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A Comprehensive Survey on Various Biometric Systems International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 5 (2018) pp. 2276-2297 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com A Comprehensive Survey on Various Biometric Systems T.Sabhanayagam 1, Dr. V. Prasanna Venkatesan2 and Dr. K. Senthamaraikannan3 1 Research Scholar, Center for Computer and Information Technology Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. 1And Assistant Professor, School of Computing, SRMIST, Chennai 1Orcid: 0000-0002-9782-7068 2 Dr.V.Prasanna Venkatesan, Proof & Head, Dept. of Banking Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India. 3 Dr. K.Senthamaraikannan, Prof & Head, Dept. of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract Biometrics gains significant importance in this technical world and it means analysis of biological data. It is defined as the technology of analyzing individual person based on physiological, behavioural or morphological traits such as face, fingerprint, iris, retina, voice, and signature etc,. It is possible to establish one’s identity with the help of biometric techniques. Today biometric have been successfully deployed in various fields like forensic science, security, identification and authorization system. For the last three decades, lot of research work has to be carried out for the growth of biometric system based on fingerprint, voice, iris, face, etc, but recently new biometrics has been come up. To provide a comprehensive survey, this paper presents an overview to various biometric systems, their applications, limitations and the different type of biometrics recognition systems. Keywords: Biometrics, physiological, behavioural, identification, techniques. Figure 1: Categories of Biometrics INTRODUCTION The emerging technology applications use the physical characteristics to recognize the humans. Nowadays, variety of Biometric is a methodological study of measuring and applications depends on the verification or identification analyzing biological data for the purpose of authentication or purpose to confirm the individual’s identity. Traditional identification. Biometrics refers to certain physiological or passwords, PINs and ID cards have been used for personal behavioral characteristic that is uniquely associated to a identification [2][3] to secure the systems by restricting the person. In fact, biometric technology is ancient Egyptian access, but these can be easily breached. The passwords times technology. The Biometrics can be defined as the study cannot be remembered and ID can be pirated. Whereas the of measuring and analyzing the unique physical or behavioral biometrics cannot be stolen, forgotten, borrowed or forged. traits, which is used for the purpose of recognizing a person. Also biometric features can be used with additional security The word " biometric” is originated from the Greek words [4]. The biometric systems have various benefits by 'bios' (life) and ‘metric ’or ‘metrikos’ (measure) , directly comparing traditional authentication systems. Walls, huge translates into “life measurement”. Physical characteristics forts and people are used as authentication techniques for include – Face Fingerprint, DNA, Ear, Iris, Retina and Hand ensuring security and privacy. The authentication technique is geometry and they are associated with the shape or based on by Knowledge, by Possession and by Property and measurements of the human body. Behavioral characteristics its goal to protect a system against the unauthorized use. include – Signature, Voice and Gait and they are associated Authenticated users are allowed to access the information to with the behavior or dynamic measurements of an individual ensure the protection of information and it is required that the [1][2][3] . Each biometric trait has its own merits and individual being recognized should be present at the time of demerits. Depend on the application requirement, appropriate authentication [5].The conventional authentication technique biometric trait should be used for a given authentication depends on something you have and something you know application. The Figure 1 shows the categories of biometrics. whereas biometric authentication is something you are. Thus authentication process based on biometrics is the most secure system. 2276 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 5 (2018) pp. 2276-2297 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE BIOMETRICS – BRIEF HISTORY Biometrics provide better security and more suitable than The study of human metrics, called Biometrics, has a long traditional approaches of human recognition. In few history that goes back to prehistoric times. Biometrics is an applications, biometrics can supplement or replace the current ancient idea and techniques of recognizing people with their technology. The aim of this paper is to contribute a physical or behavioral characteristics have existed for comprehensive survey and difference between the existing centuries. Facial recognition is an example for one of the biometrics techniques and new biometric techniques. ancient and basic biometrics since the faces have been used to distinguish between known and unknown people from the beginning of civilization. Have a look at some of the most essential historical moments in the development of biometrics from the Table 1. Table 1: Time Line of Biometrics Time Time Description Description line line Sir William Herschel, Civil Service of India Beginning of Annual speaker recognition evaluations 1858 developed First standardized Hand images 1996 hosted by NIST. System “Bertillonage” or anthropometries developed by Alphonse Bertillon to identify individuals NSA published First commercial, generic biometric 1870 1997 based on body measurements, physical interoperability standard. descriptions and photographs. A classification system for fingerprints using CODlS (Combined DNA Index System) to digitally 1892 minutiae, developed by Sir Francis Galton to 1998 store, search and retrieve DNA forensic database, is identify individuals and it is still used today. launched by FBI. The use of fingerprints for identification 1894 published by The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead 1999 Comparative study of biometrics and machine Wilson readable travel documents is launched. A fingerprint classification system developed by Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of 1896 1999 FBI’s IAFIS major components became operational. the Bengal Police. It is used by FBI many years. Fingerprints for identification of Criminals First Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT 2000) is 1903 2000 used by New York State Prison system held Due to inadequate measurements between First research paper on vascular patterns for 1903 2000 two individuals, Bertillon System collapsed. recognition is published Palm System developed by Hungarian used Biometrics Degree program established by West 1907 2000 in criminal case Virginia University (WVU) and FBI. Fingerprint analysis department founded by At the Super Bowl in Tampa, Florida, Face 1921 2001 FBI recognition system is used. The International Organization for Standardization Ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed Iris 1936 2002 (ISO)/IEC standards committee on biometrics is Pattern for Identification purpose. established. First semi-automated Face recognition created 1960 2002 Formation of M1 Technical Committee on Biometrics. by Woodrow W. Bledsoe A paper on IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint A Swedish Professor, Gunnar Fant created 1960 2002 Identification System) and Palm print technology is First model of acoustic speech production. submitted to Identification Services Committee. FBI uses the first AFIS system developed by Formal US Government coordination of biometric 1960 2003 NIST. activities begins. 2277 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 5 (2018) pp. 2276-2297 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com A blueprint to integrate biometrics into machine Hughes published a research paper on 1963 2003 readable travel documents is adopted by the ICAO fingerprint automation. (International Civil Aviation Organization). North America Aviation begins first 1965 2003 European Biometrics Forum established Automated Signature recognition research. The United States Visitor and Immigrant Status An automated process of fingerprint 1969 2004 Indication Technology (US-VISIT) program becomes recognition is attempted by FBI with NIST operational The Department of Defense (DOD), US government Goldstein, Harmon and Lesk made Face implemented the ABIS (Automated Biometric 1970 2004 Recognition for further automation Identification System) to track and identify national security threats. For all federal employees and contractors, mandatory Dr. Joseph Perkell modelled first Behavioral government-wide personal identification card ( HSPD- 1970 2004 components of speech 12 , Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 ) issued by President Bush First state wide automated palm print databases are First commercial hand geometry systems 1974 2004 deployed in the US by Connecticut, Rhode Island and become available California First Automated Fingerprint using sensors Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) begins to 1975 and minutiae extracting technology developed 2004 develop algorithms to improve specific identified by NIST in collaboration with FBI. areas of interest in face recognition. US Patent concept for iris recognition
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