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Unravelling REDD+ Realities

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Unravelling REDD+ Realities Understanding the Dialectic Disjuncture of Human-Nonhuman Relationships in Suriname Florian Albronda Msc Thesis 1 Unravelling REDD+ Realities: Understanding the Dialectic Disjuncture of Human-Nonhuman Relationships in Suriname Wageningen University Master Thesis 2017-2018 Course Code: SDC-80433 Master Program: International Development Studies Chair Group: Sociology of Development and Change Student: Florian Albronda Student Number: 920331010040 E-mail: [email protected] Supervisor: Robert Fletcher ANNOTATION: For this research data has been gathered through participant observation and interviews with various informants from REDD+ Suriname and indigenous and tribal communities. Informants did not engage in analysing these data and/or writing this thesis, which entails that they cannot be held responsible for the content. Additionally, for the sake of privacy, all informants have been anonymised. Image on front page courtesy of REDD+ Suriname 2 3 Content Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 6 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 1 - Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ....................................................................... 12 Neoliberal conservation ................................................................................................................ 12 REDD+ and its social impacts ......................................................................................................... 15 The challenges of interaction ........................................................................................................ 18 Ontology of nature ........................................................................................................................ 22 Context - REDD+ in Suriname ........................................................................................................... 26 Research goal and questions ............................................................................................................ 29 Chapter 2 - Methodology ................................................................................................................. 30 Unravelling ontologies ................................................................................................................... 30 Field site visit to Suriname ............................................................................................................ 31 Limitations ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3 – Identifying Neoliberalisation Processes in REDD+ Suriname ...................................... 33 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 33 REDD+ in Suriname - a short overview .......................................................................................... 33 Visions for the future ..................................................................................................................... 34 REDD+ Suriname Implementation ................................................................................................. 36 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4 – Ontological disjunctures in Suriname .......................................................................... 40 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 40 REDD+ and Cartesian ontology ...................................................................................................... 40 Indigenous and Tribal ontological interpretations ........................................................................ 43 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 5 - Where performances meet ........................................................................................... 48 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 48 Constructing the middle ground ................................................................................................... 48 The meeting of performances ....................................................................................................... 51 The Future of REDD+ Suriname ..................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 6 - Conclusions and Discussion ........................................................................................... 57 References......................................................................................................................................... 63 4 5 Acknowledgements There are so many people that, through their time, help and kindness, have made this master thesis process possible for me. Of course, I thank all the people that have taken the time to sit with me, answered my questions and have offered me their insights into complicated matters. Additionally, there are some that I also would like to personally thank. First, I have to give a tremendous thank you to REDD+ Suriname for allowing me to perform my research without any hinder or demands. All organisations were eager to help and lend me their time for research, but also to show me their work and country. I especially want to thank Debora Linga as she has taken me on an extensive fieldtrip to Boven-Suriname that provided me with valuable opportunities to see how REDD+ Suriname works in the field. Second, I want to thank Richella Parker and Suellen Malone for their support and friendships during my time in Suriname. Especially Richella, through her work at Tropenbos, has made my first fieldtrip to Boven-Suriname possible in such a short time of my arrival. She has provided me with a lot of her time, care and again friendship. It is these connections in the field that make you overcome those harder moments. Third, I thank all the indigenous and tribal peoples from Suriname that have taken the time to talk with me, answer my questions and suffer my ignorance on many occasions. In special I want to thank the Saramaccan peoples, which community I have visited multiple times and in coherence with my contacts at REDD+, have gained so much from. Prior to my research, I deemed it not possible to get into contact with the interior communities of Suriname as often as I did, but thanks to their openness, hospitality, and patience, I have been able to perform my research in ways that I initially did not think were possible. Fourth, I want to thank my friends and family who have had to endure me talk, complain, and brainstorm about my research for the time I have been working on this thesis. In special I want to thank my lovely girlfriend who always has been my greatest support. Without our Skype sessions, my time in the field would have been much harder, getting me through rough patches in work and personal issues. I cannot express my thanks often and enough for your support. Lastly, I must acknowledge the tremendous support my supervisor Robert Fletcher has been. Not only has he constantly provided and pushed me to take on new academic challenges but has also facilitated me to work with the concepts I wanted to. Without his support and insights this thesis would not have been possible. I could not have wished for a better supervisor. My deepest gratitude to everyone involved, Florian 6 Abstract As impacts of climate change become more prevalent, the international communities have rolled out several attempts to mitigate them. One of these programs is the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, or REDD+. However, REDD+ been scrutinized from a myriad of angles and it has become evident that the program is instilled with neoliberal philosophies, bringing with it the accompanying social consequences. This thesis attempts to deepen the understanding of the impacts of REDD+ by adding an ontological unit of analysis, as an addition to the fragmented identities of actors involved in the programs implementation in Suriname. Based on the fieldwork done in Suriname this research reveals the complex dialectic disjunctures present in the dialogue between the indigenous and tribal communities and REDD+ officials in Suriname. It is argued that ontology plays a significant role in how individuals shape their actions and as parties involved in Suriname have vastly different ontologies, it affects the implementation of REDD+. These dialectic disjunctures expose themselves where the dialogue takes place, in the middle ground, which must be broadened in its conceptualisation to be of value for future analyses. Keywords: neoliberal conservation, ontology, REDD+, middle ground, PES, fragmented identities, Suriname 7 Introduction “[T]he truth is always something that is told, not something that is
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