Allelopathic Effect of Invasive Species Giant Goldenrod (Solidago Gigantea Ait.) on Wheat and Scentless Mayweed

8th international scientific/professional conference SECTION II

Izvorni znanstveni rad / original scientific paper

Allelopathic effect of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.) on wheat and scentless mayweed

Marija Ravlić1, Renata Baličević1, Ana Peharda2

1Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, Osijek, Croatia, e-mail: [email protected] 2Student, Faculty of Agriculture, Osijek, Croatia Abstract The aim of the research was to determine allelopathic potential of invasive species giant goldenrod (Solidago giganetea Ait.) on germination and initial growth of wheat and weed species scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz). Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine effect of water extracts in petri dish bioassay and in pots with soil. Water extracts from dry aboveground biomass of S. gigantea in concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 % (10, 50 and 100 g/l) were investigated. In petri dish bioassay, germination of wheat was slightly reduced, while all extract concentration inhibited wheat growth. T. inodorum germination and seedling growth was affected with higher extract concentration. Application of extract to pots had no effect on wheat emergence and growth, with the exception of 10 % extract which reduced root length. Emergence of T. inodorum was significantly decreased with 5 and 10 % extract for 38.5 and 49.0 %, respectively. Key words: allelopathy, Solidago gigantea Ait., crops, scentless mayweed, water extracts Introduction Excessive use of herbicides in most weed management systems is a major concern since it causes serious threats to the environment, public health and increases costs of crop production. The degree of weed seed germination inhibition and growth suppression which can be attributed to crop allelopathy is highly important and can be considered as a possible alternative weed management strategy (Asghari and Tewari, 2007., Macias, 1995.). Allelopathy is defined as any direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effect of one plant, fungus or microorganism on the other through production of allelochemicals that escape into the environment (Rice, 1984.). Allelopat- hically active crops can be utilized in different ways as i.e. water extracts and soil incorporated green manure (Đikić, 2005., Dhima et al., 2009.). Likewise, certain weed species also have the potential to be used in control of other weeds (Qasem and Foy, 2001.). Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.), belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a perennial herb native to North America and introduced in Europe as an ornamental plant (Weber and Jakobs, 2005.). S. gigantea is an invasive species which prefers ruderal habitats, riversides, forests, roadsides, and it is rarely found on agricultural fields (Knežević, 2006.). Allelopathic potential of goldenrod on crops was reported previously (Sekutowski et al., 2012., Bortniak et al., 2011., Beres and Kazinczi, 2000.). Since the harmful effect of allelopathic plants must be targeted on weeds, while at the same time the crop must be unaffected or tolerant, the aim of the study was to determine allelopathic potential of giant goldenrod (S. gigantea) water extracts on wheat and its associated weed species scentless mayweed (T. inodorum).

186 BIOSUSTAINABILITY agriculture in nature and environment protection

Materials and methods Experiments were conducted in 2014 in the Laboratory of Phytopharmacy at the Faculty of Ag- riculture in Osijek. The plants of giant goldenrod (S. gigantea) were collected in late summer of 2014 at the flowering stage (Hess et al., 1997.) from ruderal habitats (edges of farm fields). The aboveground fresh biomass was oven dried, cut into small pieces and ground with electronic grinder into fine powder.Water extract was prepared according to Norsworthy (2003.) by mixing 100 grams of dry goldenrod biomass with 1000 ml of distilled water. The mixture was kept for 24 h at room temperature and filtered through muslin cloth and filter paper. The obtained extract was diluted with distilled water to give final concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 % (10, 50 and 100 g/l). Winter wheat (cv. Lucija) was acquired from Agricultural Institute Osijek, while weed seeds of scentless mayweed were collected during 2014 from agricultural fields in Osijek-Baranja County. All seeds were surface-sterilized for 20 min with 1 % NaOCl then rinsed with distilled water (Sid- diqui et al., 2009.). Two sets of experiments were conducted: 1) petri dish bioassay with filter paper and 2) pot cul- ture with soil. In the experiments with petri dishes the effect of three concentrations of extract (1, 5 and 10 %) was evaluated. Twenty five seeds of wheat or thirty seeds of scentless mayweed were placed in sterilized Petri dishes (9 cm in diameter) on top of filter paper. In each Petri dish an equal amount of certain extract was added (5 ml for wheat and 2 ml for weed), while distilled water was used in control. Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (22 °C ± 2) for 8 days. In the experiments with pots the effect of two concentrations of extract (5 and 10 %) was evaluated. Twenty five seeds of wheat or thirty weed seeds were sown in pots filled with commercial substrate. Each pot was treated with 75 ml of extract per 100 g of soil, while distilled water was used in control. Thereafter, all treatments were equally watered. Wheat was grown for 10, while scentless mayweed for 14 days under the same conditions. All treatments had four replications and all experiments were conducted twice. Allelopathic effect was evaluated at the end of experiments through number, length of root and shoot (cm) and fresh weight (g/mg) of seedlings. Germination percentage was calculated using the formula: G = (Germinated seed/Total seed) x 100. All emerged seedlings were counted and percentage of emergence was calculated as E= (Emerged seed/Total seed) x 100. The collected data were analysed statistically with ANOVA and differences between treatment means were compared using the LSD-test at probability level of 0.05. Results and discussion S. gigantea water extracts showed allelopathic effect on germination and growth of wheat in petri dish bioassay (Table 1.). Table 1. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on wheat in petri dishes

S. gigantea biomass in Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) water, g/l 0 99.0 a 14.7 a 8.2 a 0.14 a

10 97.0 ab 8.3 b 7.2 b 0.10 b

50 96.5 ab 3.5 c 4.4 c 0.06 c

100 93.5 b 2.3 d 2.8 d 0.04 d Means followed by the same letter within the column are not significantly different at P<0.05.

187 8th international scientific/professional conference SECTION II

Only the highest concentration of extract significantly reduced germination for 5.5 %. With the increase of extract concentration, root and shoot length and fresh weight of seedlings significantly decreased compared to the control up to 84.4, 65.9 and 71.4 %, respectively. Table 2. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on T. inodorum in petri dishes

S. gigantea biomass in Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) water, g/l

0 39.2 a 0.74 a 1.09 a 1.35 a

10 33.8 a 0.82 a 1.06 ab 1.25 a

50 37.1 a 0.41 b 0.96 b 1.29 a

100 20.4 b 0.07 c 0.54 c 0.12 b Means followed by the same letter within the column (lower case letters) or in rows (capital letters) are not significantly different at P<0.05. Higher concentrations of S. gigantea extract showed allelopathic effect on germination and growth of T. inodorum in petri dish bioassay (Table 2.). Germination and fresh weight were significantly inhibited only with 10 % extract for 47.9 and 91.1 %, respectively. Root and shoot length reduction was up to 90.5 and 50.5 %. The results of pot experiments revealed that extracts had no significant effect on emergence and fresh weight of wheat seedlings (Table 3.). Root length was decreased with higher concentration (for 13.1 %), while lower concentration stimulated shoot length. Table 3. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on wheat in pots with soil

S. gigantea biomass in Seedling emergence Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (g) water, g/l (%)

0 98.0 a 12.2 a 18.5 b 0.24 a

50 98.0 a 10.9 ab 19.7 a 0.24 a

100 98.0 a 10.6 b 18.6 b 0.23 a Means followed by the same letter within the column (lower case letters) or in rows (capital letters) are not significantly different at P<0.05. Except for seedlings emergence, extracts had no effect on T. inodorum seedling growth (Table 4.). Both concentrations inhibited germination for 38.5 and 49.0 %, respectively. Table 4. Effect of S. gigantea water extracts on T. inodorum in pots with soil

S. gigantea biomass in Seedling emergence Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) water, g/l (%)

0 35.1 a 0.73 a 1.02 a 1.02 a

50 21.6 b 0.63 a 0.83 a 0.83 a

100 17.9 b 0.86 a 0.97 a 0.97 a Means followed by the same letter within the column (lower case letters) or in rows (capital letters) are not significantly different at P<0.05.

188 BIOSUSTAINABILITY agriculture in nature and environment protection

The results of the experiment showed that S. gigantea extract possess allelopathic potential to inhibit germination and growth of other plants. According to Sekutowski et al. (2012.) goldenrod fresh biomass extracts reduced germination and root length of buckwheat, while stimulated root growth of sunflower. Similarly, Bortniak et al. (2011.) showed negative effect of golden extract on wheat and triticale root length, while oilseed rape, rye and barley were not affected. Differences among species sensitivity to applied extracts and its concentration were recorded both in petri dish bioassay and in pot experiments. These findings are in agreement with results of others (Marinov-Serafimov, 2010., Mubeen et al., 2012.). Extracts of S. gigantea showed higher allelopathic effect on both wheat growth and germination and growth of T. inodorum in experiments with petri dishes. This could be due to direct contact of seed with extract on filter paper or because of diffusion of allelochemicals in soil (Ravlić et al., 2014.).

Conclusions Although extracts showed no negative effect on wheat and reduced emergence ofT. inodorum in experiments with pots, further research on different doses, application time, as well as fin- ding tolerant crops and susceptible weeds are in order to determine possibility of application of S. gigantea extract as potential bioherbicide.

Literature 1. Asghari, J., Tewari, J. P. (2007): Allelopathic Potentials of Eight Barley Cultivars on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Setaria viridis (L.) p. Beauv. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9, 165-176. 2. Beres, I., Kazinczi, G. (2000): Allelopathic effects of shoot extracts and residues of weeds on field crops. Allelopathy Journal, 7 (1), 93-98. 3. Bortniak, M., Jezierska-Domaradzka, A., Domaradzki, K., Trajdos, J. (2011): Evaluation of Solidago gigantea Aiton allelopathic influence on seed germination of winter oilseed rape and winter cereals. 3rd International Symposium on Weeds and Invasive Plants, Ascona, Switzerland. 4. Dhima, K. V., Vasilakoglou, I. B., Gatsis, Th. D., Panou-Pholotheou, E., Eleftherohorinos, I. G. (2009): Ef- fects of aromatic plants incorporated as green manure on weed and maize development. Field Crops Research, 110, 235-241. 5. Đikić, M. (2005): Allelopathic effect of aromatic and medicinal plants on the seed germination of Ga- linsoga parviflora, Echinochloa crus-galli and Galium molugo. Herbologia, 6 (3), 51-57. 6. Hess, M., Barralis, G., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, H., Eggers, T., Hack, H., Stauss, R. (1997): Use of the ex- tended BBCH scale – general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous species. Weed Research, 37, 433-441. 7. Knežević, M. (2006): Atlas korovne, ruderalne i travnjačke flore. Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Osijek. 8. Macias, F. A. (1995): Allelopathy in the Search for Natural Herbicide Models. pp. 310-329, In: Allelopa- thy: Organisms, Processes, and Applications, (eds.) Inderjit, K. Dakshini, M. M., Einhellig, F. A., ACS Symposium Series 582. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 9. Marinov-Serafimov, P. (2010): Determination of Allelopathic Effect of Some Invasive Weed Species on Germination and Initial Development of Grain Legume Crops. Pesticides and Phytomedicine, 25(3), 251-259. 10. Mubeen, K., Nadeem, M. A., Tanveer, A., Zahir, Z. A. (2012): Allelopathic effects of sorghum and sunflower water extracts on germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and three weed species. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22, 738-746.

189 8th international scientific/professional conference SECTION II

11. Norsworthy, J. K. (2003): Allelopathic Potential of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Tech- nology, 17, 307-313. 12. Qasem, J. R., Foy, C. L. (2001): Weed allelopathy, its ecological impact and future prospects. Journal of Crop Production, 4 (2), 43-119. 13. Ravlić M., Baličević R., Lucić I. (2014): Allelopathic effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) coger- mination, water extracts and residues on hoary cress (Lepidium draba (L.) Desv.). Poljoprivreda, 20 (1), 22-26. 14. Rice, E. L. (1984): Allelopathy. 2nd edition. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. 15. Sekutowski, T. R., Bortniak, M., Domaradzki, K. (2012): Assesment of allelopathic potential of invasive plants – goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) on buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum) and sunflower (Helian- thus annuus). Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering, 57(4), 86-91. 16. Siddiqui, S., Bhardwaj, S., Khan, S. S., Meghvanshi, M. K. (2009): Allelopathic Effect of Different Con- centration of Water Extract of Prosopsis Juliflora Leaf on Seed Germination and Radicle Length of Wheat (Triticum aestivum Var-Lok-1). American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 4 (2), 81-84. 17. Weber, E. Jakobs, G. (2005): Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton. Flora, 200, 109-118.

Alelopatski utjecaj invazivne vrste velike zlatnice (Solidago gigantea Ait.) na pšenicu i bezmirisnu kamilicu

Sažetak Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati alelopatski utjecaj invazivne vrste velike zlatnice (Solidago gigantea Ait.) na klijavost i početni rast pšenice i korovne vrste bezmirisne kamilice (Tripleurosper- mum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz). Pokusi su provedeni u laboratorijskim uvjetima kako bi se is- pitao utjecaj vodenih ekstrakata u petrijevim zdjelicama i posudama s tlom. Ispitivani su vodeni ekstrakti od suhe nadzemne mase zlatnice u koncentracijama od 1, 5 i 10 % (10, 50 i 100 g/l). U pokusima u petrijevim zdjelicama, klijavost pšenice bila je neznatno smanjena, dok su ekstrakti svih koncentracija inhibirali rast pšenice. Na klijavost i rast T. inodorum imao je utjecaja ekstrakt u višoj koncentraciji. Primjena ekstrakata u posude s tlom nije imala utjecaja na nicanje i rast pšenice, s iznimkom ekstrakta u koncentraciji od 10 % koji je smanjio duljinu korijena. Nicanje T. inodorum značajno je smanjeno za 38,5 i 49,0 % pri primjeni ekstrakata koncentracije 5 i 10 %. Ključne riječi: alelopatija, S. gigantea Ait., usjevi, bezmirisna kamilica, vodeni ekstrakti

190