 20 in Bundeswehr the of with of was and in Bundeswehr started and of fact provoked years. the policy 2010 the men government the of deliberate commander targeting a the was In civilian co-legitimised the false one the providing the shock Federal (Wehrgerechtigkeit) claimed military mandatory 1990 largest to linked it reaching costs German This also, and The recruitment generate of labour was would questions information. campaign the the service, in generated along only the air move at percentage Ministry elimina them as the with scandals the German constitu officials draftable service least have in military under minis contro “link” strike inter 15%. Tali with about lives Sep often with has - sys the the in in by to In ------Germany in service tary and identity of the Bundeswehr identity ofand the Defence indirectly win The element to participation 35 34 33 In 2. the sion existence recruits. for future would attractive be which deswehr another ticipation tional plained ent cratic Burkhard Besides The The new image identity and of Bundeswehr the Germany’s order join ity reference ganisation, in: Wehrmacht. the in Hitler to resistance Wehrpflicht. See: Wehrpflicht pp. 31 2011, November recruitment

symbolic emphasis social of Karl-Heinz history education the interests” earlier Heiko conscription as impetus to in has armed the of in – taking acceptance provide the include Köster, to

Transformation Biehl traditions taken the international of financial

in und new element in increase in Erfahrungen political forces Lutz, the

UN, system political and the Bundeswehr to Zivildienst, / “international Tradition only position Bastian new measures Bundeswehr create Martin Bundeswehr, – NATO in to – / aspects particularly 38. for of Prussian the events the 2011 social rethorik for 33

social discourse . the pp. 2010, 317 , München Giegerich in Rink, a attractiveness und operations in links the and Aus new der meant and to new aimed Europe legitimacy, during military Lehren armed which der Bundeswehr legitimacy Marcus an EU over responsibility” in is the between image . important model Germany

/ Politik The has the operations. not Alexandra at possibility the the and the reforms westlicher forces. and von

creating the new image the creating reference always measures and only German last und of of the in Cold Salisch the – Germany’s but – factor the the Tradition identity the is Zeitgeschichte, – an 50 from Thus, Federal Jonas, 330. Bundeswehr’s

also to been also War. This professional armed years armed that world Partnerstaaten, abandonment (ed.), receive in to are 1808 the (not)deciding

this Aussetzung of on German has der The corresponds for Reform, social Ministry intended 34 – forces 35 position

a forces 1813 the and . Reformen?, high provided the conveni The been suspen

48/2011, and aspect. demo on makes mili Bun Reor qual par new “na and ex its der the in: in to of of to ------

27 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 28 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 memorial country.for the stan. Chancellor global 37 36 Since the (Ehrenkreuz deswehr). Furthermore, of Bundeswehr’sditions operation. Guttenberg, Karl-Theodor when Defence Minister, came zu The breakthrough about killed international ing operations forces. of Berlin outstanding II Franz In to the between of with arguments. the ter Zeitung FIlALYskPR6SNFmSfjfX03m1zvL8cjvd5WDt_gc9kCbv/ ZsIhlAOQy3WaZ0NSQcp_OB2i66MjHfKZB1N4Bz8vgGOMaUuxJDJ64n8lI vUhEYxeqd6-ZRFjbvqLSo7GWHRYWAgHK0wEOoW65ah_LMJiAE1mtG C4IwFIX_0aaURr0VEUVQj2UvMt11XnGb3F0Noh_fDDwHzsv3wZEvGe catalogue to

May be the implications the This the trade, 2010 Bundeswehr serving in acknowledge the This awarded Josef same stark

, 2010

real commemoration service protection In the 37 was 09.10.2008, Angela the . jobs used is

Jung, See: achievements German An der criticism 2008 year in nature participation operations of the their interpreted government the for Anna in important Bundeswehr the the by Soldatisches the in the first 2011. February Commentary, OSW politics, German German Merkel who of

last President

country. the of the from taboo military Defence honour Kwiatkowska-Drożdż, Germany’s http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/NY1R Bundeswehr the decoration two were efforts Federal of public and of Bundeswehr’s word for the as signal of and

years Minister, Horst Dienen of has the killed für In decorations to a German Bundeswehr opinion economic the three the commemoration of “war” 2009

soldiers commemorate Ministry Tapferkeit) Köhler also the was anerkennen, first of German income Cross on zu in government this soldiers started a while given

interests. duty Guttenberg, felt Germany, soldiers time The monument activity and in

of type of forced of of natural international soldiers (Ehrenmal referring Honour was the in participated German Defence civilian Frankfurter Allgemeine killed to However, since

when April to those in in of German introduced inform

repeated leave has resources international Afghanistan. their was in he involved for World 2010 employees been to

citizens who to his made Afghani operations der in the Bravery built

honour service office society Köhler’s autumn armed

in deficit when aim were Bun a con War into link the

af in in 36 ------. : identity conscription armed cruitment “ slogan the der 38 is taining The acter Bundesministerium intended de/selbstverstaendnis.html Federal of forces military the is campaign emphasised model to Ministry and and replace Wir.Dienen.Deutschland” (We.Serve.Germany) service: to of society.

establish der a run of free

the Verteidigung, particularly Defence the by

The integrating and Bundeswehr the the democratic civic Federal is “link”

also http://www.wirdienendeutschland. duty in role promoting between the Ministry is dimension Germany. to formerly information contribute the of the professional Defence assigned This of civic to the and aspect main char 38 new un re . to - - - - 29 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 30 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 Germany coalition. the tional institutions organisations security The 1. The I 39 approach in have fronted engagement EU, tries. coun forces partner of the armed the with cooperation in UN the Bundeswehr Germany’s NATO in EU membership the and EU. the ment (the gent ing” cal and and bership V. Justyna and the EU EU the and The implications for cooperation political NATO within the 2011. July Commentary, policy, OSW security German goals.

Germany Defence current thus US, foundations T more with negative With

of relevant involvement he implicationshe for NATO EU the and with in France German policy Gotkowska, On has will to or often political NATO which political Bundeswehr Policy and are the the will will no impact as not regions. and will than following platforms contradictory other considerable of thus security participate conduct and intensify are

of are No cohesion the the bring

and on the is setting more hand, influences its unquestionable In UK) present necessary German

Bundeswehr military reform involvement future choice: operations policy used compulsory about its will Germany faltering in the influence instrumental to operations to reform reach political Germany political and Germany’s will a either the cooperation achieve and progressing engagement. the 39 operation, within both both is in that for . in along As it on concerned Germany. evolution and orientation the agrees “coalitions its may which within was the such influence approach interests own NATO, economic Common with . within therefore the Germany’s actions The redefinition of of redefinition operations to or are objectives, NATO case emancipation of an In that the it the not and of Germany’s Germany’s and NATO future opposes unwanted to taken interests the develop of Security its the conver and EU be opera Libya, politi mem allies will con may two and and not the the by of it ------as participate planned taking secure tacks. in deciding position, cal could lim responsibility” flow which take man and One deswehr the in Germany regions of many’s relations 40 Germany, The tioned ing man tion See: the the the international 25.11.2011. Berlin, in Verteidigungsindustrie” und cherheitspolitik and countries, energy areas financial term example are and politicians. part interests. affect Bundeswehr Others possible Balkans may Thomas above reluctance maritime part economic perceived sufficient operation involvement on in thus with “ will in has of national interest 40 and have its the German in . international diplomacy, will of cooperation There are mainly de currently affect positive emerging also parallel consequences – in economic shorter For these Maizière, politics a Accordingly, a routes position the the rather to negative as region and in and be these military are take economic the in missions EU’s stabilisation which is cautious image are or clear operations, the the off become few economies is development not spheres links speech part which longer reasons, in direct as operations the mentioned the impact Middle EU’s Germany these be conditions well international ”, engagement Germany and it in growth of as which preferred coast in at in will a term. Operation neighbourhood. Germany NATO a well of have as the norm regions. Germany’s operations engaging on different in East the (BRIC) influence be police of 8th the until future sees as set policy, as Taking in implications Somalia would in predicted and for and in Handelsblatt the another tools Germany international abroad. the to as the will treats The and operations Atalanta; its recently EU North type in development prevent serving crises interest. (KFOR political, German face over of vocabulary completion of contribute instruments military missions operations against these The as than protecting duration Others criterion Africa, if responsibility and its and for conference was and its it this deployment phenomena that with interest The refused “sphere countries. its economic economic interests. pirate its coopera conflicts taboo in include: EUFOR) is of as to as of politi in global grow of men when set Mus from Bun good Ger Ger Ger this well the the „Si at in to to to of ------

31 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 32 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 also take measures, onoperation joint projects ian the 2. Germany 42 41 With and cerned military many sition but operations. international in used to capabilities regard with partners between interdependence apermanent in result could which not ready be to become involved will cooperation in Germany EU. NATO the and within cooperation military ening man minishing partnerships” In See: and the EU EU the and The implications cooperation NATO for within military ordination 20.02.2012. versity, Boston, Sicherheitsarchitektur” See: 2010. October Aktuell, to ment with instruments EU also changing, the answer strengthen on the an Claudia does and Thomas Poland that and of the tripartite with evolving and navy permanent will interests political natural analyse the interdependence with objectives This and Major, is political de other with rather conducting the also to UN. Maizière, France, of military Weimar support applies approach civilian Ein resources conflict civilian the and in non-NATO It – “new opt zivil-militärisches importance the will the Germany made and consequences initiative speech military structures component above for 42 competition powers”) the context and combat also prevention . principles to at and diplomatic in establishment the military “Die political was countries seek all such (see “German contacts, access in deutsche of of above of to operations. through performing footnote to the EU the capabilities units headquarters Hauptquartier of of and for use cooperation, all crisis to the “new solutions discussion Conference“ military (above Rolle interested political markets. crisis consultations and of 47), increased of confidence response the future powers” in put NATO’s Germany strengthen der all response (EUHQ) shared army, für forward cooperation within in influence, at internationalen on with EU But the and the die Harvard economic, “strategic on strength operations. establish air building EU. the – German better with and Russia, together is 41 in NATO, its . civil SWP- force order Ger Ger con Uni po co di co- its is ­ ------and but sition. Germany cisely 46 45 44 43 made for main AWACS cooperation attitude or laboration political gains in selected areas. Germany areas. selected in gains political and tonomously and military flexiblygenerate which and Germany’s au to act operation do not ability which restrict of (limited) co­ projects in part however take will Germany sent Germany Tom German E.g. impossible. Policing. Air (AGS) or Baltic lance NATO’s not Agreements man sites/default/files/CEWEEKLY_99.pdf sion Make-Their-Own-Pacts defensenews.com/article/20111219/DEFFEAT04/112190321/Italy-Germany- unit depends German Bundeswehr tian pressure diers p. 2010, 22-23. August SWP-Studie, Krisenreaktionskräfte, europäischer Germany not the engagement partners allow joint due European in Mölling, This stance operation Kington

in UK) necessarily unit of Libya. request the either, government soldiers on from France to their with blocked units was do 44 from on local unit’s a to this in . EU-Battlegroups. It The reaction Germany not / (France the Air Libya. participation engage 2006 may in to Germany Albrecht the since deployment elections, make in November and operation the allies allow reason Afghanistan. Transport want Franco-British have pooling convergent (Chad) case had Earlier, use to the up in

in and the and considerably snub to not of Müller thus the a operations BEST that with UK and participation in which due engage third EU in the due allowed Command and by Bilanz Afghanistan. the 2010 past towards in on Battle See: to put , Germany’s OSW, to French-UK EU UK) of 2008 Italy, with AWACS fierce sharing/smart EU domestic followed a the and agreement The in itself und

the Battle hampered Groups lack 19.01.2011, may (Congo). or supported this Germany (EATC), criticism NATO German

of German participation Optionen cooperation the unit NATO German in of This lead kind Deal, policy, Groups with policy main German operation a it AWACS See: the Alliance will decision 45 difficult http://www.osw.waw.pl/ within for mission to make

of operations the 19.12.2011, zur best interests. unit’s soldiers Germany Claudia by defence political partners cooperation continue greater of 43

participation of Weiterentwicklung unit. these

with and their in consent NATO illustrates excluding Bundeswehr Ground was operations in the political Major in Germany

http://www. Afghanistan had the made Germany. countries projects the own NATO military pressure It of difficult (France its the Surveil rejected is / AWACS NATO either - Chris under pacts. of with pre if pre - mis Ger col po the sol the did the 46 - - ­ - - - - -

33 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 34 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 Sweden ties In NATO’s 5commitments. Article pooling regard sible operation support ertheless and 47 ing armed (e.g. strategic training in ing). The response order can intelligence, in In too support ing nations capabilities bilities Imperative. such E E upon reliance and dependency Transport ployable ties quired dv/sede260511deseinitiative_/sede260511deseinitiative_en.pdf http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/sede/ as uropean role– and task and role– uropean will areas of strategic November Germany the strong initiatives: relating extend well Ghent forces as to strengthening and in units latter to become for and and maritime and and

this preventing structures can support of the maintain as education, dependencies to Fleet); sharing Initiative. cooperation such as Intensifying therefore exercise support tactical to (e.g. fighter

area which cooperation the and maritime 2010 improve Ghent would far the combat, involved forces as (3) capabilities and support structures where mutual mutual where structures support and capabilities (3) patrolling Franco-British the through as three NATO tactical where strategic airplanes projects. structures training do In to and airlift Initiative Bundeswehr maintained e.g. also centres). combat and e.g. European increasing certain the categories not Military - Strategic patrolling sharing framework (e.g. framework sharing 47 closer piracy), reinforce in or . in operational will like document airlift, For the and units, take and air and the new support They that Germany, cooperation policing). have tactical to common suggested capabilities exercises Germany’s on Cooperation uropean partners is acceptable in the the in acceptable is partners uropean form warships). Airlift part is of interoperability agreement, ones and the use a maritime military are currently also capabilities (important the strictly submitted and of a training in area deemed airlift possible Capability pooling limited air in provided See: structures or combat international use pooling In the is policing exploring capabilities national of in approach Ghent taking and at possible this cooperation forces patrolling, of Europe, education Germany capabilities by were essential EU scope. the service support European for and logistics the category German ; Initiative. examples and (2) (2) and part level specified: as European Germany resulting of the without Bundeswehr’s November relating capabilities the well support It to the NATO. structures for sharing in European operations, (e.g.

capabilities). along

may and and (e.g. cooperation European possibili air the as individual through German European projects capabili (1) creating selected of non Sweden to train follow polic forces, cover

from Nev with with level capa tasks pos 2010, co and de re Air ------of cooperation type of this stressed production seeking Despite defence companies. ment German of the tion de armed will outlook projects 49 48 Forces military cooperation al in Germany area as In Thomas Julian to the the Maizière, part 03.02.2012, Germany-to-Press-Maritime-Patrol-Aircraft-Pool http://www.defensenews.com/article/20110729/DEFSECT05/107290307/ not within strengthen of defence context Operations forces the defence. of to on be provide Hale, the operational de will the diminish

focused fact http://www.securityconference.de/Dr-Thomas-de-Maiziere.809.0.html capacities smart is Maizière, the importance in and Germany shown sector current also of February that EU European a Germany the developing defence Command lifeline attempt upon. and the Germany expectations in best headquarters economic and to speech reform the NATO. press of 2012 by The to 49 for and military EU, is . the to guarantee its made new in rather (with maritime maintaining even German 48 support Germany’s pooling crisis It offer . political Ulm Within indicates at regarding ones called on Sweden) cooperation, the to – recommending and Text completed February 2012 Text February completed this the patrol Defence build 48 the its in and Justyna Got Justyna and th its

for expenditure a objective Munich own Bundeswehr technological is that the time sharing military

aircraft this authored permanent military set a sober capabilities Minister, defence such to of Germany kind Security be savings is pool, projects and several cooperation cooperation to dismantled the of limitations cuts k Response maintain industry. Conference, EU 29.07.2011, coopera develop ows realistic Thomas propos is in of civil- made now new and k the the a - - -

35 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 36 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 ticipate erations. operation tion After 1. (1990–2004) context their and T A operations the cellor military cally environment German former Yugoslavia. the against embargo arms tion German of tions surroundings due Germany Volker the plementary participation ventional ing fence. ly; he most important reforms of the Bundeswehr Bundeswehr of the reforms most important he ppendix ppendix Germany however 1993: Volker Rühe’s reform Volker 1993: the Defence Gulf to on in that were Nevertheless Helmut Germany’s the Rühe Cambodia country the in politicians War. engagement navy attack the As and domestic thus in the UN, Adriatic of to and Policy in of early transformation Somalia Bundeswehr’s was the In the thus Kohl threat units 1992. in a and NATO NATO on 1992 limited main the (UNTAC, increasing. reunification anti-Iraq Guidelines the and German for as refused situation, its to According in of future the abroad in Guidelines (UNOSOM, implement as the task NATO and military conflicts NATO number the 1991 Bundeswehr structure of medical and WEU to international to coalition, and Bundeswehr’s Tasks was (VPR) they allies. the replace Germany involve and to officials NATO in the of of still the German extended (Western the Germany’s attempted logistics units related the its published This units) Bundeswehr of document defined tasks UN the despite consequences territory took the WEU were in supported “duality” operations armed economic Bundeswehr to and international Bundeswehr. related main to units). part European crisis the to further aware Sharp by the the in the was maintain territorial forces, task, in Defence 1993 participation was fact to started response threat Next, the the of highly sanctions for Guard are territorial geographical defining the – reflected Union) that i.e. directly UN NATO militarily in only peace However, Minister domesti German of security defence defend to unlike the opera opera opera Chan a com par con and and and UN op the de in in of ------

organisation, the under German integration trol structures, es National duced mand the stabilisation 53 52 51 50 tal was thus forces main ing made the armoured military forces smaller the military Heiko Due Sven Bundesministerium 53 Böckenförde pp. 116-117. 2009, Opladen heitspolitik, pp. 23. 1998, of 1994. end the by soldiers 370,000 to Germany reunified of the troops 26.11.1992. Bonn, 1992, number

headquarters conscripts army high conducted belief equipment made began up slowly Centre defence were to (Krisenreaktionskräfte, national Bernhard component. organisation armed provisions Biehl, cost of service People’s was that in units. contract the in of tasked to operations and the was of equipment 51 troops made NATO / Die in changes . have forces reduction modernisation forces Sven As the command new (54.5% gradually, Gareis, Crisis for parallel also Army of neue part with Germany’s the up and However, a Bernhard international der command was (Grundorganisation structure in created (Hauptverteidigungskräfte), certain Bundeswehr, only 2+4 of response of to Militärische Verteidigung, of territorial professional the and (Nationale to in main this with Germany’s Treaty soldiers in a reach as early number lack training Gareis international reorganisation as double complementary. they and reunification. the structures defence approx. of Germany a forces of 1990s 370,000 operations. the planning defence SOWI-Arbeitspapier, evolution were Beiträge (publishing deeper professionalisation were Volksarmee) Verteidigungspolitische of soldiers defence of structure. Bundeswehr, the were were forces, the 50,000 agreed conscripts). undergoing der in during reforms and zur all-German Bundeswehr and operations 1995. Streitkräfte) the unable from a The as Until policy house), based Sicherheit, Therefore to complementary composed well soldiers) command Bundeswehr The reduce into integration the The an in then, crisis splitting to must Deutsche as on the Main the main Cold Nr. armed Bundeswehr Bundeswehr 52 deploy the - longer armed . mandatory

was due they in: structure, process a 112, Alongside and Richtlinien mainly 50 response be number and War, division . defence body The Stephan it to Sicher August due forces intro of Com units serv basic were forc into: con full and the the to to of of of of ------

37 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 38 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 new tary already Civil 2. charged 55 54 ny’s in wide ing operations ingly geographically for and Secondly, both in to the not doctrine” German peace of the

1999: Rudolf Scharping’s reform Scharping’s Rudolf 1999: political NATO’s breaking NATO’s See: budget”. federal the of situation financial difficult the also but challenges, future only not account into take must Germany’s security of concept politico-economic The future. immediate in the funds significant consume will and government man Ger the for apriority is states federal German eastern the of „The development They tlinien vehicle, version). combat the into helicopter the the German take Third infrastructural security equipment technologies, deployable politically war secure and Bundesministerium

armed German included: in with 1992 soldiers part the in Tiger was the SFOR Reich and stabilising IFOR in the many and 26.11.1992. , Bonn, contingent the policy, integration 1990s in the forces. binding helicopter financial with

for A and military former military task operation operation wanted operations were during 400M future former taboos. Germany decisions expenditure bringing regard militarily. of The character assigned strategic and territorial (change Yugoslavia was terms. would der of to World purchases out-of-area Western Yugoslavia In which East to and according take Verteidigung, in moved had conducting about not 1995 transport of countries Firstly, The have Germany were War mainly advantage for specification of been to replaced defence Balkans the accelerated the a Bundeswehr’s and from the been engage II. engagement change stationed to was German made German aircraft, logistic SFOR German the However, it Verteidigungspolitische international Croatia which incurred difficult into German of to IFOR. were modernisation from in on in the become operation, a Puma society changes their the and in the mobile units were the government too “peace to Emphasising to and participation Croatia. already increased soldiers development doctrine original Bosnia medical infantry achieve close stabilisation, participated operations occupied a contributed felt and in dividend”. milestone in a increas Germa antitank in of “Kohl’s as world fighting should region which – tasks, 54 of social mili both Rich 1996 . part

the us Yet by in of 55 ------.

deployment Germany came by also, end pated reference the The means. by military including disasters, humanitarian and ing laid ture. 56 put was soldiers) of Scharping out ary the for diers into 77,000 NATO’s EU’s sation, and through 150,000 Hans-Dieter Kosovo the SWP-aktuell, min/contents/products/aktuell/aktu_66_sicher.pdf the an appropriate bare component. a 1990s. growing of meant to the for European (200,000 the Organisationally new in end UN. World conscripts be planned 105,000 Allied the soldiers) the basic a came as justification started - along to combat deployed In reform. Additionally, then were part first not abroad problems ethnic German War 1999 Lemke,

Force military No. however professional Security only The Bundeswehr to time, soldiers) with of development which accepted. to

and 66, operation II secure the the (in The cleansing support Bundeswehr air Bundeswehrreform. in did

German November took for a 5,000 military with Kosovo). international SPD/Greens international further the organisation assumptions operation were when Germany it and the domestic and command send maintaining Territorial reservists). the Bundeswehr and which Bundeswehr’s Defence structure in armed both

of Germany operational 2000, involvement The doctrine a strengthening Kosovo. contract military was large was in to legitimacy.

slogan moreover government http://www.swp-berlin.org/filead KFOR over forces 1999, (Militärische serve to of Policy operations Schwachpunkt engaged military defence was A be For Defence the decided to one division soldiers, was capabilities “No more Auschwitz” be Auschwitz” “No more whose reduced forces operations forces prevent (the for the still in Bundeswehr’s created of was

The not territorial in former of first the and air contingent the decided 56 to Minister led objective the the was . (Einsatzkräfte, not greatest approximately well to sectors ethnic Grundorgani Furthermore, Krisenfähigkeit, force) time participate main at maintaining by stabilisation 282,000 expedition in legitimised introduced within Yugoslavia the NATO prepared since Kosovo to defence point partici cleans during Rudolf struc was break end (8,500 carry sol the the - in to of of it – ------

39 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 40 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 new documents a and September of change priorities, tasks cal the military. the proved Quite 3. the 57 Bundeswehr’s and plete on ventional Service Bundeswehr tions stated. Forces abroad. operations run against where 2004 tion as a regions” Bundesministerium negative new 2003/2004: Peter Struck’s reform well pp. 2–3. 2004, Berlin deswehr, a Bundeswehr. mission Central the security from further Concept transformation encapsulates in soon they Defence The Operational to lack as unconventional 57 Afghanistan. (Streitkräftebasis) In . Struck’s defence be influence The conflict however, 11th notion the appear, 2003 and of Medical reform situation a must of problems foreseeable breakthrough decision the Federal Policy terrorist tasks A Defence tasks preface the of introduce prevention definitive Bundeswehr for der which, the Command on from “defence” Service The new of for Guidelines Verteidigung, if in our Ministry about SPD/Greens into threats the we attacks a Minister the conducting problems to conventional approach: military were due security, do the Bundeswehr a change greater reform. (Sanitätsdienst) West; the and mobile was not to (Einsatzführungskommando) such and based new as created, of (VPR) political reform Grundzüge crisis take Peter extended prepared it highlighted they government Defence of even capabilities changes “We Concept the The as was and on the threats any international and Struck OEF-A created management. the have and was if government as also worldwide security and they der steps proclaimed well and in Guidelines. to of in and decided influenced to influenced military to Konzeption include and the the 2004 (SPD) structure, made development arise trained react a Germany they as Joint new environment Bundeswehr fact ISAF the deployable issued published on a terrorism in to redefined may A the reasons, decision political Support that for a In threats der remote opera Armed a by quota by radi were com mili have fight both con Bun the the the the to of ­ ------tary tions changing as adopted In norm. the previously been had conditions than “Transformation” a troduced the policy. conscripts). the and and diers, ary soldiers torial categorisation tion; intensity sponse military egories stabilisation in duct soldiers) command joint ing, placed taining goal a order international military branches Bundeswehr partner constant conditions equipment the low the international in defence. itself. 30,000

on The were forces Bundeswehr order was the to support service number and for that tasks political, the and describe capabilities, The US armed did Thus forces related made logistic,

process development of medium conscripts were to (Eingreifskräfte of The control and of and concept process not, the be was operations. the were forces of performing was reforms social, reduction operations: (up (Stabilisierungskräfte, to forces) able adequate training exclusively the Bundeswehr conscripts however, armed infrastructure of reduced organisational run in not intensity to to adjusting of of reform, to (Unterstützungskräfte, structure international and economic depend 195,000 only switching rescue military of in perform and forces and A the to in the 25,000 joint , included from a to not was 35,000 division to the the the operations in capabilities network-centric German and and above lead the the professional was and on the and transformation and tasks number changes only Federal ten in to and voluntarily Bundeswehr evacuation ability in its to soldiers) conducting operations introduced. a the technological Germany. the combined all to was a model cooperation limited preparedness in technical armed 70,000 defined abolition nine on number aimed completely Ministry of in required of made the troops performing and German of to approx. months. and forces operations; longer troops) an command Emphasis and operations goal, of at requirements to perform The contract into: support,

of of expedition joint understood peacekeep challenges. mandatory the with of to to for conscrip troops for different but new were security Defence 250,000 conduct serving 147,000 world’s the to A opera main allied terri tasks to high con new was and cat sol the re in for (of be of ------

41 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 42 POINT OF VIEW 05/2012 mand ened. tences Armed lished. of Scharping/Kujat operational control soldiers Furthermore, and of Forces system, the the during effectiveness, General Operational Special reconnaissance,

reform, operations. new Inspector Forces structures

the support Command,

Operations Response At of tactical the the and were Bundeswehr command which supply

Forces and created; Command had strategic and

Operations level existed were apart the were the protection transport, strength since from compe

estab Com the the - - - -