DOCSLIB.ORG

Low Fertility and Population Ageing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Low Fertility and Population Ageing CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CIVIL JUSTICE service of the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE Jump down to document6 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS POPULATION AND AGING The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY organization providing objective analysis and effective SUBSTANCE ABUSE solutions that address the challenges facing the public TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY and private sectors around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY Support RAND Browse RAND Books and Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Europe View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND mono- graphs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Low Fertility and Population Ageing Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options Jonathan Grant, Stijn Hoorens, Suja Sivadasan, Mirjam van het Loo, Julie DaVanzo, Lauren Hale, Shawna Gibson, William Butz Prepared for the European Commission The research described in this report was conducted by RAND Europe. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs. The report remains an intellectual property of the Commission. The RAND Corporation funded the publication of this report with money it earned or raised from donors. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2004 European Commission All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Published 2004 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 Newtonweg 1, 2333 CP Leiden, The Netherlands Grafton House, 64 Maids Causeway, Cambridge CB5 8DD, United Kingdom Uhlandstraße 14, 10623 Berlin, Germany RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ RAND Europe URL: http://www.rand.org/randeurope To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This report, which has been prepared for and funded by the Employment and Social Affairs Directorate General of the European Commission, presents the findings of a study of how policies are interacting with demographic trends to influence social cohesion and other socio- demographic outcomes. The main objectives of the study are to assess the following. • To what degree and in what way are micro-level decisions with respect to marriage and cohabitation, family formation, migration, and labour force participation influenced by social and economic developments at the macro-level? • What are the effects of the choices made by individuals and households on the size and age structure of the population? • Which policy options are available to change the population structure and to mitigate negative socio-economic consequences of a changing population? The study includes a literature review, an analysis of demographic trends and social indicators for the 15 Member States and 10 Applicant Countries, and case studies of five countries which focus on the relationship between demographic and social change on the one hand, and on policies on the other. This report should be of interest to policymakers in the European Commission, Member States and Applicant Countries, and to researchers who are interested in the relationship between demography and policy. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that serves the public interest by improving policymaking and informing public debate. Its clients are European governments, institutions, and firms with a need for rigorous, impartial, multidisciplinary analysis of the hardest problems that they face. This report has been peer-reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards, and therefore is presented as a RAND and RAND Europe product. For more information about RAND Europe or this project, please contact: Martijn van der Mandele or Jonathan Grant President Associate Programme Director RAND Europe RAND Europe Cambridge Newtonweg 1 Grafton House 2333 CP Leiden 64 Maids Causeway The Netherlands Cambridge, CB5 8DD, UK Tel: +31 71 524 5151 Tel: +44 (0) 1223 353329 Fax: +31 71 524 5191 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 358845 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] iii Contents Preface............................................................................................................................iii Figures.............................................................................................................................ix Tables ..............................................................................................................................xi Boxes ...............................................................................................................................xi Summary........................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................xix CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................. 1 The European Demographic Context – Study Goals and Methods..................................... 1 The Setting ....................................................................................................................... 1 Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................... 2 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................... 5 Method ............................................................................................................................ 5 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 6 Data Review................................................................................................................. 6 Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 6 Organisation of Report....................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................. 9 What the Literature Shows – Relationships in the Conceptual Model and the Effects of Policies ............................................................................................................... 9 Influences on Fertility and Family Formation and on International Migration .......................... 9 Influences on Fertility and Family Formation................................................................... 9 Influences on Immigration............................................................................................13 Influences of Fertility, Family Formation, and Migration on the Population Structure .............15 Influences of the Population Structure on Social Cohesion....................................................16 Political or Legal Aspects ...............................................................................................16 Economic Aspects ........................................................................................................17 Social Aspects ..............................................................................................................18 Environmental Aspects .................................................................................................18 Specific Policy Measures....................................................................................................18 Terminology................................................................................................................18 Economic Policy ..........................................................................................................20 Gender Policy..............................................................................................................21 Education Policy ..........................................................................................................22
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Population Ageing 2017 Highlights
    E c o n o m i c & S o c i a l A f a i r s A S o c i a l 2017 World asdf Population United Nations Ageing [highlights] ST/ESA/SER.A/397 Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Population Ageing 2017 Highlights asdf United Nations New York, 2017 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks devel- oped in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through techni- cal assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Com- mission on Population and Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographics and Development in the 21 Century Initiative Technical
    Demographics and Development in the 21st Century Initiative Technical Background Paper How Demographic Change Affects Development By Rachel Nugent and Barbara Seligman Abstract Demographics are of key importance to development, but this link is often ignored. Debates about population policy are stirring, with columnists and academics arguing about what lies ahead if global population challenges aren’t actively integrated into policy and planning processes. Population—the study of people using the tool of demography—is now appearing across development discourse, with policy implications that reach far beyond family planning and reproductive health. Population IS undeniably important—but how, for whom, and with what consequences is a complex story. Two things are certain: 1. Population issues in the 21st century are different from those in the last century. 2. With the development world midway through an uncertain effort to reach the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, population issues will be central to the success or failure of six of the eight goals. CGD has launched an initiative to examine the role of population in development that, through a series of lectures, will recast the current development agenda to include the broad implications of demographic change. This paper presents an overview of the impact that demographic changes will have on development over the first half of the 21st century by taking a close look at three demographic trends: fertility, mortality, and immigration; and examining how these will touch policy issues including poverty, public finance and infrastructure, and climate change. The Center for Global Development is an independent, nonprofit policy research organization that is dedicated to reducing global poverty and inequality and to making globalization work for the poor.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Research with Cambodian Refugee Women After Repatriation
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1997 Whose oppression is this? : participatory research with Cambodian refugee women after repatriation. Phyllis Robinson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Robinson, Phyllis, "Whose oppression is this? : participatory research with Cambodian refugee women after repatriation." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2303. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2303 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHOSE OPPRESSION IS THIS? PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH WITH CAMBODIAN REFUGEE WOMEN AFTER REPATRIATION A Dissertation Presented by PHYLLIS ROBINSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May 1997 School of Education Copyright 1997 by Phyllis Robinson All Rights Reserved WHOSE OPPRESSION IS THIS? PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH WITH CAMBODIAN REFUGEE WOMEN AFTER REPATRIATION A Dissertation Presented by PHYLLIS ROBINSON Approved as to style and content by: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As I reflect on the embracing sense of community and empowerment that I experienced during my time at the Center for International Education (CIE) , I wish to express deep gratitude for the professors, staff and fellow students who made it possible. In particular, I want thank my long-time advisor and the chair of my dissertation committee, Bob Miltz. Throughout these six years his grounding in tangible field experience, coupled with patient guidance and care, has made this sometimes arduous undertaking not only bearable but uplifting.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy and Action Plan for Healthy Ageing in Europe (2012–2020)
    Regional Committee for Europe Sixty-second session Malta, 10–13 September 2012 Strategy and action plan for healthy ageing in Europe, 2012–2020 Regional Committee for Europe EUR/RC62/10 Rev.1 Sixty-second session + EUR/RC62/Conf.Doc./4 Malta, 10–13 September 2012 10 September 2012 122346 Provisional agenda item 5(c) ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Strategy and action plan for healthy ageing in Europe, 2012–2020 The WHO European Region has a rapidly ageing population. The median age is already the highest in the world, and the proportion of people aged 65 and above is forecast to almost double between 2010 and 2050. The average age of the population and the proportion of people above retirement age are also projected to increase fast, even in countries with life expectancies that are well below the European average. Allowing more people to lead active and healthy lives in later age requires investing in a broad range of policies for healthy ageing, from prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) over the life-course to strengthening health systems, in order to increase older people’s access to affordable, high-quality health and social services. Investing in healthy ageing has become key for the sustainability of health and social policies in Europe. A closing window of opportunity of relative growth of the labour force along with unfavourable economic prospects in many countries in Europe have made the need to step up the implementation of policies for active ageing particularly urgent. This document contains a draft strategy and action plan for healthy ageing in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demographic Future of Europe
    STUDY Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy The Demographic Future of Europe Compilation of briefing papers for the Hearing (28 Mai 2008) (IP/A/EMPL/IC/2008-32 and 33) IP/A/EMPL/NT/2008-04 JANUARY 2004 PE 408.541 This background information was requested by the European Parliament’s Employment and Social Affairs Committee. It is published only in French, English and German. Author: INED - Institut national d'études démographiques [National Institute for Demographic Studies] Mr François Héran Director 133, Boulevard Davout F-75980 Paris Cedex 20 France Mr Hervé Le Bras 26, rue Vavin F-75006 Paris France Administrator: Christa Kammerhofer-Schlegel Directorate for Economic and Scientific Policy DG for Internal Policies European Parliament B-1047 Bruxelles E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in June 2008. Translated in July 2008. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation of this document for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. E-mail: [email protected]. IP/A/EMPL/NT/2008-04 PE 408.541 Table of Contents page The demographic future of Europe: basic principles of diagnosis for 2050, by François Héran 1 The demographic future of Europe, by Hervé Le Bras 20 Annex 1 42 Annex 2 48 Annex 3 (in french only) 50 IP/A/EMPL/NT/2008-04 PE 408.541 The demographic future of Europe: basic principles of diagnosis for 2050 By François Héran, Institut national d’études démographiques [National Institute for Demographic Studies] (Paris) To give a diagnosis on the “demographic ageing” of a population, understood as the increase in the proportion of people considered old, we will proceed in three stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Reach Out
    POPULATION REACH OUT YEAR 6 name: class: Knowledge Organiser • Population • Year 6 Vocabulary Population Challenges Birth rate The number births per 1000 people per Rapidly 1. Hard for authorities to plan when year. growing populations grow quickly Death rate The number of deaths per 1000 people population 2. Increased pressure on resources, per year. land and services (such as health and Infant The number of babies that die before education) mortality rate their first birthday, per 1000 live births 3. Increased pollution per year. Ageing 1. Increased pressure on health services Natural When there are more births than population 2. Fewer people in the population increase deaths, so the population grows. working and paying taxes Natural When there are more deaths and 3. Increased poverty amongst older decrease births, so the population shrinks. people. Life The average age that a person is Feeding the 1. in 8 people still go hungry every day expectancy expected to live to. population 2. Food is not evenly distributed. Inequality A lack of fairness or equality. 3. A lot of food is wasted. Population The people who live in a particular place. Migration The movement of people (or animals) from one place to another. Population The number of people living in one density square kilometre. Population How people are spread out. distribution Rural area An area of countryside or a village. Urban area An area of town or city. Sparsely Very few people live in the area. populated For example: rural areas such as the Scottish Highlands. Densely Many people live in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • A Farewell to Alms
    A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World Draft, 1 October 2006 Forthcoming, Princeton University Press, 2007 He is a benefactor of mankind who contracts the great rules of life into short sentences, that may be easily impressed on the memory, and so recur habitually to the mind --Samuel Johnson Gregory Clark University of California Davis, CA 95616 ([email protected]) 1. Introduction…………………………………….. 1-13 The Malthusian Trap: Economic Life to 1800 2. The Logic of the Malthusian Economy…………. 15-39 3. Material Living Standards……………………….. 40-76 4. Fertility………………………………………….. 78-99 5. Mortality………………………………………… 100-131 6. Malthus and Darwin: Survival of the Richest……. 132-152 7. Technological Advance…………………………..153-179 8. Preference Changes………………………………180-207 The Industrial Revolution 9. Modern Growth: the Wealth of Nations………… 208-227 10. The Problem of the Industrial Revolution……….. 228-256 11. The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1860…. 257-293 12 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution.. 294-330 The Great Divergence 13. The Great Divergence: World Growth since 1800.. 331-364 14. The Proximate Sources of Divergence…………... 365-394 15. Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed?.................. 395-420 16. Conclusion: Strange New World………………… 421-422 Technical Appendix……………………………... 423-427 References……………………………………….. 428-451 ii 1 Introduction The basic outline of world economic history is surprisingly simple. Indeed it can be summarized in one diagram: figure 1.1. Before 1800 income per person – the food, clothing, heat, light, housing, and furnishings available per head - varied across socie- ties and epochs. But there was no upward trend. A simple but powerful mechanism explained in this book, the Malthusian Trap, kept incomes within a range narrow by modern standards.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of Human Population Demographic Data
    Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching Proceedings of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education Vol. 32, 406–421, 2011 Behind the Numbers: An Exploration of Human Population Demographic Data Teresa C. Weglarz Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Fox Valley, 1478 Midway Rd, Menasha WI 54952 USA ([email protected]) Increasingly global population size has been a cause for alarm among scientists. Currently, global population size is 6.9 billion and estimates for 2050 range from 8-12 billion. It is estimated that the majority of population growth in the next 50 years will be in developing countries. This computer-based lab activity explores some of the social, economic, and political factors that influence population growth. Understanding the role of these factors in popula- tion growth is critical to the study of population demography. Population demographic data provides a glimpse into the population characteristics that are associated with rapid growth. The International Data Base provides popula- tion pyramids and demography data, on infant mortality rates, fertility rates, and life expectancy of populations in over 200 countries. This population demographic data provides a glimpse into the population characteristics that are associated with population growth and may provide clues on how to address population growth. Keywords: Population growth, demography, population pyramids Introduction Introduction Human demography is the study of population charac- tion data contains estimates and projections for more than teristics. The purpose of this computer investigation is to 200 countries, which includes population size, fertility, analyze the demographic relationships between different mortality and migration rates. The entire investigation can countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of TFR Declines Suggests No Relationship Between Development and Sub-Replacement Fertility Rebounds
    DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 44, ARTICLE 5, PAGES 125142 PUBLISHED 20 JANUARY 2021 https://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol44/5/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.5 Descriptive Finding A decade of TFR declines suggests no relationship between development and sub-replacement fertility rebounds Hampton Gray Gaddy © 2021 Hampton Gray Gaddy. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany (CC BY 3.0 DE), which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode. Contents 1 Introduction 126 2 Methods 129 2.1 HDI–TFR associations 129 2.2 HLI–TFR associations 131 2.3 The role of gender equality 132 3 Results and discussion 132 3.1 HDI–TFR associations 132 3.2 HLI–TFR associations 134 3.3 The role of gender equality 136 4 Conclusion 137 5 Acknowledgements 137 References 138 Demographic Research: Volume 44, Article 5 Descriptive Finding A decade of TFR declines suggests no relationship between development and sub-replacement fertility rebounds Hampton Gray Gaddy1 Abstract BACKGROUND Human development is historically associated with fertility declines. However, demographic paradigms disagree about whether that relationship should hold at very high levels of development. Using data through the late 2000s, Myrskylä, Kohler, and Billari (2009, 2011) found that very high national levels of the Human Development Index (HDI) were associated with increasing total fertility rates (TFRs), at least at high levels of gender parity. OBJECTIVE This paper seeks to update that finding and to introduce the Human Life Indicator (HLI) as a novel measure of development within this debate.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS of a DECLINING POPULATION by FRANCOIS LAFITTE Itstroduction I5-64) Will Grow Older
    THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF A DECLINING POPULATION By FRANCOIS LAFITTE Itstroduction I5-64) will grow older. Between I89I and AWELL-CONCEIVED population I937 its average age rose by 24 years, from policy cannot be elaborated unless 34-3 to 36-9 years. In the coming forty the most careful and objective assess- years Glass's projections suggest a further ment of the consequences of present popula- ageing of between 3j and 6 years. Wil this. tion trends is first attempted. If we wish to affect the productivity of the worker ad- modify the British demographic situation versely ? We do not know, but, since the' we have to know why it needs modifying, whole trend of industrial technique is away and in what direction it should be guided. from types of work involving great physical The consequences of differential fertility strength, I doubt whether any possible and mortality are the main concern of deterioration of productivity due to ageing eugenists, and less attention has been of the working population could not be made devoted to the possible effects of changes in up for by improvements in health and work- age composition and total numbers. The ing conditions. In any case, productivity present article is limited to a discussion of per operative employed in Britain rose by the latter in relation to Britain's economic 7 per cent in I924-30 and by at least 20 per future, and is written in lieu of a review of cent in I930-35, whilst in the U.S.A. physical W. B. Reddaway's The Economics of a output per man-hour in industry rose by 27 Declining Population (I939)*, the first sys- per cent in I929-35.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Fears and Who Welcomes Population Decline?
    Demographic Research a free, expedited, online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse Str. 1, D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY www.demographic-research.org DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 25, ARTICLE 13, PAGES 437-464 PUBLISHED 12 AUGUST 2011 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol25/13/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.13 Research Article Who fears and who welcomes population decline? Hendrik P. van Dalen Kène Henkens © 2011 Hendrik P. van Dalen & Kène Henkens. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Table of Contents 1 Introduction 438 2 Population decline: Stylized facts and forecasts 440 3 Population decline and theory 444 3.1 Negative consequences of decline 444 3.2 Positive consequences of decline 447 3.3 The tension between immigration and population decline 448 4 Data and method 449 5 Explaining population size preferences 451 6 Conclusion and discussion 457 7 Acknowledgements 459 References 460 Appendix: Properties of scale variables 463 Demographic Research: Volume 25, Article 13 Research Article Who fears and who welcomes population decline? Hendrik P. van Dalen1 Kène Henkens2 Abstract European countries are experiencing population decline, and the tacit assumption in most analyses is that this decline may have detrimental effects on welfare. In this paper, we use a survey conducted in the Netherlands to find out whether population decline is always met with fear.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Contribution of Migration in Ageing Populations: Japan Compared with Europe Giampaolo Lanzieri Rilis Augiati Siscilit Venis Siscilit Augiati Rilis Nim
    ISSNISSN 1681-4789 2315-0807 Exer in vulla faci blamconse euis nibh el utat dip ex elestisim el dip utat nibh euis blamconse faci Exer vulla in Statistical working papers Long-term contribution of migration in ageing populations: Japan compared with Europe Giampaolo Lanzieri Rilis augiati siscilit venis nim Rilis augiati siscilit venis 2013 edition 2013 edition 2013 Statistical working papers Long-term contribution of migration in ageing populations: Japan compared with Europe Giampaolo Lanzieri 20201313 editionedition Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 ISBN 978-92-79-32339-3 ISSN 2315-0807 doi:10.2785/29184 Cat. No: KS-TC-13-001-EN-N Theme: Population and social conditions Collection: Statistical working papers © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Abstract0B ........................................................................................................................... 40H Introduction1B ..................................................................................................................... 41H Previous9B related studies
    [Show full text]