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Unit 2 Voluntary Associations in a Democratic Society

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Unit 2 Voluntary Associations in a Democratic Society UNIT 2 VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY Contents 2.0 Aims and Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Origins of Democracy 2.3 Democratic 'Rights' and Fundamental 'Freedoms' 2.4 Essential Tenets of Voluntary Associations 2.5 Genesis and Growth of Voluntary Associations 2.6 Consolidation of Voluntary Associations in a Democratic Society 2.7 Essential Characteristics of Voluntary Associations in a Democratic Society 2.8 Let Us Sum Up 2.9 Suggested Readings and References 2.10 Model Answers 2.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim of this unit is to acquaint you with the important aspects related to the manifestation of voluntary associations in a democratic society. We have explained that emergence and growth of voluntary organisations is intrinsically tied up with the historical rise of modem democracy. The expansion of individual 'rights' and 'freedoms', spread of democratic and humane ideals, strengthening of democratic institutions of state and consequent growth of commercial economy resulted in a vast expansion of voluntary associations. We have also explained the process related to the transformation of religious philanthropy and charities into modem forms of voluntary associations. Next, we have described the nature and characteristics of socio-political voluntarism. Furnished is also a brief depiction of some essential characteristics of modem voluntary associations. After having learnt this unit, you should be able to: describe the origins and rise of modem democracy; identify the historic landmarks pertaining to the emergence of 'individual' rights and fundamental 'freedoms' constitutive of a democratic society; locate the manifestation of the essential tenets of voluntary associations in a democratic society; understand the genesis and process of transformation of philanthropy and charities into modem forms of voluntary associations, and their subsequent expansion in democratic societies; appreciate the nature and characteristics of socio-political voluntarism; analyse the impact of welfare state and consequent consolidation of voluntary associations in a democratic society; and depict the basic characteristics of modem forms of voluntary associations in a democratic society. 2.1 INTRODUCTION The emergence and growth of voluntary associations is intrinsically tied-up with the modem concept of democracy. The idea of democracy is known since the times of Greeks. However, democratic ideals and practices prevalent in the city-states of ancient Greece were not exactly the same as those found in contemporary democratic Voluntary Associations in societies. The roots of modem democracy can be traced back in history to Renaissance a Democratic Society and Enlightenment Era in Europe. Beginning with Renaissance, the fundamental tenets of democracy emerged'and grew out of the long-drawn struggles for power between monarchy, aristocracy, commercial classes, church and general masses (at a later stage) spread over many centuries throughout Europe. Democracy as understood in its modem sense, developed mainly during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The real consolidation of liberal and representative institutions of democracy took place only during the twentieth century. Broadly stated, progressive, secular and liberal ideals and principles which lie underneath the foundations of modem democracy are : the rights of individual; equality before law; civil liberties; freedoms related to speech, association and peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equal opportunity irrespective of race, caste, sex, etc., independent and impartial judiciary; a representative form of governance by the people and so on. These basic tenets of modem democracy released unlimited potential and scope for 'individual action' in society. Individual actions shaped by one's own volitions and choices, and further anchored in the right to 'freedom of association' gave big impetus to the expression of modem forms of voluntarism in democratic societies. Infact, the most significant outcome of the rise of liberal democracy was the creation of social, economic and political conditions conducive to the immense growth of voluntary associations in society. In this Unit, we will explain to you the important aspects of the relationship between democracy and voluntary associations. In the beginning you will learn that a certain version of democratic ideals was practised even during ancient times. These ideals and principles of democracy were rediscovered after a gap of many centuries during the -Renaissance and Enli*tenment Era in Europe. Next we will acquaint you with the significance of Magna Carta, which is the single most important document in the history of democracy. After that you will learn about the nature of democratic rights and fundamental freedoms as enshrined in English Bill of Rights (1689), US Bill of Rights (1791), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) and Constitution of India (1950). These documents are the most important landmarks in the evolution of modem democracy and fumish a broad matrix of progressive, secular, liberal ideals and principles practised in democratic societies. Next you will learn about the social base of voluntary associations in a democratic society. We will explain to you that important tenets such as 'freedom of association', 'collective action', and 'social ethos of non-profit' as practised in democratic societies provided the necessary social base for the emergence and expansion of voluntary associations. In the section on Genesis and Growth of Voluntary Associations, we will fumish an analysis of the transformation of traditional philanthropy and charities into modem forms of voluntary associations. Further, we will also explain the basic aspects of socio-political voluntarism, which further contributed to their growth in democratic societies. Next, we will describe the consolidation of voluntary associations along with the rise of welfare state. The discussion on the qualitative aspects related to the emergence, growth and consolidation of voluntary sector is rooted in most representative cases of democracy. Towards the end of this unit you will find a brief depiction of some basic characteristics of voluntary associations as are manifest in a democratic society. 2.2 ORIGINS OF DEMOCRACY In this section, we will acquaint you with idea and basic aspects of democracy as practised in the city-states in ancient Greece and Roman Republics. You will also Voluntarism, State and learn that earliest known practice of democracy in the form of 'Mahajanapadas' Society existed in ancient India. Further, you will learn that Renaissance which emerged as a cultural movement galvanized Europe. Renaissance created a vast knowledge base in various fields of study. The original idea of democracy was rediscovered. More specifically, the philosophical and literary works generated progressive, secular and humane principles which gradually contributed to the emergence of modern democracy. Lastly, we will furnish a discussion on Magna Carta which is the most important legal document in the history of democracy. You will learn that Magna Carta runs like a thread in English history around which struggles for rights and privileges were fought by monarchy, aristocracy, church and the commercial classes. Later on this document became predecessor to the English Bill of Rights in 1689. 2.2.1 Ancient City-States and Republics i) Greek City-States The original idea of democracy (literally meaning 'rule by the people') is associated with the Greek city-states of Athens. An important institution of Athenian democracy was the 'Assembly' where important issues related to politics and governance were debated and decisions made by a majority rule. The right to participate in assembly was vested with only Athenian citizens. Further, citizenship rights were strictly limited to male, adult, non-slave Athenians. Women, slaves, foreigners and resident-aliens were not granted the right to participate in assembly. This way almost half of the population was deprived from participation in decision making and governance. Similarly, around 5" century B.C., a large number of other city-states practised some form of democratic governance in ancient Greece. Notwithstanding the differential rights and privileges granted to citizens, the Greeks gave to mankind the idea of politics as the vocation of citizens which stands in stark contrast to the rule of absolute monarchs or despots. The genesis of democratic ideas such as 'governance' accountable to citizens; trial by jury; civil liberties of speech, thought, writing and worship etc. lies in Greek history. The notions of liberty and independence inspired Greeks to make rich contribution in the fields of philosophy, politics, literature and science during that era. Soon, you will learn that after a gap of many centuries, these ideas were rediscovered and reinterpreted during Renaissance which provided the main impetus for the emergence of modem democracy in Europe. ii-) Ancient Roman Republic Romans became successors to Greek ideas and initial inspiration for Roman republic came from Athenian democratic principles and institutions. Ancient Romans practised democratic system which consisted of three main bodies, viz., Assembly, Consul and the. Senate. Assembly consisted of Roman citizens who further elected consuls. Senate was the most powerful legislative body which approved laws and elected magistrates. There existed no real system of check and balances between three different bodies. Working
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