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Race, Nation and the Politics of Identity in Roots Reggae Culture in Sao Luis Do Maranhao, Brazil Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-8-2019 Reggaeir@ Sou Eu: Race, Nation and the Politics of Identity in Roots Reggae Culture in Sao Luis do Maranhao, Brazil Gloria Angebelle Yawson Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Other Anthropology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Yawson, Gloria Angebelle, "Reggaeir@ Sou Eu: Race, Nation and the Politics of Identity in Roots Reggae Culture in Sao Luis do Maranhao, Brazil" (2019). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4330. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4330 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected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`)F;+a!)144$><'"J! -(7!,'1!H$01(!)144$><'"J!@0-(,17!,'1!59(7"(@!5$0!,'"<!01<1-0.'*!!Z$>1210=!-(?! $J"("$(<!1]J01<<17!"(!,'"<!7"<<10,-,"$(!-01!,'$<1!$5!,'1!-9,'$0!-(7!7$!($,!01J01<1(,! ,'1!2"1><!$5!-(?!$5!,'1!59(7"(@!-@1(."1<!$0!"(<,",9,"$(<*!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2"! ! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ! !"##$"%!&'()*'"*9($':+4()'*%#)(')&(*;+(<#"%*%:.(#!(%&+)*%*/(%)($##*.( $+=='+(:,"*,$+(%)(.>#(",%.(&#(0'$');>#4(?$'@%"( FL( =56712('DKBFB55B(/2MA6D( !567182(%DCB7D2C16D25(,D1RB7A1CL4(NOPQ( 012314(!567182( <76HBAA67(-7EAI251(<2C154(02S67(<76HBAA67( T his dissertation exami nes the performa tive sp ace of roo ts regg ae mu sic and d ance performances cape in São Luis do Maranhão, Brazil. It exam ines the ways in which C aribbean sounds are employed by Afro-M aranhese to create performative spaces that c ontest representa ti ons of blac kness in Brazil. In this examination, I a ddres s how Afro- M aranheses engage in the process of transformation by appropriating Caribbean Sounds i n the perform ative s pace s of blackness . The dissertation also exam ine s the ways in w hich these performative spaces, as spaces of struggle are objects of legal forms of s urveillance, discipline a nd punishments that are targeted by the policia militar (military police) because they critically challenge the state’s representations of blackness. ! I make two pronounced conte ntions to s upport all of my argu ments in this study. Firstly, I posit that mus ical and d ance prac tices are esse ntial to the understanding of the production of Afro-Brasilidade Space— what I have terme d a s the dial ogic performa tive s pace that repre sen ts the s er ies of repeated respon sive performa nce s that Afro- Brazilians e ngage in, in the challenge of the stat e’s simultaneous celebration of black cult ure and r outine vi olence a gainst black bodies. Borrowing Br ah’s (1996) con stru ct of dia spora 2""! ! space and Dirlik’s (1996) notion of “ancestralidad e” (ancestrality), I define Afro- Brasilidade Space a s the articulated and expressive spac e of contestation whe re r epresentations of blackness are challenged. It i s also the conceptua l spac e tha t allow s Afro-Br azilians to produce thei r v ersions of Afrod iasporic subjectivities, whic h I define a s the ways in which Afro-Br azilians, like other people of African descent in the African d iaspora engage in similar enun cia tions of contestation to combat their own exp eriences of racialized subjectivity. Additionally, I coup le Afro-Brasilidade Space w ith the term reggaeir @ bodies t o show how enun cia tions of musical pr actices inter connect w ith the d iscursive const ruction of racialize d bodies in Brazil under a ffirmative action policies. I e mploy this analytical framework to highlight the performative space of roots reggae m usic and c ulture in the c ritical pr act ice of blackness, and how the se are inscribed in and c onte st the pedagog ical dis cour se of nation and citizenship organized around racial democracy as part of the broader Afrodiasporic performance-scape. Secon dly, I argue that the study of an Afrodiasporic musical practices such as reggaeir@ismo r equires an examin ing of d ifferent form s that agency can take, particularly agency in response to state violence against the black body. I argue that the embodied pract ice s of reggaeir@ismo in the perform at ive of roots r egg ae are counter- discursive and counter- hegemonic, and this explains why these spaces are heavily policed. I fundamentally focus my arguments on the assertions that Brazilian affirmative action, as a doc umentary practice is n ot fundamentally corrective. I also argue that racial democracy as a discourse of hybridity persist to obscure very real forms of racial oppression and inequalities even with the institution of affirmation action policies. Afro- Brazil ians h ave been discursively included in the sp ac e of citizenship through the de nial of their blackness. 2"""! ! Table of Contents DZ;8#\B+! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!8;3\!CQGH\B! DEDICATION!********************************************************************************************************************************************!"2! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS!*************************************************************************************************************************!2! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION!*****************************************************************************************!2""! Introduction: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Identity!*****************************************************************!W! Structure of Dissertation:!*********************************************************************************************************************!b! Chapter 1, Literature Review, Analytics, Research Design and Methodology!************!b! II. Chapter 1, Literature Review, Analytics, Research Design and Methodology!**************!WV! Policia Militar vs.
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