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Plant Diversity and Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants with the Antimicrobial Investigation of Selected Plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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Plant Diversity and Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants with the Antimicrobial Investigation of Selected Plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Plant diversity and ethnobotany of medicinal plants with the antimicrobial investigation of selected plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara region, Ethiopia Gebremicael Fisaha Gebremedhin Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October 2020 i Plant diversity and ethnobotany of medicinal plants with the antimicrobial investigation of selected plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara region, Ethiopia Gebremicael Fisaha Gebremedhin A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October 2020 i ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE PROGRAMMES This is to certify that the Dissertation prepared by Gebremicael Fisaha Gebremedhin, entitled: Plant diversity and ethnobotany of medicinal plants with the antimicrobial investigation of selected plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara region, Ethiopia; and submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining Board: Name Signature Date 1. Mesfin Tadesse (Ph.D) (Examiner) _____________ _____________ 2. Mirutse Giday (Prof.) (Examiner) _____________ _____________ 3. Zemede Asfaw (Prof.) (Advisor) ______________ _____________ 4. Sebsebe Demissew (Prof.) (Advisor ) ______________ _____________ 5. Ermias Lulekal (Asso. Prof.) (Advisor) _____________ _____________ _________________________________ _________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Programme Coordinator ii ABSTRACT Plant diversity and ethnobotany of medicinal plants with the antimicrobial investigation of selected plants in Menz Gera District, Amhara region, Ethiopia Gebremicael Fisaha, Ph.D Dissertation Addis Ababa University, 2020 This dissertation is the result of a study made on the plant diversity and ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Menz Gera District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data on vegetation and the ethnobotany of medicinal plants were collected during multiple field visits made at different seasons between 2016 and 2018. Vegetation data were collected in Yegana and Gajilo forest patches using a systematic random sampling design. Seventy-two quadrats, at 50m altitudinal drop from 14 transects (7 transects for each forest patch) set at 500 m interval, measuring 20mx20m for mature trees and 10mx10m, 5mx5m and 2mx2m sub quadrats for saplings, seedlings/shrubs and herbs respectively, were laid down. Ethnobotanical information on traditional medicinal plants was gathered through semi- structured interviews involving 390 informants representing different social groups, through group discussions, field observation, guided field walks and market survey in 13 Kebeles (sub-districts) of the District. Antimicrobial activity testing was conducted on eight medicinal plant species with high informant consensus values and no record of previous such tests. A total of 284 species in 213 genera and 89 families were recorded from both ecological and ethnobotanical studies. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the families with the highest number of species (14.44% each) followed by Fabaceae (6.69%). Twenty-five (8.8%) endemic species to Ethiopia were encountered. A total of 212 plant species representing 154 genera and 72 families were identified from the natural forest patches whereas 72 species belonging to 59 genera and 17 families were collected outside of the natural forest patches through ethnobotanical inventory. Three plant communities (Juniperus procera - Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Hagenia abyssinica - Ekebergia capensis and Podocarpus falcatus - Galiniera saxifraga) were identified. Structural and regeneration status analysis of tree species revealed different population structures indicating that there are species that require urgent conservation measures. A total of 156 plant species that belong to 136 genera and 67 families were identified to have values for treating 87 humans and 16 livestock ailments in traditional medicine. Asteraceae had the highest number of traditional medicinal plants (9.62%), followed by Lamiaceae (6.41%) and Solanaceae (5.77%). The most frequently used plant parts for the preparation of remedies were leaves and roots, which accounted for 32.05% and 30.77% respectively. The oral route of administration (46%) was commonly used for both human and livestock disease treatment. Out of the traditional medicine, 21(13.5%) were found to be traded at local markets and were sold and bought for different purposes. Gastrointestinal disease category scored highest ICF (0.78) and abdominal pain; Diarrhea and Gastritis were the most reported human health problems under this disease category. Parents were the major (85%) sources of indigenous knowledge on herbal medicine in the area. A broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity of extracts was shown in the cases of Inula confertiflora (leaf), Laggera tomentosa (root) and Satureja abyssinica (leaf). Ever-increasing population, which demands more land for livelihood with the usual unsustainable collection of traditional medicinal plants from natural stands are the main threats to the plants of the study area. Plantation of indigenous trees to increase their abundance, providing alternative sources of livelihood to minimize deforestation, establishment of a research center for threatened medicinal plants and indigenous trees and further study on selected traditional medicinal plants for drug development are some of the actions required in the short time range. Key words: Antimicrobial test, ethnobotany, forest vegetation, forest patches, Indigenous knowledge, traditional medicine. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my Father Late Kes Fisaha Gebremedihin and Mother Late Aregash Teferi who paid too much sacrifice for my today’s life; and the Menz Gera District community for conserving and sharing their tremendous indigenous knowledge besides their hospitality. --- “If conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing else will go right.”… (M. S. Swaminathan, 2008) “Let’s have a Green and Clean Common Living Room (Environment)” iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for His unspeakable gift to this achievement. I would like to pass a heartfelt thanks to my supervisors Professor Zemede Asfaw, Professor Sebsebe Demissew and Dr. Ermias Lulekal, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University (AAU), for their guidance, inputs and critical comments right from the development of the proposal up to the dissertation write-up. I am very grateful to the following institutions: Addis Abba University Research and Graduate Programmes Office for the research fund; Debre Berhan University (DBU) for sponsoring my Ph.D study. The Biology Department for allowing me the microbial laboratory to conduct the in-vitro antimicrobial test; Chemistry Department for their cooperation during medicinal plant extraction; Institute of Technology-Department of Chemical Engineering of DBU for the use of the laboratory facility for crushing the dried specimens for maceration are also acknowledged. My thanks also goes to the Institute of Biotechnology and the Center for Food Science and Nutrition of AAU for their support during medicinal plant extraction and EPHI for providing me the test pathogens for the anti-microbial tests. I am also grateful to Dr. Tigist Wondimu the PI for the third AAU Thematic Research Fund with three Sub-thematic titles for involving me to work in the project and evaluating my dissertation proposal and all members of the project. Professor Zemede Asfaw the PI for the sub-thematic project entitled “Utilization of Plant Resources by Local people in Some Ethiopian Mountains (Bale Mountains, Arsi Mountains, Gugie Highlands, Mt. Abune Yosef and Mt. Guassa: an Ethnobotanical Approach” and all members of the sub-thematic project for the financial sponsorship and follow up are highly acknowledged. My special thanks go to Dr. Ermias Lulekal for his brotherly all-round advice, help and supply of a field vehicle from his project from MoIT during my data collection. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Rufford Small Grants for their financial support, which contributed a lot to my successful field and laboratory data collection. I would like to thank IDEA WILD for their research materials support. I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Bikila Warkneh Chairperson of the Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management for his kind cooperation both professional and administratively, members of the National Herbarium and the Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Department experts; namely Ato Melaku Wondafrash, W/o Shewangiziw Lemma, Ato Wege Abebe, Ato Shambel Alemu, Ato Fisseha Getachew for their expert service and W/o Yirgalem Haileslase and W/o Nunu for their cooperation in administrative service. I v have also special thanks to Dr. Tamrat Bekele for his evaluation of my dissertation proposal and letter of recommendation as per my request, Dr. Ermias Aynekulu for his recommendation letter, Dr. Mesfin Tadesse for helping me during the identification and confirmation of specimens in the family Asteraceae, Dr. Gezahagn Degefe former Dean, of Natural and Computation Science at DBU for allowing me to use the Chemistry and Biology laboratories and other
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