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The 20Th International Geological Congress, Mexico (1956)

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The 20Th International Geological Congress, Mexico (1956) 194 by Luis Felipe Mazadiego Martínez* and Octavio Puche Riart* English translation by John Stevenson** The 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico (1956) *Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] ** The University of New South Wales The 20th International Geological Congress (IGC), In an agreement signed on the 29 September, 1953, the fifty-sixth held in Mexico in 1956, took place at a crucial time as President of Mexico, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1890–1973), appointed the Organizing Committee for the XX Congress (IGC), made up of the demand for raw materials increased significantly politicians and technicians. The Committee was headed by the lawyer after the Second World War. The search for mineral and economist Gilberto Loyo (1901–1973), Secretary for the Economy. resources provided a stimulus for the development of Members of the Committee were the diplomat Luis Padilla Nervo geology and its applied branches, geophysics, (1894–1985), Foreign Secretary, José Ángel Ceniceros (1900–1979), geochemistry, etc. Also, the foundations were being laid Doctor of Laws, Secretary for Public Education between 1952 and 1958, the entrepreneur and politician Antonio Jáquez Bermúdez, for a new global geological model, plate tectonics, which General Manager of PEMEX from 1946 to 1958, and the engineer burst onto the scene in the sixties. The Congress had Nabor Carrillo Flores (1911–1967), Vice Chancellor of the National the largest attendance up to that time. Many of its Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The first secretary was sessions focused on prospecting for mineral deposits Jorge L. Cumming (1954), prospecting manager for Mexican Petroleum, while the second secretary was Eduardo J. Guzmán, already and drilling for oil and gas. mentioned (see Fig.1). Organization of the Congress Organization of the sessions The previous IGC was held in Algiers from 8–15 September, 1952, In addition to the Organizing Committee and the Executive with the academician Charles Jacob (1878–1972) as President and Committee, made up of Mexican geologists and engineers (see Fig.2) Robert Lafitte as Secretary (1911–2003) (Durand-Delga, 2007). During those who were to be responsible for each of the technical sessions the Congress the Mexican Government succeeded in having their were designated. There were sixteen sessions and twenty-eight country designated as host for the next Congress, which would be the coordinators, almost all Mexicans, and in some cases foreigners who twentieth since the first was held in Paris in 1878. Thus Mexico became had worked in the country. Five symposia were held in parallel (Gómez the host nation for the second time after providing the venue for the Caballero, 2005). Tenth Congress in 1906. Mexico’s candidacy was proposed by Eduardo Taking advantage of the Congress, various meetings were J. Guzmán, Deputy Manager for Prospecting for Mexican Petroleum organized of different Geological Committees and Associations (Fig.3). (Petróleos Mexicanos or PEMEX) and the engineer Raúl de la Peña, We should also point out the continuing great importance of French first Director of the National Institute for Research into Mineral geology, the decline of Germany and the presence of US geologists. Resources. We also need to note the poor representation from Britain. Figure 2. (a) Teodoro Flores from the Executive Committee, who Figure 1. (a) Luis Padilla; (b) Nabor Carrillo Flores. Both were had to be replaced due to his death in 1955. He was replaced by members of the Organizing Committee of the XX ICG Guillermo Salas (b). (Oil paintings from the Geological Museum). September 2009 195 SECTION SYMPOSIUM The inaugural session Volcanology of Cenozoic Symposium on oil and gas fields The Mesozoic of the Western Hemisphere Symposium on Manganese Deposits The inaugural session was held on 4 September. and its World Correlations It began with an address given by Gilberto Loyo, Petroleum Geology Symposium on the Palaeography and the explaining the importance of mining in the history Basis of the Cambrian System of Mexico. Antonio García Rojas, installations Hydrogeology of Arid and Sub-Arid Regions Symposium on the Cretaceous system and manager for PEMEX, began with the reminder that its World Correlations “Mexico, had organized the Tenth International Relations Between Tectonics and Symposium on Geochemistry, Geochemical Geological Congress fifty years before”. He Sedimentation Exploration and Isotopic Geology stressed that “the foreseeable demand for mineral Modern Ideas on the Origin of Mineral COMMISSION, MEETING OR SOCIETY Deposits (Metallic and Non-Metallic) and petroleum products throughout the World Paleontology, Taxonomy and Evolution Association of African Geological Services exceeds present needs, for which reason the Plutonic Rocks, their Origins and their Commission for the International Geological advance of geological sciences was one of the Relationship with Tectonics Map of Africa pillars supporting the progress of nations”. As the Applied Geophysics International Palaeontological Union principal objective of the XX IGC, he pointed out Micropalaeontology Society of Mining Geologists the importance of the economic aspects of geology, Petroleum and Minerology International Stratigraphy Commission whenever the discovery and exploitation of many Geochemistry, Geochemical Exploration and Subcommission for the Stratigraphic Lexicon mineral deposits had been possible, with the Isotopic Geology application of techniques unknown at the beginning Genesis of Ancient and Modern Reefs Subcommission for Stratigraphic Terminology of the twentieth century such as those of geophysics (Biotherm and Biostrome) and exploratory geochemistry. He ended his address Geology Applied to Engineering and Mining Commission for the Geological Map of the noting that “the 1956 International Geological Marine and Submarine Geology World Congress aimed to promote the advance of Miscellaneous Questions on General Geology Commission of authors’ summaries geological sciences through meetings between Figure 3. Scientific sessions, symposia and commissions held in the 20th ICG. geologists from a number of countries and bringing together those working on clearly scientific projects with those responsible for geological services and the representatives Further details of the organization and and technicians of the mining industry”. Following this, the President of Mexico, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, declared the Congress open (Fig.5). proceedings of the IGC Countries Total Members Dele- Year Host city In addition to official organizers and institutions of the UNAM, Represented Members Present gates which allowed them the use of the Faculties of Odontology, Social 1878 Paris (France) 23 310 7 Sciences and Economics as venues for the sessions, PEMEX/Mexican 1881 Bologna (Italy) 22 420 224 15 Petroleum was one of the principal sponsors of the Congress. It not 1885 Berlin (Germany) 22 445 262 13 only contributed to its funding but its senior management directly 1888 London (Great 25 830 422 37 assumed organizational responsibilities. It should be noted that at the Britain time of the Congress PEMEX was experiencing a notable increase in 1891 Washington (USA) 26 546 251 30 1894 Zurich profits as a result of its booming oil installations. According to the 20 401 273 14 Senator, Alberto Terrones Benítez (1956): “the lucidity, effectiveness (Switzerland) 1897 St. Petersburg and the success of this Geological Congress was due to the resolve of 27 1037 704 121 (Russia) Mexican Petroleum” (Cf. minutes of the plenary session of the House 1900 Paris (France) 30 1016 461 61 of Senators, in which Terrones Benítez reported on the proceedings 1903 Vienna (Austria) 31 664 393 42 of the 20th IGC). This was the Congress with the largest attendance 1906 Mexico City to date. The countries represented and attendance figures are set out 34 707 321 52 (Mexico) in the table in Fig.4. 1910 Stockholm 36 879 625 175 It can be seen that, except for the last topic, ‘Miscellaneous (Sweden) Questions in General Geology’, varied and unspecific in nature, the 1913 Toronto (Canada) 49 981 467 362 major contributions centred on aspects relating to prospecting for 1922 Brussels (Belgium) 38 518 321 123 mineral resources: sixty on ‘Genesis of Deposits’, twenty-five on 1926 Madrid (Spain) 52 1123 722 277 ‘Geology of Petroleum’, thirty-eight on ‘Mining and Engineering 1929 Pretoria (S. Africa) 50 575 298 117 Applications’, and thirty-six on ‘Applied Geophysics’, a total of 1933 Washington (USA) 54 1182 665 141 159 (27%) of studies with an orientation towards industrial 1937 Moscow (USSR) 50 2362 949 157 applications. A similar orientation can be observed in the parallel 1948 London (UK) 84 1778 1276 472 symposia, so that taken together the symposia concerned with 1952 Algiers (Algeria, 82 2910 1129 440 prospecting for minerals, oil and gas, manganese and geochemical France) exploration comprised 165 studies or 65% of the total. The papers 1956 Mexico City 105 3696 2120 607 were presented in various languages: Spanish, French, English, (Mexico) German, and Russian. Figure 4. Participation in IGCs up to the Mexican Congress (1956). Episodes Vol. 32 , no. 3 196 California Peninsula’. Intrusive and volcanic rocks, copper deposits in El Boleo and manganese in Lucifer, as well as sedimentation phenomena relating to prospecting for oil. Excursion A-8: ‘Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations in Altar-Caborca,
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