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Ophioglossum Azoricum C. Presl.) Antenne régionale de Bretagne Plan de conservation de l’ophioglosse des Açores ( Ophioglossum azoricum C. Presl.) Marie GORET Décembre 2009 Antenne régionale de Bretagne 52, allée du Bot 29200 BREST – Tél. : 02 98 41 88 95 – Fax : 02 98 41 57 21 Courriel : [email protected] - Internet : http://www.cbnbrest.fr/ Plan de conservation de l’ophioglosse des Açores ( Ophioglossum azoricum C. Presl.) Décembre 2009 Analyse des données et rédaction : Marie GORET Inventaires de terrain : Marie GORET, Nicole ANNEZO et Sylvie MAGNANON Relecture et conseils techniques : Marion HARDEGEN et Sylvie MAGNANON Plan de conservation d’ Ophioglossum azoricum , Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest - 2009 Résumé Ce plan de conservation dresse un bilan des connaissances générales sur l’ophioglosse des Açores, Ophioglossum azoricum , puis fait l’état des lieux des stations bretonnes. L’identification des problématiques générales de conservation de l’espèce permet de proposer un certain nombre de mesures visant à assurer le maintien de l’ophioglosse des Açores dans ses stations. L’ophioglosse des Açores est une espèce pionnière, héliophile et thermophile. En France, elle est localisée ; on la trouve dans moins de 20 stations réparties dans plusieurs régions. Ces stations sont souvent petites et, de ce fait, vulnérables, ce qui lui a valu d’être protégée à l’échelle nationale en France. En Bretagne, elle est inscrite sur la liste des 37 plantes les plus vulnérables de la région (Annezo et al., 1997). Elle figure également sur la liste « rouge » du Massif Armoricain (Magnanon et al ., 1993) et sur la liste des espèces rares et en régression de Bretagne (Hardegen et al ., 2009). Elle n’est plus présente, actuellement, en Bretagne que dans deux stations, toutes les deux situées dans le Finistère : à Plouarzel et à Combrit. Les communes de Plouarzel et de Combrit, ainsi que les propriétaires des parcelles accueillant l’espèce ont été prévenus de la présence de l’ophioglosse des Açores. Des mesures de protection réglementaire de ces parcelles ont été engagées. Ce plan de conservation propose également des mesures de limitation de la fermeture du milieu par la végétation environnante. Les partenaires privilégiés pressentis pour la mise en œuvre du plan de conservation sont le Conservatoire du Littoral et le Syndicat mixte de la base nature et de loisirs Combrit/Ile Tudy pour la station de Combrit ; la communauté de communes du Pays d’Iroise pour la station de Plouarzel pour le volet « conservation in situ » ; le Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest pour assurer le suivi annuel des stations et apporter des conseils scientifiques et de gestion aux gestionnaires ; et enfin le réseau des botanistes bénévoles pour la recherche de nouvelles stations en Bretagne. Plan de conservation d’ Ophioglossum azoricum , Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest - 2009 Sommaire I. Présentation générale de l’espèce ........................................................................................... 5 1. Description de l’espèce.................................................................................................. 5 2. Taxonomie...................................................................................................................... 6 3. Répartition...................................................................................................................... 6 4. Vulnérabilité et menaces ................................................................................................ 9 5. Statut de protection......................................................................................................... 9 6. Biologie .......................................................................................................................... 9 7. Ecologie et sociologie de l’espèce................................................................................ 10 II. Etat des lieux de l’espèce en Bretagne. ............................................................................... 10 1. Observations anciennes en Bretagne............................................................................ 10 2. Découverte dans le Finistère ........................................................................................ 11 3. Description des stations actuelles................................................................................. 11 3.1. Localisation des sites................................................................................................. 11 3.2. Statut des sites........................................................................................................... 13 3.3. Etat des populations................................................................................................... 13 3.4. Biotopes abritant Ophioglossum azoricum ................................................................ 14 3.5. Gestion actuelle ......................................................................................................... 17 3.6. Etat des populations, atteintes et menaces observées................................................ 17 3.7. Synthèse..................................................................................................................... 17 III. Plan d’action....................................................................................................................... 18 1. Mesures visant à améliorer les connaissances sur l’espèce.......................................... 18 2. Mesures de conservation à mettre en oeuvre................................................................ 18 3. Mesures d’information, de sensibilisation et de prise en compte. Partenariats à développer pour la mise en œuvre du plan de conservation................................................. 19 IV. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 20 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................................ 22 Annexe...................................................................................................................................... 24 Annexe 1 : Courrier informant de la découverte de la station de Combrit adressé à Monsieur le Maire de Combrit, à Mr Gwenal Hervouët du Conservatoire du Littoral et à Mr Guillerm Yvon du Syndicat mixte de la base nature et loisirs Combrit/Ile Tudy...... 24 Annexe 2 : Fiches de contexte stationnel renseignées sur le terrain ................................ 29 4 Plan de conservation d’ Ophioglossum azoricum , Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest - 2009 I. Présentation générale de l’espèce 1. Description de l’espèce L’ophioglosse des Açores ( Ophioglossum azoricum C. Presl.) est une petite plante de 5 à 10 cm de hauteur , à rhizome court . Il y a généralement 2 ou 3 feuilles stériles et fertiles par pied, elles sont séparées dès le niveau du sol. Les feuilles stériles ont un limbe ovale large de 1 à 2 cm et long de 5 à 10 cm. Il est un peu plié en forme de gouttière, il est subaigu et en coin à la base . Le limbe est soit étalé sur le sol soit redressé. La feuille fertile correspond à un épi fructifère longuement pédonculé , portant généralement une dizaine de paires de sporanges par épi. Les spores sont nettement et irrégulièrement tuberculeuses et à bord crénelé (Ménier, 1897). Figure 1 : Ophioglossum azoricum , Combrit, le 26 mai 2009 (M. Goret) Des confusions sont possibles avec les deux autres espèces du même genre : Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. et Ophioglossum vulgatum L.. Ophioglossum azoricum présente, en effet, des caractères intermédiaires entre ces deux espèces. Chez Ophioglossum azoricum et Ophioglossum lusitanicum les parties stérile et fertile de chaque feuille sont séparées pratiquement dès le niveau du sol. O. lusitanicum a cependant des feuilles plus étroites (< 1cm) que O. azoricum (Prelli, 2001) et des spores lisses à bord entier (Ménier, 1897). De plus, chez O. azoricum, les feuilles ont des nervations qui forment un réseau dans les mailles duquel viennent se terminer librement de fines nervures, tandis que chez O. lusitanicum le réseau est sans terminaisons libres (Prelli, 1985). Ophioglossum vulgatum est quant à lui, généralement plus grand, mais des confusions entre les petits spécimens de O. vulgatum et O. azoricum sont possibles. En effet, chez O. vulgatum, les segments fertiles et stériles se séparent à plusieurs centimètres au-dessus du niveau du sol alors que chez O. azoricum ils se séparent presque au niveau du sol (Lambinon et al ., 2004, Prelli, 2001) (figure 2) ; de plus, chez O. azoricum les sporanges sont moins nombreux (6 à 14 par rangs) alors qu’il y en 12 à 40 Figure 2 : Schéma comparatif des trois espèces chez O. vulgatum (Des Abbayes, 1971 ; Lambinon et d' Ophioglossum (d'après Prelli, 1985) al ., 2004). 5 Plan de conservation d’ Ophioglossum azoricum , Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest - 2009 2. Taxonomie Ophioglossum azoricum appartient à la famille des Ophioglossaceae . Cette famille est représentée par 8 espèces en France séparées en 2 genres (genre Ophioglossum : 3 espèces, genre Botrychium : 5 espèces). Elle est classée dans l’embranchement des ptéridophytes , qui correspond aux fougères et aux plantes alliées. Classification : Règne : Plantae Embranchement : Pteridophyta Classe : Filicopsida Ordre : Ophioglossales Famille : Ophioglossaceae Nom valide : Son nom scientifique retenu est Ophioglossum azoricum C.
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