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A Crosswalk of 21St Century Skills 1101 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 300, WashinGton, DC 20036 P 202.756.2971 F 866.808.6585 www.hanoverresearch.com A Crosswalk of 21st Century Skills In the following report, Hanover Research examines the framework of six different 21st century skills lists. These skills are subsequently compared with one another, to draw out the most and least common elements and themes. MARKET EVALUATION SURVEYING DATA ANALYSIS BENCHMARKING ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 Introduction Across the United States, there is a growing concern over the quality of public education. Approximately one third of all students do not graduate after four years of high school, and nearly 40 percent of high school graduates feel inadequately prepared for college or the workplace. The consensus among parties and organizations involved in education is that the American school system is failing to adequately equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to contribute to society. Results from national assessments and international comparison exams, such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), demonstrate that American high school students are struggling to achieve the skills necessary to participate in a global economy.1 Furthermore, changes to the economy, jobs, and businesses over the last several decades have reshaped workplaces and the nature of work. The increase in the number of service-sector jobs, which include “high-growth, high-wage and high- skilled occupations in new and emerging occupations,” requires students to have different skills and a greater familiarity with technology than ever before.2 According to the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, “There is growing consensus among policymakers, elected officials, business people, K-12 and postsecondary educators, philanthropists, parents, students, and the public that American high schools are not successfully preparing all students for success in the 21st century.” Implementing 21st century skills training is gaining popularity, as these skills are designed to increase achievement and prepare students for postsecondary education or the workplace. The following report examines the key components of six different frameworks for 21st century skills and seeks to determine the differences and similarities between them. This enables us to make recommendations regarding elements of 21st century skill sets that are either “must-haves” or potentially up-and-coming. The first section offers this summary of our findings, while the following section details each of the six lists examined. 1 “21st Century Knowledge and Skills in Educator Preparation.” Partnership for 21st Century Skills. 2010. p. 6-7. http://www.p21.org/documents/aacte_p21_whitepaper2010.pdf 2 Ibid. © 2011 Hanover Research – District Administration Practice 2 HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 Crosswalk and Summary of Results We identified six unique 21st century skills lists to review in this report. Most school districts or state departments of education implementing 21st century skills now rely on the Partnership for 21st Century Skills’ list or some variation of it, though there are exceptions. We also identified one up-and-coming list, the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) initiative, sponsored by Microsoft and Cisco Systems. As it is still in development, the skills supported by ATC21S may change in the future. The six 21st century skill sets reviewed in this report are: v Partnership for 21st Century Skills v Tony Wagner’s Global Achievement Gap Seven Survival Skills v enGauge v Iowa Essential Concepts and Skills – 21st Century Skills v Connecticut Department of Education’s 21st Century Skills v Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) Before embarking upon our discussion of 21st century skills, we overview the similarities and differences found across the six lists. The table on the following page contains a crosswalk of the skills found in each of the six lists we examined for this report, and highlights the most and least popular skill types. In the table below, skills are grouped by frequency of use, starting with the skills found on all six lists. © 2011 Hanover Research – District Administration Practice 3 HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 Table 1: Crosswalk of 21st Century Skills Skill Essential Essential Century Century Skills Skills Skills st ATC21S Ranking enGauge 21 Dept. of Ed of Dept. Connecticut Connecticut Concepts and and Concepts Seven Survival Survival Seven Iowa Partnership for for Partnership Collaboration and teamwork x x x x x x Creativity, imagination x x x x x x 1st Critical thinking x x x x x x Problem solving x x x x x x Flexibility and adaptability x x x x x Global and cultural awareness x x x x x 2nd Information literacy x x x x x Leadership x x x x x Civic literacy and citizenship x x x x Oral and written communication skills x x x x 3rd Social responsibility and ethics x x x x Technology literacy x x x x Initiative x x x x Curiosity and inquisitiveness x x x Financial literacy x x x 4th Health and wellness x x x Media literacy x x x Productivity x x x Accountability x x 5th Entrepreneurialism x x Information analysis x x Basic literacy x Contextual learning x Environmental literacy x 6th Interpersonal skills x Metacognition x Visualization skills x Note: Skills are ranked based on the frequency that they are found on the six skills lists examined in this report. © 2011 Hanover Research – District Administration Practice 4 HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 As is evident from the crosswalk above, there are certain core competencies that are supported in each of the 21st century skill sets. Interestingly, only four out of the 27 themes identified span across all six sources. These are: v Collaboration and teamwork v Creativity, imagination v Critical thinking v Problem solving It is easy to see how these skills could be valuable to a new high school graduate and to employers, as well as how these skills can easily interact with one another. Creativity and imagination goes hand-in-hand with critical thinking and problem solving; one might even say to separate these categories is redundant. Collaboration and teamwork is highlighted in many areas of education, not only in 21st century skills literature. The trend toward collaboration through the Internet is a strong force in today’s world—from crowdsourcing, collaborative editing, social media, and networking, the reach of collaborative possibilities is endless. Six themes are relatively unpopular among the 21st century skills lists. Only one of the six lists includes the following themes: v Basic literacy (enGauge) v Contextual learning (Connecticut) v Environmental literacy (Partnership for 21st Century Skills) v Interpersonal skills (Connecticut) v Metacognition (ATC21S) v Visualization skills (enGauge) The Seven Survival Skills and the Iowa Essential Concepts and Skills lists do not include any of these unpopular themes. Environmental literacy is a surprising exclusion, given the increasing importance and emphasis on sustainability and green business practices. Basic literacy appears outright on only one list, but it can be argued that all curriculums include this goal. It is also surprising that no other framework, aside from Connecticut’s, specifically identifies interpersonal skills as a necessary 21st century skill. However, many other commonly cited skills, like collaboration and teamwork, rely on strong interpersonal skills. Briefly, we look at the remainder of the themes identified. The following skills are present on all but one (five) of the lists: v Flexibility and adaptability v Global and cultural awareness © 2011 Hanover Research – District Administration Practice 5 HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 v Information literacy v Leadership The following skills are present on four of the lists: v Civic literacy and citizenship v Oral and written communication skills v Social responsibility and ethics v Technology literacy v Initiative The following skills are present on two or three of the lists: v Curiosity and inquisitiveness v Financial literacy v Health and wellness v Media literacy v Productivity v Accountability v Entrepreneurialism v Information analysis Up and Coming Skills Based on our review of 21st century skills, we highlight the following up and coming themes: v Global Community o Global and cultural awareness o Civic literacy and citizenship o Social responsibility and ethics v Dynamic Work Environment o Flexibility and adaptability o Initiative o Entrepreneurialism There seems to be a definite trend towards emphasizing the global community, from civic literacy and citizenship and global and cultural awareness to social responsibility. These types of skills are designed to help students participate in the global community and economy with sensitivity and respect. Another up and coming skill is the ability to demonstrate flexibility and adaptability—an outcome of living in a fast-paced, digital environment in which © 2011 Hanover Research – District Administration Practice 6 HANOVER RESEARCH AUGUST 2011 information and situations changes rapidly. These skills along with initiative, another skill present on four of the lists, aim to teach students to not only recognizes the fast pace of the digital world but also to take it upon themselves to seek out the new and innovative. Entrepreneurship also falls into this general theme. The following section
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