Ipswich, Suffolk TM25 1 Description of I :25 000 Resource Sheet TM 14 TM04 E Hadleigh
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Mineral Assessment Report 55 Natural Environment Research Council
I]The sandand gravel Stowmarket I Y resources of the country TM15
3Coddenham Ufford around Ipswich, Suffolk TM25 1 Description of I :25 000 resource sheet TM 14 TM04 e Hadleigh
0Crown copyright 1981 ISBN 0 11884116 5* London Her Majesty'sStationery Office 198 I PREFACE The first twelve reports on the assessmentof British National resourcesof many industrial mineralsmay sand and gravel resources appearedin the Report series seem so large that stocktaking appears unnecessary, but of the Instituteof Geological Sciencesas a subseries. the demand for minerals and for landall purposes for is Report 13 and subsequent reports appearas Mineral intensifying andit has become increasingly clearin Assessment Reportsof the Institute. recent years that regional assessmentsof the resources of these minerals should be undertaken. The publication Details of published reports appear at the ofend this of information about the quantity and qualityof deposits Report. over large areasis intended to provide a comprehensive Any enquiries concerning this reportmay be addressed factual background againstwhich planning decisions can to Head, Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit, Institutebe made. of Geological Sciences, Keyworth, Nottingham Sand and gravel, considered togetheras naturally NG12 5GG. occurring aggregate,was selected as the bulk mineral demanding the most urgent attention, initiallyin the south-east of England, where abouthalf the national output is won and very few sourcesof alternative aggregates are available.Following a short feasibility project, initiated in1966 by the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, the Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit (formerly the Mineral Assessment Unit) began systematic surveys in1968. The workis now being financed by the Departmentof the Environment andis being undertaken with the cooperationof the Sand and Gravel Associationof Great Britain. This report describes the resourcesof sand andgravel of 100 km2of country aroundIpswich, Suffolk, shownon the accompanying1:25 O00 resource map. Thesurvey was conductedby Dr R. Allender,Mr S. E. Hollyer, Mr S. J. Booth and MrS. Machin in 1969-71. Mr M. R. Clarke, Mr M.P. Hawkins, MrJ. W. Merritt and MrE. J. Raynor have helpedwith the preparationof this report. The workis based on a1:63 360 scale geological survey published in1881-1883, and reprinted (with minor corrections) in1927 as the New Series one-inch Sheet 207. Mr J. W. Gardner, CBE (Land Agent),was responsible for negotiatingaccess to land for drilling. The ready cooperationof landowners and tenantsis gratefully acknowledged. G. M. Brown Director Institute of Geological Sciences Exhibition Road London SW7 2DE December 1979 ii CONTENTS MAP The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around summary 1 Ipswich, Suffolk in pocket Introduction 1 Descriptionof the district 2 TABLES General 2 1 Geological classification of deposits 3 Topography 2 2 The mean gradingof upper and lower partsof the Geology 2 RedCrag 8 Composition of the sand and gravel 7 3 The sand and gravel resourcesof sheet TM 14 10 Themap 8 4 Classification of gravel, sand and fines 17 Results 10 Notes on resource blocks 10 Appendix A: Field and laboratory procedures I4 Appendix B: Statistical procedure 14 Appendix C: Classification and descriptionof sand andgravel 1 5 Appendix D: Explanation of the borehole records 18 Appendix E: List of boreholes usedin the assessmentof resources 20 Appendix F: Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit borehole records 21 Appendix G:List of workings 72 Appendix H: Conversion table-metres to feet 73 References 74 FIGURES Location of the survey area and its relation to the adjacent survey areas(TM 13,23 and24) for which reports have been published 2 Generalised sub-drift (solid)geology 4 The thicknessesof the Red Crag provedin 24 assessmentboreholes 5 The main areasof mineral and their relationship to the resource block boundaries 6 North to south longitudinal sectionof the northern part of the Gipping Valley 7 Mean particle-size distributions for the mineralin resource blocks A to E 9 Comparison of the particle-size distributionsof the mineral deposits in blocks A to E 1 1 Example of resource block assessment: calculation andresults 15 Example of resource block assessment: mapof fictitious block 15 10 Diagram to show the descriptive categories usedin the classification of sand and gravel 17 ... 111 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Ipswich, Suffolk Description of 1:25 000 resource sheet TM 14 R.ALLENDER and S. E. HOLLYER SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The assessment of the sand and gravel resourcesin the The survey is concerned with the estimationof resources, Ipswich areais based upon thegeological maps of the which include deposits that are not currently exploitable Institute of Geological Sciences, pre-existing borehole but have a foreseeable use, rather than reserves,which information and68 boreholes drilled for the Industrial canonly be assessedin the light of current, locally Minerals Assessment Unit. prevailing, economic considerations. Clearly, both the All deposits in the area that might be potentially economic and the social factors used to decide whether a workable for sand andgravel have been investigated and deposit may be workable in the future cannot be pre- a simple statistical method has beenused to estimate dicted; they are likely to change with time. Deposits their volume. The reliabilityof the volume estimatesis not currently economically workablemay be exploited given at the symmetrical95 per cent probability level. asdemand increases, as highergrade or alternative The 1:25 000 map is divided into five resource blocks materialsbecome scarce, or as improved processing containing between 6.6 and 12.1 km2of potentially techniques areapplied to them. The improvedknowledge workable sand and gravel. For eachblock the geology of of the mainphysical propertiesof the resource and their the depositsis described and the mineral-bearing area, variability which this survey seeks to provide, will add the mean thicknessof overburden and mineral and the significantly to the factual background against which mean gradingsarG stated. Detailed borehole data are planning policies canbe decided (Archer, 1969; Thurrell, also given. The geology, the positionof the boreholes 1971; Harris and others,1974). and the outlinesof the resourceblocks are shown on the The survey provides information at the ‘indicated’ accompanying mapTM 14. level “for which tonnage and grade are computed partly from specific measurements, samples or production data and partly from projection for a reasonable distance on geological evidence. The sites available for inspection, measurement, and sampling are toowidely or otherwise inappropriately spaced to permit the mineralbodies to be outlined completely or the grade established through- out” (Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey, 1948, p. 15). It follows that the whereaboutsof reserves must still be established and their size and quality proved by the customary detailedexploration andevaluation undertaken by the industry. However, the information providedby this survey should assist in the selection of thebest targets for such further work. The following arbitrary physical criteria have been adopted: a The deposit should average at least1 m in thickness. b The ratio of overburden to sand and gravel should be no more than3: 1. c The proportion of fines (particles passing the No. 240 mesh BS sieve, about &mm) should not Note exceed 40 per cent. All National Grid referencesin this reportlie withinthe d The deposit should lie within 25 m of the surface, 1:25OOO sheet TM 14. this being taken as thelikely maximum working depth under most circumstances.follows It from the second criterion that boreholes are drilled no Bibliographical reference deeper than18 m if no sand andgravel has been ALLENDER, R. and HOLLYER,S. E. 1981. The sand proved. and gravel resourcesof the country aroundIpswich, A deposit of sand and gravel which broadly meets Suffolk. Miner. Assess. Rep. Inst. Geol. Sci., No. 55. these criteriais regarded as ‘potentially workable’ andis described andassessed as ‘mineral’ in thisreport. As the Authors assessment is atthe indicated level, parts of such a R. Allender, BSc, PhD, formerly at deposit may notsatisfy allthe criteria. Institute of Geological Sciences, London For the particular needs of assessing sand and gravel S. E. Hollyer, BSc, Instituteof Geological Sciences, resources, a grain-size classification based on the geo- 27 Gorst Road, LondonNWlO metric scalehmm, imm, lmm, 4mm, 16mmhas been. 1 Figure 1 Location of the survey area and its relation to the adjacentsurvey areas (TM 13,23 and 24) for which reports have been published adopted. The boundaries between fines (that is,clay the TOPOGRAPHY and silt fractions) and sand, and between sand gravel and The main feature of the area is the valley of the River grade material, areplaced at mm and 4 mm respectively Gipping, whichflows southwards from Claydon through (see AppendixC) . Bramford and Sproughton, before meandering south- Thevolume and other characteristics are assessed eastwards through Ipswich. To the south of Ipswich within resource blocks, eachof which, ideally, contains docks, this river is called the River Orwell and flows approximately 10 km2 of sand and gravel.No account is south-eastwards in a broad tidal estuary (Figure 1). The taken of any factors, for example, roads, villages and principal tributary is Belstead Brook, which joins the high agricultural or landscape value,which might stand Orwell from the west at Bourne Bridge [162 4191. A in theway of sand and gravel being exploited, although smaller streamflowing south-east from Little Blakenham towns are excluded. The estimated total volume there- joins the Gipping near Bramford [122 4751 and, in the fore bears no simple relationship to the amount that north-eastem corner of the area, the River Fynnflows could be extracted in practice. southwards through TuddenhamSt Martin. The plateaux between the valleys generallylie at heightsof 45 to 53 m It must be emphasised thethat assessment applies to the above Ordnance Datum; but in the extreme north-west, resource block as a whole. Valid conclusions cannot beat Little Blakenham, thehighest ground in the arearises drawn aboutthe mineral in parts of a block, exceptin to over+ 60 m Ordnance Datum. the immediate vicinityof the actual sample points. GEOLOGY DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The geological classification of the deposits is given in THE Table 1, andbrief a description of each is given below.A GENERAL more detailed account of the nature and occurrence of This report outlines assessmentan of the sand and gravel these stratais given in the Geological Survey Memoir for resources of both the Drift and theSolid formations of the Ipswich area (Boswell,1927). It should be noted that 100 km2 of ground around Ipswich, Suffolk (Figure 1). the geologicallines on the accompanying map were No assessment had been made of the deposits that lie reproduced from geological surveys published at the1 within the urban areaof Ipswich (30.1 km2) nor within inch to1 mile (1:63360) scalein 1881-83. Although this the estuaryof the RiverOrwell (2.2 km2). The remaining does not significantlyaffect the assessmentof resources 67.7km2 of the sheet area is divided into five resource in this report, the boreholes have shown that in places blocks (A to E), which contain a total of 47.6km2 of the original geological lines do not always accurately mineral. delineate the superficial deposits. 2 Table 1 Geological classification of deposits over about half of the sheet area, where it is over 1Om thick. When provedin boreholes ittypically consistedof DRIFT olive to bluish grey clay, usually weathered to brown Pleistocene Alluvium silty clay near the surface. Deeply weathered orange and and Recent Brickearth brown siltyclay (often with crystalsof selenite) is usually River Terrace Deposits Boulder Clay seenat outcrop. Cementstones (nodular calcareous Glacial Sand and Gravel mudstone) are present in parts of the sequence and Channel-fill deposits locally a thin pebble bedis developed at the base. The surface of theLondon Clay is gently undulating, SOLID and decreases in height towards the south and east, from Pleistocene ChillesfordBeds (of Chillesford)* +30.8m Ordnance Datumin borehole SW 16 to +15.5m Red Crag Ordnance Datum in borehole SE82. Where directly Eocene LondonClay PalaeoceneLower London Tertiaries overlain by glacial deposits, the LondonClay surface is Reading Beds more irregularin shape andshows no consistent direction Thanet Beds* of slope; this probablyis the result of local channelling CretaceousUpper Chalk by glacial action. * Proved in boreholes only Red Crag The Red Crag consists of reddish brown and yellow SO LID iron-stained medium sand;it is commonly shelly, and has Upper Chalk scattered pebbles throughout butwith a concentration This is the oldest formation that crops out resourceon the of pebbles (including abundant phosphatic nodules) at sheetand comprises soft whitelimestone with flint the base of the deposit. Itwas proved in 24 assessment nodules. It forms the bedrock under the Drift depositsboreholes, in where the thickness ranged from 2.7m in the north-west quadrantof the area, andis also proved NE 18 to 13.4m in SW24, butwith a mean thicknessof beneath the Channel-fill Deposits and mostof the River 7.4m. The deposits proved divisible are (in allboreholes Terrace Deposits associatedwith the GippingValley. It except SW 17) into upper (non-shelly) and lower (shelly) is estimated as 70-80m thick in this district although parts. not more than 2.5m was proved by IMAU boreholes. The upper part of the Red Crag rangedin thickness Commonly, where overlain by Drift the weathered top from 0.9m in boreholes NE18, SW22 and SW26 to of the Chalk comprises a very soft greyish white clay, 8.7m in SE81, with a mean of 3.6m. The lower, shelly often referred to as ‘putty chalk’; the thicknessof this Crag ranged from 1.5 min borehole NE 36 to 8.1m in weathered zoneis variable. SE 82 with a meanof 3.8m. These divisions of the Red The surfaceof the Upper Chalkis irregular and pene- Crag may represent two distinct phasesof deposition as trated by numerous solutionhollows or ‘pipes’ filledwith the non-shelly division may not simply be decalcified a variety of deposits, the most common being material shelly Crag (see Allender and Hollyer, 1972, 1973 and derived from the Bullhead Bed (see below). Hollyer ,1974). Lower London Tertiaries Chillesford Beds These are represented within the area by the Thanet Pale grey and green, micaceous, fine and mediumsands Beds andby the overlying Reading Beds. Their outcrop and interbedded laminated clays with quartzite gravel forms a narrow strip of country between the Upper were proved in seven assessment boreholes and are Chalk, which theyoverlie, and the London Clay, beneath classified as the Chillesford Beds of Chillesford. They which they pass to the south-east (see Figure 2). They have not so far been recognised at the surface in the total about 12 thickm in this district; the Thanet Beds are resource sheet area. only about 4m thick, and have therefore been grouped The recordedthickness of these beds ranges from 1.9 to with the Reading Beds on the accompanying map. 5.5 m in assessment boreholes, where they were shownto overlie Red Crag (and LondonClay in borehole NW 19) Thanet Beds: These beds rest unconformably on the and to be overlain themselvesby glacial deposits. At a Upper Chalk. The basal Bullhead consistsBed of green- pit at Tuddenham St Martin [192 4921 the sands have coated nodular flint pebbles, setgreyish in a green sandy been worked as a sourceof moulding sand. matrix. Above is a series of green and red glauconitic sands with interbedded silts and clays,which were proved by boreholeNW 39. DRIFT Reading Beds:These consist of alternations of blue, red, Channel-fill Deposits brown and palegrey clay with yellowand green sand, and A deep Drift-filled channel, hidden by the superficial were proved beneath Drift depositsin four assessment deposits, occurs approximately beneath the present-day boreholes: NW21, NW26, NE20 andin borehole NE 16, course of the Gipping River. The channel, which was where 5.4m+of Reading Beds were encountered bene- encountered only in borehole SE78, has a maximum ath 10.6m of London Clay. proved depth of 56.7m (in Hydrogeological Unit bore- hole record207/194b) and is characteristically filledwith London Clay grey silts and thin pebble beds.No assessment of these The LondonClay forms the bedrock to the Driftdeposits deposits has been attempted. 3 250 *45 IPSWICH URBAN AREA (not assessed) c *An7v 610 615 620 Geologicalboundary PLEISTOCENE --- brokenlines denote LondonClav and 1 EOCENE & uncertainty LowerLondon Tertiaries] PALEOCENE ‘24- Conjecturalcontours on UpperChalk ClayCRETACEOUSLondon surface beneath Red Crag Values in metresabove O.D. 0 1 2 kilometres I Figure 2 Generalised sub-drift (solid)geology 4 50 245 IPSWICH URBANAREA (not assessed) ----- Maximumextent of mainbody of Red Crag sw 33 Areain which boreholes didnot 0 BoreholeNo. reachbase of glacialdeposits Note:Thelimit of the Red Crag as shown is Red Crag onlycontinuousoutcropmain of the and subcrop.Small patchesmay occur beyondthese Iimits,e.g.NE 18 0 1 2 kilometres Figure 3 The thicknesses of the Red Crag provedin 24 assessment boreholes 5 *50 245 IPSWICH URBAN AREA (not assessed) 240 610 615 620 Resource blockboundary (Blocks A to E) 0 1 2 km -----_ Outline of main areas of mineral (Stippled) ,''V''V''J~V' Inferredboundary of mineral Figure 4 The main areas of mineral and their relationshipto the resource block boundaries 6 N KEY S NW 34 Borehole number +20 1 Glacial Sand and Gravel flankthe present-day flood-plain alluvium, forming The Glacial Sand and Gravelis a medium to fine sand almost flat ground but elevated a few metres above the with some gravel (see p.8) is and pale yellow,to brown in flood-plain; towards theback of the terraces the deposit colour, although locally it may be dark reddish brown, rises gently up thevalley sides. especially where it incorporates reworked Red Crag. It The ten assessment boreholesproving these deposits was proved in40 assessment boreholes rangingin thick- to the north of Ipswich show that the sand and gravel ness from 0.6m in NW19 to 21.3m+ in NE32. The occurs attwo distinct levels as shownin Figure 5. mean thickness based on assessment boreholes, and including six boreholes inwhich the baseof the deposit Brickearth was not reached,is 8.8m. In three boreholes (NE22,30 Orange-brown pebbly sandy clays with silts and fine and SW21) the Glacial Sand and Gravel is divided by sands (as provedin borehole SW 24) type the Brickearth thick seams (2.1 m, 1.1 m and 1.2 m respectively)of clay. deposits mapped within the sheet area. However, some Although mapped asbeing exposed overmuch of the localvariation in lithology is seen,for example, at sheet area, only seven IMAU boreholes proved GlacialWesterfield, where borehole NE27 proved 4.3m of Sand and Gravel at the surface. At most other sites the Brickearth, comprisingsoft to firm silty clay. It ranged in deposit is overlain by Boulder Clay. colour from pale bluishgrey near the top, throughgrey to black at the base. Boulder Clay Unweathered Boulder Clay is recognised as firm bluish Alluvium grey clay containing pebbles mainlyof chalk, flint,vein- The floodplainof the River Gipping contains the major quartz and quartzite but with some pebbles of Jurassic spreads of Alluvium with only narrow and thin patches limestone and exotic igneous and metamorphic rocks. Inoccurring in the minorvalleys. The deposits aremainly someboreholes, particularly in thesouth-west, the non-mineral,comprising pebbly clays and siltswith Boulder Claywas shown to be mainly brown, sandy clay,occasional thin pebbly and sandy beds. Site investigation for example in boreholesSW 16, and SW21. Generally boreholes drilled for the Needham Market by-pass,west the Boulder Clay overlies the Glacial Sand and Gravel, of Claydon, proved up to5.6 m of peaty clay and clayey but in places (for example borehole NW22) was it also peat overlying the River Terrace Deposits. proved underneath. Locally the BoulderClay rests upon bedrockas proved in boreholes 17 and NE20, north-westof Westerfield, NE COMPOSITION OF THE SAND AND GRAVEL and in borehole SW 15 towest the of Sproughton, where There are four potentially workable sourcesof sand and the geologicalmap showing Boulder Clay overlying gravel within the sheet area: London Clay [lo54351 was confirmed. Inthe Gipping Valley, Boulder Clay of similar River Terrace Deposits lithology to that on higher ground,was found beneath Glacial Sand and Gravel River Terrace Deposits,overlying Upper Chalk. Chillesford Beds Red Crag River Terrace Deposits Sand and gravel classified as River Terrace Depositsis River Terrace Deposits found principally in the Gipping Valley, but smaller The River Terrace Deposits (including those deposits patches are associatedwith Belstead Brook (south-west beneath the Alluvium) have a mean gradingof fines 6 of Ipswich) and also with the River Fynn (near Tudden- per cent, sand 48 per cent and gravel 46 per cent. The ham St Martin). gravel content ranges from74 per centin borehole NW42 The terraces in the Gipping Valley north of Ipswich to 23 per cent in boreholesNW 34 and SE 78. 7 There is no apparent geographical pattern to the vari- Table 2, below,gives the mean grading for the lower ation of mean grading, apart from a general tendency for(shelly) and upper (non-shelly) Crag, based on 168 the terrace deposits to be more gravellyin the south, and samples from22 assessment boreholes. to contain a higher percentage of medium sand in the north. Thus the weighted mean gradingof the four most Table 2 The mean gradingof upper and lowerparts of the Red Crag northerly boreholes (NW17,33, 34 and 35) shows that they contain 30 per cent medium sand and 37 per cent Grading percentage by weight gravel, compared with figuresof 18 per cent and51 per cent respectively for the remaining boreholes.Gravel Sand Fines The gravel fractionis composed principallyof angular tosubrounded flint with subordinateamounts of --1’6 +&-% +%-I +1-4 +4-16 +16 subrounded to rounded quartz and quartzitein the fine mmmm mm mm mm mm gravel fraction. Scattered chalk pebbles are also present. --___-___- The sand fractionis composed mainlyof quartz, usually Non-shelly ironstained, giving a yellow orpale reddish brown (upper) 7 35 47 73 1 colour. Layers of silty clay sometimes occur within the Red Crag Shelly deposits (for instance in boreholes 17 and 42). NW (lower)27 7 2 464 14 Red Crag Glacial Sand and Gravel Although the fines, medium sand andgravel percentages The mean grading for the Glacial Sand and Gravel is for the two deposits are similar there is a significant fines 7 per cent, sand 78 per cent and 15 gravel per cent. difference in the percentage of fine and coarse sand in There is a great variationin the percentage of gravel in each. individual boreholes from1 per cent in borehole SW 18 The gravel fractionof the Red Crag consistsmainly of to 39 per cent in boreholeSW 27. There does not appear roundedto subrounded brown and blackflint with to be a consistent regional pattern to this variation in scattered rounded quartz and quartzite pebbles. At the grading and there is little difference between the mean base of the deposit thereis often a concentrationof black grading results for each resourceblock (see Figure 7). flints, together with rounded, highly polishedbrown The gravel fraction of the deposit comprises angular phosphatic nodules and large unbrokenshells. to subrounded flint with some subrounded quartz and The sand fractionis composed principallyof rounded quartzite, especially in the fine gravel. Rarely, scattered quartz grains; medium sandis dominant andin addition pebbles of chalk, Jurassic limestones and various meta- to quartz, the sands contain various micas, feldspars and morphic and igneous rocks occur. The sand fractionis garnet. predominantly quartz, usually iron stained giving the deposit a yellow to palebrown colour. THE MAP The sand and gravel resource map is folded into the pocket at the end of this report. The base map is the Chillesford Beds Ordnance Survey 1:25000 Outline Edition in grey, on The Chillesford Beds are composedmainly of fine and which the topographyis shown by contours in green, the medium quartz sands with scattered pebble beds (see geological datain black and the mineral resource infor- p.3). The mean grading of these sandy beds is fines 11 mation in shades of red. per cent, sand 83 per cent, gravel 6 per cent. However, these figures include thevery coarse material found in Geologicaldata: Thegeological boundary lines and boreholes SE81 and 82. In places, the deposits show symbols are taken from the published one-inch Geologi- extremevariation in texture; for instance the mean cal Sheet 207 (Ipswich). This mapis based on ‘Old Series’ grading for boreholes SE81 and 82 is fines 3 per cent, surveys on the one-inch scale carried out in 1881-3; sand 62 per cent and gravel 35 per cent, whereas the because no six-inch geological survey has been carried mean for the other five boreholes proving these bedsis out in the area, the new borehole data,(which include fines 12 per cent, sand84 per cent and gravel 2 per cent. the statigraphical relations and particle-size analysesof the sand and gravel samples collected duringassess- the ment survey), reveal some,mainly minor, inconsistencies Red Crag in the original geological mapping. The mean grading for this deposit is fines 8 per cent, Nevertheless, the geological boundaries are the best sand 87 per cent and gravel 5 per cent; the sand fractioninterpretation of the information available at the timeof comprises 32 per cent fine sand, 45 per cent medium survey and it is inevitable, particularly with deposits sand and10 per cent coarse sand. highestThe percentages such as those included in the area of sheet TM 14, that of gravel were found in boreholes SW23 and SW 26, local discrepancieswill be revealedby some boreholes (as where the mean gravel content for the total thickness forof example, at boreholeSW 17). Where necessary, these Red Crag provedwas 12 per cent in each borehole. are taken into accountin the assessmentof resources. 8 FINES SAND GRAVEL //A 1/16 '14 1 4 16 Mean particle size (mm) Percentage by weight passing A 6 21 43 54 75 B 7 B 85 37 97 93 C 79 7 37 85 93 D 82 7 35 94 87 E 80 8 35 95 89 Figure 6 Mean particle-size distributions for the mineral in resource blocksA to E 9 Table 3 The sand and gravel resources of sheet TM 14 ~ ~ Block Area Meanthickness Volume of mineralMean grading percentages Limits at BlockMineral Over- Mineral the 95%Fines Sand Gravel burden confidence level -_L 16 +&-% +‘/4 -1 +1-4+4-16 +16 km2 km2 m3xm m 106 ?% +m3x 106 mm mm mm mmmm mm ~~~ ~~ ~~- A 7.5 6.6 1.1 64.4 629 20 23 14 1125 21 B 19.0 10.4 3.3 9.67 9925 25 47 31 8 4 3 C 12.1 7.9 7.4 8.67 6824 35 42 730 8 6 D 11.5 10.6 6.3 14.8 157 28 44 47 7 28 6 5 7 E 17.6 12.1 3.5 14.68 17737 21 528 446 9 A-E 67.7 47.6 4.4 11.1 530* -- 43 8 726 8 8 The urban area of Ipswich (30.1 km2) and the estuary of the River Orwell (2.2 km’) have not been assessed. * By addition Mineralresource information: Themineral-bearing probability level varies between20 per cent and 35 per ground is subdivided into resource blocks (see Appendix cent (that is, it is probable that nineteen times out of A). Within a resource block the mineral is subdivided twenty the true volumes presentlie within these limits). into areas where it is ‘exposed’ and areas where it is However, the true values are more likely to be nearer present beneath overburden. The mineral is identified the figures estimated than the limits. Moreover, it is as ‘exposed’ where the overburden, commonlyconsisting probable that in each block roughly the same percentage only of soil and subsoil, averages less than 1.Om in limits would apply for the estimateof volume of a very thickness. Beneath overburden the mineral may be con-much smaller parcel of ground. (say, 100 hectares) con- tinuous (or almost continuous) or discontinuous. The taining similar sand and gravel deposits if the results recognition of these categories is dependent upon the from the same numberof sample points (as provided by, importance attached to the proportionof boreholes that say, ten boreholes) were usedin the calculation. Thus,if did not find potentially workable sand and gravel and closer limits are needed for the quotationof reserves of the distributionof barren boreholeswithin a block. part of a block, it can be expected that data from more The mineralis described as ‘almost continuous’if it is than ten sample pointswill be required, evenif the area present in 75 per cent or more of the boreholes in a is quite small. This point can be illustratedby considering resource block. The ‘discontinuous’ category has not the potentially workable sand and gravelin blocks B-E been recognisedon the present sheet. on thissheet. The volume (501 millionm3)can be Areas where bedrock crops out and whereavailable the estimated to limits of +13 per cent at the 95 per cent evidence suggests that sand and gravelis not potentially probability level,by a calculation based on the data from workable oris absent, are uncolouredon the Map; where all the sample pointsin the five resource blocks. appropriatethe reason is given (e.g.north-west of However, it must again be emphasised that the quoted Westerfield). In such areas it has been assumed that volume of sand and gravel has no simple relationship mineral is absent except in infrequent and relatively with the amount that could be extractedin practice, as minor patches,which can neither be outlined assessed nor no allowance has been madein the calculations for any quantitatively in the context of this survey. Areas of restraints (such as existing buildings and roads) on the unassessed sand and gravel, for example, built-up areas,use of the land for mineral working. are indicatedby a red stipple. The areaof the exposed sand and gravelis measured NOTES ON RESOURCEBLOCKS from the mapped geological boundary lines. The whole The mineral onthis sheet has beensplit into five resource of this area is considered as mineral, although it may blocks, lettered A E.to Block A contains all the assessed include small areas where sand and gravelis not present River Terrace Deposits. The remaining blocks include or is not potentially workable. Inferred boundaries have Red Crag, Chillesford Beds Glacialand Sand andGravel, been drawn between categoriesof deposits recognised. which have been assessed as a single mineralbody for Such boundaries (forwhich a distinctive symbolis used) the purpose ofthis survey. The Glacial Sand and Gravel are used primarily for the purposeof volume estimation. forms the largest mineral resource on the sheet. The symbol is intended to convey an approximate loca- tion within a likely zone of occurrence rather than to Block A represent the breadth of the zone, itssize being limited This block, covering an areaof 7.5 km2,of which 6.6 km2 only by cartographic considerations. For the purpose of is mineral-bearing, includes all the assessed deposits of measuring areas the centre-lineof the symbolis used. River Terrace Deposits. The assessment is based on twelve IMAU boreholes, eleven Hydrogeological Unit RESULTS records and 44 site investigation records associated with The statistical results are summarisedin Table 3. Fuller the constructionof the Ipswich By-pass. grading particulars areshown in Figure 7. The block is in three parts, the largest being in the Gipping Valley to the west and north-west of Ipswich; Accuracy of results: For the five resource blocks, the the two other partsof the block are southof Ipswich on accuracy of the results at the symmetrical 95 per cent either sideof the Orwell Estuary. 10 FINES SAND GRAVEL 1 4 Mean particle size (mm) Block Deposit Percentage by weightpassing KEY - - - Terrace Sand and Gravel -.-.-.- Chillesford Beds Terrace A Sand and 436 21 54 75 Glacial Sand and Gravel Gravel ~ _----- Red Crag Glacial B 86 Sand 38 and 6 92 96 Gravel Red Crag Glacial 7 35 77 83 C 77 Sand 35 and 7 92 Gravel Red Crag Glacial 6 32 79 85 94 85 D 79 Sand 32 and 6 Gravel Red Crag Glacial E Sand 31 and 7 83 76 93 Gravel Red Crag Chillesford 12 49 91 94 97 94 B, c, D 91 49 12 and E Beds Figure 7 Comparison of the particle-size distributionsof the mineral depositsin blocks A to E 11 For the block as a whole, overburdenis principally the deposits in this blockis 8.6 m. Thehigh confidence limits alluvial silty clays that site investigation andwell records of +- 35 per cent reflect thelow number of sample points have shown to locally attain a thicknessof up to 5.6m; and the variabilityof the mineral depositswhich range in the meanis 1.1 m. The mineralwhich occurs beneath the thickness from 1.7m in borehole NW22 to 15.2m in alluvium and as exposed River Terrace Deposits, has a NE24. The assessmentof mineral in the block is based mean thickness of 4.4m(the maximum proved was on eight IMAU boreholesand five Hydrogeological Unit 8.6 m).Of the ten IMAUboreholes drilled in the northern records. part of the block, six proved Boulder Clay underlying Red Crag does not crop out in the block but was the River Terrace Deposits, and one borehole (NW37) proved beneath Glacial Sand and Gravel in borehole sited on the lineof the Ipswich Buried Channel failed to NE 18. Chillesford Beds have been recordedin borehole reach bedrock. NW 19 and Glacial Sand and Gravelwas present in all The two partsof the block south of Ipswich contain a eight asessment boreholes that proved mineral (although small patch of terrace deposits on the east side of the in borehole NW19 itwas only 0.4m thick). River Orwell and a larger spreadof terrace deposits on Five boreholesin the block were barren; fourof them the west bank. These are assessed together with some (NW21, 25, NE 17 and 20 ) provedBoulder Clay small areasof alluvium and terrace depositsin the valley overlying bedrock. The other(NE 27), drilled to a depth of Belstead Brook. Two IMAU boreholes(SE 78 and 79) of 18.3m, on the outcrop of Brickearth which extends were drilled in the terrace on west the bank of the River north-west of Westerfield, did not penetrate the thick Orwell. Only the upper part of the sand and gravel in Boulder Clay in that area.In two other boreholes, NE23 borehole SE78 has been used in assessment calculations, and 24, (drilled to 24.1 m and 24.4 m respectively), as the lower part is considered to represent part of the bedrock also was not reached and both boreholes were Channel-fill Deposits (see p.3). Three IGS boreholes stopped in Glacial Sand and Gravel. Bedrock in the drilled for the EastAriglia andSouth-east England Field block is either Upper Chalk, Lower London Tertiaries Unitandone well record in the valley of or London Clay. The sub-crop boundaries areshown not BelsteadBrook have been used in theassessment on the resource map. calculations. On the north-east edgeof the block an areaof ground Theestimated mineral volume in the block is29 is delineated, where sand and gravelis either absent(as million m3+- 20 per cent, which has a mean grading of in boreholes NE 17 and NE20) or concealed beneath fines 6 per cent, sand 48 per cent and 46gravel per cent. excessive overburden(as inferred from boreholeNE 27). The estimated volumeof mineral is 68million m3* 35 Block B per cent at the95 per cent confidence level. It has a mean Thisblock includes all mineraldeposits west of the grading of fines 7 per cent, sand78 per cent and gravel15 Gipping Valley and northof Belstead Brook. Theblock per cent. covers an areaof 19.0 km2,of which 10.4km2 is mineral- bearing. The assessmentof mineral in this blockis based on nine IMAU boreholes and eight Hydrogeological Block D Unit records. Five other IMAU boreholesdrilled in this The deposits of Glacial Sand and Gravel in this block block proved no mineral. forman almost continuous spread, and thus most Red Crag was found in 5 assessment boreholes, and (10.6 km2)of the areaof this block(1 1.5 km2) is mineral- Glacial Sand and Gravelin seven. Chillesford Beds were bearing. The only barren areas are restricted to the proved onlyin boreholes SW 26and 29. valley of the River Fynn where bedrockis exposed. The The main areasof mineral are found between the Riverassessment of resources is basedon eleven IMAU Gipping and Belstead Brook and onwest the flank of the boreholes and four Hydrogeological Unit records. Gipping Valley; a small areaof mineral also occurs onthe Of the thirteen IMAU boreholes drilled, only two high ground to the north of Little Blakenham. On the (NE 28 and NE35) did not prove mineral; borehole western marginof the sheet the BoulderClay overburden NE 28 was abandonedat 10.1 m because of arock is generally either excessive (asin boreholes NW29 and obstructionand borehole NE 35 proved21.9m of 31) or sand and gravelis absent (as shown by boreholes Boulder Clay overburden on sand and gravel. In only SW 14 and 15). Inferred boundaries have been drawn six of the boreholes which found mineral was bedrock toindicate the expected extent of mineralbeneath reached, the remainingfive being stopped either through overburden. difficult drilling conditions or because the final depth Although mapped as Glacial Sand and Gravel at out- (24.4 m) was reached whilst still in sand and gravel. crop, the mineral in the area to the north of Belstead Bedrock within theblock is mainly London Clay although Brook was proved,in boreholes SW21,22,25 and26, to it is probable that in the extreme north, the bedrockis be overlain in places by overburden up to 5.5m thick; Lower London Tertiaries. the calculated mean thicknessis 3.4 m. The mean thickness(14.8 m)of mineral in theblock is Bedrock in the northern part of the block is Upper the greatest for any block on the resource sheet and the Chalk but southof grid-line northing 460 (approximately) deposits are in places atleast 22.6 m thick (as provedin the Drift deposits overlie Lower London Tertiaries and borehole NE 31). Glacial Sand and Gravelwas found in London Clay. elevenboreholes (and probably is presentbeneath The estimated volumeof mineral is 99million m3-t- 25 Boulder Clay in NE 35). Red Crag has only one small per cent at the 95 per cent confidence level. The mean outcrop (in thevalley of the River Fynn), butwas proved grading of the combined mineral depositsis fines 7 per in three IMAU boreholes (NE 29,31and 36). Chillesford cent, sand 86 per cent and gravel 7 per cent. Beds were foundin borehole NE 31, and are also to be seen in a sand pit [193 4921 north of Tuddenham St Block C Martin. Locally the Boulder Clay overburden becomes This block contains 12.1km2 of ground, of which 7.9 km2 excessively thick (for example as proved in borehole is mineral-bearing. The mean mineral thickness for the NE 35). 12 The estimated volumeof mineral is 157 millionm3 & 28 per cent at 95 the per cent confidence level. The mean grading for all the depositsin the block is fines 7 per cent, sand 80 per cent and gravel 13 per cent. The Glacial Sand and Gravelwhich forms the major resource has a mean gradingof fines 6 per cent, sand79 per cent and gravel 13 per cent, whereas gradingthe mean of the Red Crag (based onlyon three boreholes)is fines 6 per cent, sand92 per cent and gravel 2 per cent. Block E This block which covers 17.6km2 contains the largest area (12.1 km2) of mineral on the resource sheet. The block is in two parts, the larger being to thewest of the River Orwell, the remainder to the east. Glacial Sand and Gravel and Red Crag are found in both partsof the block but Chillesford Beds were proved only in the eastern part in boreholes SE81 and SE82. The assessmentis based on fifteen IMAU boreholes and seven Hydrogeological Unit boreholes. All assessment boreholes drilledin the block proved mineral which has a meanthickness of 14.6m, but ranges in thickness from 3.3 in m SW78 to 21.1 in m SE82. Two boreholes, SW 18 and SW28, failed to reach bedrock, which is formed of London Clay throughout the block area. Depositsof Glacial Sand and Gravel and Red Crag were proved in all boreholes except boreholeSW 16. Seven assessme‘nt boreholes sited on exposed Glacial Sand and Gravel proved overburdenranging from 1.2 m in borehole SW24 to 7.0m in borehole SW16, where brown sandy clay has been classified as ?Boulder Clay; this may be regarded as an outlying remnant of the boulder clay plateau to the south-west. All mineral in the block east of the River Orwell is ‘exposed’ with a mean thicknessof overburden (based on3 boreholes) of 0.6 m. The estimated volumeof mineral is 177 millionm3 * 21 per cent at 95 the per cent confidence level. The mean grading for theblock as a wholeis fines 8 per cent, sand 81 per cent and gravel 11 per cent. 13 APPENDIX A the bottom ofthe hole. A new sample is commenced whenever there is an appreciable lithological change withinthe sand and FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES gravel, or atevery 1 m depth. The samples, each weighing Trial and error during initial studiesof the complex and between 25 and 45 kg are despatched in heavy duty polythene variable glacial depositsof East Anglia and Essex showedthat bags to a laboratory for grading. The grading procedure is an absolute minimumof five sample points evenly distributed based on British Standard 1377 (1967). Random checkson the across the sand and gravelare needed to provide a worthwhile accuracy ofthe grading are made inthe laboratoriesof the statistical assessment, butthat, where possible,there should be Institute’s Geochemical Division. not less thanten. Sample pointsare any pointsfor which All data, including mean grading analysis figures calculated adequate information exists aboutthe nature and thicknessof for the totalthickness of the mineral, are entered on standard the deposit and may include boreholes other than those drilled record sheets, abbreviated copiesof which are reproduced in during the survey and exposures.In particular, the cooperation Appendix F. of sand and gravel operators ensuresthat boreholes are not Detailed recordsmay be consultedat the appropriate offices drilled where reliable information is already available; of theInstitute, upon applicationto the Head, Industrial although this may be used in the calculations, it is held Minerals AssessmentUnit. confidentiallyby the Institute and cannot be disclosed. The mineral shownon each 1:25OOO sheet is dividedinto resource blocks.The arbitrary size selected, lOkm’, is a compromise to meet the aims of the survey by providing sufficient sample points in each block. As far as possiblethe APPENDIX B block boundariesare determined by geological boundariesso STATISTICAL PROCEDURE that, for example, glacial and riverterrace gravels are separated. Otherwise division isby arbitrary lines, which may Statistical assessment bear norelationship to thegeology. A reconnaissanceof the ground is carried outto record any 1 A statistical assessment is madeof an area of mineral exposures andinquiries are made to ascertain what borehole greater than 2 km’, if there is a minimum of five evenly spaced information is available. Borehole sitesare then selectedto boreholes inthe resource block (for smallerareas see provide an evenpattern of sample pointsat a densityof paragraph 12 below). approximately one per square kilometre. However, because broad trends are independently overlainby smaller scale 2 The simple methods usedin the calculations are consistent characteristicallyrandom variations,it is unnecessaryto with the amount ofdata provided by the survey. Conventional adhere to a square gridpattern. Thus such factors as easeof symmetrical confidence limitsare calculated forthe 95 per cent access andthe need to minimise disturbanceto land andthe probability level, that is, there is a5 per cent or onein twenty public are taken into account in sitingthe holes; at the same chance of a result falling outsidethe stated limits. time it is necessaryto guard againstthe possibility that ease of 3 The volume estimate (V) for the mineral in a given block is access (that is, the positions of roads and farms)may reflect the product of thctwo variables, the sampled areas (A)and the particular geological conditions, whichmay biasthe drilling mean thickness (Zm) calculated fromthe individual thicknesses results. at thesample points. The standard deviationsfor these The drilling machine employed should be capableof variables are related such that providing a continuous samplerepresentative of all unconsolidated deposits, so that the in-situ grading can be SV = d(SA2 + ST,’) 111 determined, if necessary,to a depthof 30m at a diameterof 4 The above relationshipmay be transposed suchthat about 200mm, beneath different typesof overburden. It should be reliable, quiet, mobile and relatively small(sothat it SV = Simd(l+ SAz/Sim2) 121 can be movedto sites of difficult access). Although uncased From thisit can be seenthat as SA'/$^' tends to 0,Svtends to continuous flight power augers can meet these requirementsin Sim. some ground they faileither below the water table or in some If, therefore, the standard deviationfor area is small with clay-free sands and gravels whenthe mineral will not stay on respect to that formean thickness,the standard deviation for the flights. In such circumstances materials can be recoveredby volume approximatesto that for mean thickness. bailing. However, not only this is method slow, butthere is a tendency for the pumping actionto draw unwanted material 5 Given that the number of approximately evenly spaced into thehole either from the sides orthe bottom. On thearea sample points in the sampled area is n with mineral thickness covered by the sheet here described,the German Wirth B1 drill measuremEnts Zml, Zmz,. ..Zm,, then the best estimateof mean (or BO modified) has beenused extensively. With this machine, thickness, Zm, is given by casing can be advancedat the same time asthe hole is being x(lml+ Zm, ... Zm,)/n. drilled, thus minimising disturbanceto the ground, and avoiding contamination andcaving. In difficult ground a bailer For groups of closely spaced boreholes a discretionary can be substituted for the auger. Shell and auger rigs as well as weighting factor may be appliedto avoid bias (see note on power auger rigs have been used in this survey. weighting below). The standard deviationfor mean thickness, The shell and auger rigsare modified to enable deposits Si, , expressed as a proportionof the mean thickness is givenby above the water table to be drilled ‘dry’, instead of with water ST, =(l/b)d[x(lrn- C)’/(n- I)] added tofacilitate the drilling, to minimise the amount of material drawnin from outsidethe limits of the hole. The where Zm is any value inthe series Zml to Zm,. samples thus obtained are representativeof the in-situ grading, 6 The sampled area in each resource block is coloured pink and satisfy one of the most importantaims of the survey. Below on themap. Wherever possible, calculationsrelate to the the water table the rigs are used conventionally, although this mineral within mapped geological boundaries (whichmay not may result in the loss of some ofthe fines fraction andthe necessarily correspondto the limits ofdeposit). Where the area pumping action of the bailer tendsto draw unwanted material is not defined by a mapped boundary,that is, where the into thehole fromthe sides or the bottom. boundary isinferred, a distinctive symbolis used. Experience A continuous seriesof bulk samples istaken throughoutthe suggests that theerrors in determining areaare small relativeto sand and gravel. Ideally samplesare composed exclusively of those in thickness. The relationshipSA/Sim 11/3 is assumed in the whole of the material encountered in the borehole between all cases. It follows from equation[2] that stated depths. However, care is taken to discard, asfar as possible, material which has caved or has been pumped from SJ,, 51.05 Sm. [31 14 Block calculation 1:25 OOO Calculation of confidence limits Block wlm I (WZm - WZ)I (WZm - Wlm)' Area Block: 11.08 km2 9.4 2.9 8.41 Mineral: 8.32 km2 5.8 0.7 0.49 Mean thickness 6.9 0.4 0.16 Overburden: 2.5m 0.1 6.4 0.01 M ineral: 6.5 mMineral: 6.5 4.1 2.4 5.76 6.4 0.1 0.01 Volume 0.7 7.2 0.49 Overburden: 21million m3 5.8 0.7 0.49 Mineral: million54 m3 - Confidence limitsof the estimate of mineral volume atthe Z(W~,- ~1~)~= 15.82 95 per cent probability level: k 20 per cent n=8 That is, the volumeof mineral (with95 per cent probability): t = 2.365 54 k 11 million m3 L, is calculated as Thickness estimate {measurements in metres) - - X lo = overburden thickness 1, = mineral thickness I.O~(~/~Z)~[Z(WZ~Zm)2/n(n I)] 100 = 1.05 X (2.365/6.5)4[15.82/(8 X 7)] X 100 SampleWeighting Overburden Mineral Remarks points w = 20.3 1, wlo 1, Wlm e20 per cent ___-__~ SE 14 1 1.5 1.5 9.4 9.4 SE 18 1 3.3 3.3 5.8 5.8 SE20 1 nil - 6.9 6.9 SE22 1 0.7 0.7 6.4 6.4 SE23 1 6.2 6.2 4.1 4.1 SE24 1 4.3 4.3 6.4 6.4 SE 17 '/2 Hydrogeology 123/45 '/2 2.0 1 lm61 7.2 recordUnit 2.7 7.3 Close group1 Close '/4 7.3 2.7 2 '/4 of four 3 l/4 0.4 5'8 boreholes 4 '/4 2.84S 1 2'6 5.9 (commercial) Totals ZW = 8 Zwl0 = 20.2 2Wlm = 52.0 - -- Means WZo = 2.5 Wlm = 6.5 Figure 8 Example of resource block assessment: calculation and results SE 24 0 IMAU borehole ::$ den l- Thicknessin metres 0 Other boreholes 0 1 2 kilometres Figure 9 Example of resource block assessment: mapof fictitious block 15 7 The limits on the estimate of mean thickness of mineral, APPENDIX C Lim,may be expressed in absolute units CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF 2 (t/.\/n) X S& or as a psrcentage SAND AND GRAVEL 2 (t/ dn)X SmX (lOO/Zm) per cent, where tis Student’s at t the 95 per cent probability level for(n - 1) degrees of freedom, For thepurposes of assessing resources of sand and gravel a evaluated by reference to statistical tables.(In applying classification should take accountof economicallyimportant Student’s t it is assumed that the measurementsare distributed characteristicsof the deposit, in particularthe absolute content normally). of fines and the ratio of sand to gravel. The terminology commonly usedby geologists when 8 Values oft at the 95 per cent probability levelfor values ofn describingsedimentary rocks (Wentworth,1922) isnot entirely up to20 are as follows: satisfactory for this purpose. For example, Wentworth n t n t proposed that a deposit should be described as a ‘gravelly sand’ 1 infinity 11 2.228 when it contains more sand than gravel there and is at least 10 2 12.706 12 2.201 per cent of gravel, provided that there is lessthan 10 per centof 3 4.303 13 2.179 material finer than sand (less thanAmm) and coarser than 4 3.182 14 2.160 pebbles (more than 64 mm in diameter). Because deposits 5 2.776 15 2.145 containing more than10 per cent finesare not embracedby this 6 2.571 16 2.131 system a modified binary classification based on Willman 7 2.447 17 2.120 (1942) hasbeen adopted. 8 2.365 18 2.110 When the fines content exceeds40 per centthe material is 9 2.306 19 2.101 not considered to be potentially workable and falls outsidethe 10 2.262 20 2.093 definition of mineral. Deposits which contain40 per cent fines or less are classified primarily onthe ratio of sand to gravel but (from Table12, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume1, qualified in the light of the fines content, as follows: lessthan 10 Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1962). Whenn is per cent fines-no qualification: 10 per centor more but less greater than 20,1.96 is used (the valueof t whenn is infinity). than 20 per centfines-‘clayey’; 20 to 40 per cent fines-‘very 9 In calculating confidence limitsfor volume, L,, the clayey’. following inequality corresponding to equation [3] is applied: The term ‘clay’ (as written, with single quote marks) is used Lrm IL, 51.05L7,. to describe all material passing &mm. Thus it has no mineralogical significance and includes particles falling within 10 In summary, for values of n between 5 and 20, L, is the size range of silt. The normal meaning applies to the term calculated as clayin appear where not it does single quotationmarks. ;The ratio of sand to gravel definesthe boundaries between sand, pebbly sand, sandy gravel and gravel(at 19:1,3: 1 and 1:l). Thus it is possibleto classify the mineral into one of twelve descriptive categories (see Figure 10). The procedureis as per cent (weighting factors may be included: see paragraph 15). follows: 1 Classify accordingto ratio of sand to gravel. 11 The application of this procedure to a fictitious area is illustrated in Figures8 and 9. 2 Describe fines. For example, a deposit grading11 per cent gravel,70 per cent sand and 19 percent fines is classified as ‘clayey’ pebbly Inferred assessment sand. This short description is includedthe in borehole log (see 12 If the sampled area of mineral in a resource block is Note 10, Appendix D). between 0.25km2 and 2 km2an assessment isinferred, based on Many differing proposals existfor the classification ofthe geological and topographical information usually supportedby grain size of sediments (Atterberg, 1905; Udden, 1914; the datafrom one ortwo boreholes.The volume of mineral is Wentworth, 1922; Wentworth, 1935; AllenJ936; Twenhofel, calculated as the product of the area, measured from fielddata, 1937; Lane andothers, 1947). As Archer (1970a, b) has and the estimated thickness. Confidence limitsare not calculated. emphasised, there is a pressing need for a simple metric scale acceptable to both scientific and engineeringinterests, for 13 In some cases a resource blockmay include an area left which the class limit sizes correspond closely with certain uncoloured on themap, within which mineral (as defined) is marked changesin the natural properties of mineral particles. interpreted tobe generally absent.If there is reasonto believe For example, there is an important changein the degree of that some mineralmay be present, an inferred assessment may cohesion between particlesat about the &-mm size, which be made. approximates to the generally accepted boundary between silt and sand. These and other requirementsare met by a system 14 No assessment is attemptedfor an isolated areaof mineral based on Udden’s geometric scale and a simplified ofform less than 0.25 km2. Wentworth’s terminology (Table4), which is usedin this 15 Note on weighting The thickness of a depositat any point Report. may be governed solelyby the position of the point inrelation The fairly wide intervals thein scale are consistent withthe to a broadtrend. However, most sand and gravel deposits also general levelof accuracy ofthe qualitative assessmentsof the exhibit a randompattern of local, and sometimes considerable, resource blocks. Three sizesof sand are recognised, fine(+ I% variation in thickness. Thus the distributionof sample points -$mm),medium(+~-lmm)andcoarse(+1-4mm).The need be only approximately regularin andestimating the mean boundary at 16mm distinguishes a range of finer gravel(+ 4 thickness only simple weighting is necessary.In practice, equal - 16 mm), often characterised by abundance of worn tough weighting canoften be appliedto thicknesses at all sample pebbles of vein-quartz, from larger pebblesoften of notably points. If, however, there is a distinctly unequal distributionof different materials. The boundaryof 64mm distinguishes points, bias is avoided by dividingthe sampled areainto broad pebbles from cobbles.The term ‘gravel’ is used looselyto zones, to each of which a value roughlyproportional to its area denote both pebble-sized and cobble-sizedmaterial. is assigned. This value is then shared betweenthe data points The size distribution of borehole samples is determinedby within the zone as the weighting factor. sieve analysis, which is presented theby laboratory as logarithmiccumulative curves(see, for example, British Standard 1377: 1967).In this report the grading istabulated on the borehole recordsheets (Appendix D), the intercepts 16 corresponding withthe simple geometric scalekmm, imm, Rounded: original faces almost completelydestroyed, but 1mm, 4mm, 16mm and so on asrequired. Original sample some comparativelyflat surfaces may still remain.AL1 original grading curvesare available forreference at the appropriate edges and corners have been smoothedoff torather broad office of the Institute. curves. Original shape is stillapparent. Each bulk sample is described, subjectively,by a geologistat Well-rounded: no original faces, edgesor comers left. The the borehole site. Being based on visual examination, the entire surface consists of broad curves;flat areas are absent. description of the grading is inexact,the accuracy depending The original shape is suggested bythe present formof the on theexperience of the observer. The descriptions recorded grain. are modified, as necessary,when the laboratoryresults become available. The relative proportions of the rock types present thein gravel fraction are indicated by the use of the words ‘and’ or ‘with’. For example, ‘flint andquartz’ indicates very approximate equal proportions withneither constituent accounting for less than about25 per cent of the whole; ‘flint with quartz’ indicates that flint is dominant andquartz, the Table 4 Classification of gravel, sand and fines principal accessory rocktype, comprises 5 to 25 per centof the whole. Wherethe accessory material accountsfor less than5 Size limitsGrain size QualificationPrimary per cent of the whole, but is still readily apparent, the phrase classification description ‘with some’ has been used. Rare constituentsare referred to as ‘trace’. Cobble The terms used inthe field to describe the degree of 64mm - rounding of particles, which is concerned withthe sharpness of Coarse . Gravel the edges andcorners of a clastic fragment and notthe shape 16mm - Pebble (after Petti john, 1975), are as follows. Fine 4mm - Angular: showinglittle or no evidence of wear; sharp edges and Coarse corners. lmm - Subangular: showing definite effectsof wear. Fragments still Sand Medium Sand have their original form but edges and comers beginto be *mm - rounded off. Fine - Subrounded: showing considerable wear. The edges and &mm comers arerounded off to smooth curves. FinesOriginal grain shape Fines is still distinct. (silt and clay) I Gravel ’Clay‘ i.e. fines (-1/16 mm) II ’Clayey’gravel Ill ‘Very clayey‘gravel IV Sandy gravel V ’Clayey’ sandy gravel VI ’Very clayey’sandy gravel VI I Pebbly sand Vlll ’Clayey’ pebbly sand Non-mineral IX ‘Very clayey’ pebblysand X Sand XI ‘Clayey’ sand XI I ‘Veryclayey’sand Absolute percentage Sand Pebblysand Sandygravel Gravel Figure 10 Diagram to show the descriptive categories used the in classification of sand and gravel 17 APPENDIX D EXPLANATION OF THE BOREHOLE RECORDS Annotated example TM 14 SW 28l l246 4057* nearBlacksmith's Corner, Belstead3 Block E Surface level (+43.3 m)+ 142 ft4 Overburden7 3.0 m Water struck at (+28.3 m) +93ft5 Mineral 15.9m+* Wirth BO, 8-in diameter6 April 1970 LOG Geological classification9 Lithology lo Thickness Depth m m - Soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, with flint and occasional chalkto 1.8 m, 3.0 2.4 becoming brown clayey gravel Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 8.3 11.3 Sand: brownor yellow-brown, fineto medium, with roundedto subrounded flint and roundedquartz pebbles Red Crag b Sand Sand: witha little gravel 6.4 17.7 Sand: grey, brownor yellow, fineto medium Sand: brown, shelly 1.2+ 18.9 GRADING Mean for deposit l3 Depth below'' percentages surface(m) percentages'* FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -m1 +&-a +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~~~ ~~ 7 75 18 75a 7 3.0-3.9 10 8 45 524 8 3.9-4.912 8 45 5 12 18 4.9-5.830 14 2 39 6 9 5.8-6.719 3 4 55 7 12 6.7-7.642 6 34 45 9 7.6-8.526 3 66 3 2 0 8.5-9.425 3 60 7 4 1 9.4-10.316 9 51 9 11 4 10.3-11.315 6 6 42 10 21 M ean 7 21 49 21 7 Mean 9 5 9 ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ 8 89 3 89b 8 11.3-12.231 12 2 51 4 0 12.2-13.132 7 55 3 2 1 13.1-14.036 6 2 56 0 0 14.0-14.928 5 2 62 2 1 14.9-15.841 17 40 1 1 0 15.8-16.7 10 48 34 5 3 0 16.7-17.7 5 41 44 5 4 1 17.7-18.9 5 6 40 45 4 0 M ean 8 37 49 3 49 37 8 Mean 3 0 18 The numbered paragraphsbelow correspond with the 12 Gradingresults annotations given on thespecimen record above. The limits are as follows: gravel,+4mm; sand, -4+&mm; fines, -L16 mm- 1 Borehole Registration Number Each Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit(IMAU) borehole is 13 Meangrading identified by a Registration Number. This consistsof two The grading of the full thicknessof the mineral horizon statements. identified in the log isthe mean of the individual sample 1 The number of the 1:25000 sheet on which the borehole gradings weightedby the thicknesses represented, if these lies, for example TM 14. vary. The classification usedis shown in Table4. Unless 2 The quarterof the 1:25OOO sheet on which the borehole otherwise stated all the material passesthe 64 mm sieve. lies andthe number of the borehole in a seriesfor that Fully representative sampling of sand and gravel is difficult quarter, for example SW 28. to achieve particularly where groundwater levelsare high. Thus thefull Registration Number is TM 14 SW 28. Usually Comparison between boreholes andadjacent exposures this is abbreviatedto SW 28 in the text. suggests that in borehole samplesthe proportion of sand may 2 The National Grid reference be higher andthe proportions of fines and coarse gravel All National Gridreferences in this publication lie withinthe (+ 16 mm) may be lower. 100 km square unless otherwisestated. Grid referencesare given to eight figures, accurateto within 10 m for borehole locations. (In the text, six-figure grid referencesare used for more approximate locations, for example, for farms). 3 Location The position of the borehole is generally referred to the nearest named locality onthe 1:25 OOO base map andthe resource block in whichit lies isstated. 4 Surfacelevel The surface level at the borehole siteis given in metres feet and above Ordnance Datum. 5 Groundwater conditions Four kinds of entry are made: the record indicatesthe level at which groundwater stood on completionof drilling (in metres and feet above or below Ordnance Datum);or that water was encountered but its level notrecorded; or that water was not encountered; orthat no note of groundwater conditionswas made. 6 Type of drill and date of drilling The type of machine, andthe diameter of the casing used, and the month and yearof completion of the borehole are stated. 7 Overburden, mineral, waste and bedrock Mineral is sand and gravel which,part as of a deposit, falls within the arbitrary definition of potentially workable material (see p. 1). Bedrock is the ‘formation’, ‘country rock’ or ‘rock head’ below which potentially workable sand and gravel will not be found. Waste is any material other than bedrockor mineral. Where waste occurs betweenthe surface and mineral it is classified as overburden. 8 The plus sign (+) indicates that the base of the deposit was not reached during drilling. 9 Geologicalclassification The geological classificationis given wherever possible. 10 Lithological description When sand and gravelis recorded a general description based on themean grading characteristics (for details see Appendix C) is followed bymore detailedparticulars of the gravel and/or sand fractions. The description of other rocks is based on visual examination, inthe field. 11 Sampling A continuousseries of bulk samples is taken throughoutthe thickness of sand and gravel.A new sample is commenced whenever there is an appreciable lithological changewithin the sand and gravelor at every 3 ft or 1 m of depth. 19 APPENDIX E LIST OF BOREHOLES USEDIN THE ASSESSMENT OF RESOURCES Borehole Grid Borehole Grid Borehole Grid number* reference? number" reference? number* reference? ~~~ ~ IMAU BOREHOLES pp .38-46 pp ,60-65 pp.21-31 25 1739 4943 SW 29 1323 4329 NW 17 1325 4985 NE 26 1752 4856 SW 30 1341 4280 NW 19 1347 4785 NE 27 1729 4767 SW 31 1313 4073 NW 21 1382 4736 NE 28 1751 4663 SW 32 1368 4048 NW 22 1396 4992 NE 29 1811 4911 sw 33 1454 4275 NW 25 1463 4836 NE 30 1859 4821 SW 78 1460 4014 NW 26 1500 4973 NE 31 46961828 44661281sw 79 NW 29 1029 4825 NE 32 4741 1844 pp.66-71 NW 30 1067 4740 NE 33 46801803 40721540SE 77 NW 31 1029 4644 NE 34 47521910 40981671 SE 78 NW 32 1027 4507 NE 35 49841965 40581699 SE 79 NW 33 1192 4811 NE 36 48791992 41631859SE 80 NW 34 1220 4986 NE 37 46771968 SE 81 40901900 NW 35 1217 4916 pp.46-59 SE19604166 82 NW 37 1409 4533 SW 14 1059 4457 NW 39 1152 4640 SW 15 1068 4396 OTHER BOREHOLES NW 40 1222 4722 SW 16 1053 4298 a Hydrogeological Unit Records NW 41 1260 4736 SW 17 1079 4229 NW 42 1242 4617 SW 18 1057 4159 207/67,141,159,165,198,201,216,221,233, NW 43 1266 4514 SW 19 1042 4038 255,257,285,351,354,358,362,376,377, pp .32 -37 sw 20 1135 4484 397,416,566,573,582,595,651,659,689,700, NE 15 1515 4890 sw 21 1150 4379 720,735,747,751,771,776,785,843,856a, NE 16 1537 4798 sw 22 1174 4337 NE 17 1608 4968 SW 23 1165 4151 b Site investigation records NE 18 1588 4760 SW 24 1179 4080 NE 20 1631 4872 SW 25 1234 4369 Ipswich By-pass- Southern and Western sectors. NE 22 1700 4840 SW 26 1260 4280 NE 23 1664 4739 SW 27 1230 4115 c Other IGS registered boreholes NE 24 1688 4693 SW 28 1246 4057 TM 14 NW 111 *By sheet quadrant tAll fall within TM 14 20 APPENDIX F INDUSTRIAL MINERALS ASSESSMENT UNlT BOREHOLE RECORDS TM 14 NW 17 I325 4985 near School, Claydon Block A Surface level(+ 12.8 m) +42ft Overburden 1.6 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1.6 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Waste 1.6 m December 1970 Mineral 3.5 m Bedrock 0.7m+ LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m M ade ground and soil and ground Made 1.6 1.6 River Terrace Deposits a Sandy gravel 1.6 3.2 (1st Terrace) Sand: pale brown, fineto medium, slightly clayey Gravel: mainly subangularto rounded flint with some quartz andquartzite Clay, brownClay, to orange-brown,Laminatedsilty.in parts 1.6 4.8 b Sandy gravel 3.5 8.3 Sand: yellow-brown, mainly medium clayey in upper 2.0 m Gravel: subangularto rounded flint with occasional rounded quartzite. Some chalk pebbles Upperflints Chalkwith 0.7+ 9.0 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand Gravel Fines Sand Fines Gravel Sand Fines Gravel 1 -76 +&-a ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ______~~~____~~ a 8 641.6-2.6 28 Noinformation gradingavailable 2.6-3.2 8 30 27 7 27 30 8 2.6-3.2 11 17 54 41 4.8-5.8b 41 5 54 335 24 185 15 5.8-6.815 8 33 8 26 10 2 86.8-7.8 2 29 1625 20 3 67.8-8.3 3 10 18 33 30 14 30 10 17 24 17 Mean10 305 14 ~~ ~~ ~~______6 57 37 6 19 29 9 15 22 15 9 29 19 6 37 57 a+b 6 21 TM 14 NW 19 l347 4785 nearBrickworks, Whitton Block C Surface level(+46.0m) + 151ft Overburden 6.4 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 4.4 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.5 m+ December 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil 0.2 0.2 BoulderClay Clay, pale brown, sandy to 0.7m, thenorange-brown chalky clay with some flint pebbles 5.8 6.0 Glacial Sand and Gravel Sand, orange-brown, very clayey with occasional large flints 0.4 6.4 a Sandy gravel 0.2 6.6 Sand: yellowish brown, with gravel Gravel: mainly angularto subangular flint, some quartz Chillesford Beds b ‘Clayey’ sand 4.2 10.8 Sand: pale green and brown, mainly fine, clayey, with bandsof laminated green and brown clay. Some flint and quartzite gravel London Clay Clay, brown, becoming bluish grey downwards OS+ 11.3 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -& +&-a ++-l +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ _____~~~ a 327 70 6.4-6.617 5 10 3 15 50 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ b 83 14 3 12 6.8-7.5 46 37 2 1 2 7.5-8.5 5 60 34 0 1 0 8.5-9.5 No gradinginformation avaihble 9.5-10.8 25 43 30 43 25 9.5-10.8 1 0 1 M ean 15 Mean 33 49 1 1 1 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ a+b83 14 3 34 47 14 2 1 2 TM 14 NW 21 wS2 4736 near CorporationFarm, Whitton Block C Surfacelevel (+32.9m) +108ft Waste 12.8 m Water struck at +20.4 m Bedrock 2.7m+ Wirth, BO 8 in diameter February 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay, brown Clay, ClayBoulder 12.8 11.9 places in chalky or grey, Lower LondonTertiaries Sand, yellow-orange, becoming more clayey towards base, 2.7+ 15.5 (Reading Beds) mottled red and blue 22 TM 14 NW 22 1396 4992 nearChalk Pit, Claydon Block c Surface level (+37.5 m)+ 123 ft Overburden 1.9m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1.7 m Shell (152 mm) in6 diameter Waste 5.2 m November 1971 Bedrock 0.3 m+ LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil, brown clay brown Soil, 0.5 0.5 BoulderClay Silty clay,pale brown, with pebbles of chalk, flintand 1.9 1.4 quartzite Glacial Sand and Gravel ‘Clayey’ sandy gravel 1.7 3.6 Sand: fineto coarse, silty Gravel: subroundedto angular flint withscattered rounded chalk andquartzite pebbles BoulderClay Clay, pale brown, with chalk and flint pebbles 5.2 8.8 Upper Chalk . Chalk 0.3+ 9.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -x1 +&-4 +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ 1.9-2.9 6 13 13 12 12 12 13 12 444413 6 1.9-2.9 44 2.9-3.6 21 20 21 13 21 20 21 2.9-3.6 11 14 12 16 16 Mean16 12 32 12 12 TM 14 NW 25 1463 4863 Rise Hall, Akenham Block C Surface level(+ 26.5 m) +87 ft Waste 5.5 m Water struck at +22.2 m Bedrock 0.8m+ Pilcon shell, 8 in diameter December 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m soil 0.3 0.3 Boulder Clay Clay, brown or grey, with chalk 5.2 chalk with grey, or brown Clay, Clay Boulder 5.5 UpperChalk, Chalk downwardsblocky and soft, hard becoming 0.8+ 6.3 23 TM 14 NW 26 l500 4973 Claydon Farm, Claydon Block C Surface level(+47.5 m) + 156 ft Overburden 8.7m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1O.Om Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 1.7m+ October 1971 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m B oulder Clay Clay, brown, becoming grey, with chalk and flints 8.7 8.7 8.7 flints and chalk with becoming grey, brown, Clay, Clay Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 18.7 10.0 Sand: brown, fineto medium, pebblyin upper 4.0m and between 14.7m and 15.7m Gravel: angularto subrounded flint andquartzite, with some chalk Lower LondonTertiaries Sand, orange-brown, medium, with occasionalpebbles, passing 1.7+ 20.4 (Reading Beds) down into brown and orange clay GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages F ines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -45 +%--1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ____- ~____ 5 87 8 8.7-9.7 4 16 62 7 5 6 9.7-10.7 5 45 36 6 3 5 10.7-11.7 2 18 61 5 4 10 11.7-12.7 4 18 59 4 3 12 12.7-13.7 2 20 76 2 0 0 13.7-14.7 4 51 43 2 0 0 14.7-15.7 3 42 25 222 6 15.7-16.7 15 80 3 2 0 0 16.7-17.7 6 81 12 1 0 0 17.7-18.7 4 29 63 3 1 0 Mean 56 40 2 44 3 TM 14 NW 29 1029 4825 near Little Blakenham Hall, LittleBlakenham Block B Surface level (+26.8m) +88 ft Waste 18.3m+ Water notstruck Wirth BO (203 mm) 8 in diameter March 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m M ade ground Made 0.6 0.6 Bou lder Clay Clay, brown with chalk pebbles 8.2 pebbles chalk with brown Clay, Clay Boulder 8.8 Clay, grey with chalk pebbles, becoming sandy and including largeflint cobbles towards base 18.3 9.4+ 24 TM 14 NW 30 10674740 Back Lane, Bramford Block B Surface level(+43.6 m) + 143 ft Overburden 8.8 m Water notstruck Mineral 3.7 m Wirth BO 8 in diameter Waste 2.7 m May 1970 Bedrock 0.6m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m - Soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay, brown with abundant chalk and flints 7.9 8.8 Glacial Sand and Gravel ‘Clayey’ sand, with scattered flints Sand: yellow-brown 11.6 2.7 ?Chillesford Beds Sand: greyor green with high silt and claycontent. Occasional chalk and flint pebbles 12.5 0.9 Clay, grey-green, silty with occasional chalk and flint pebbles 15.2 2.7 Upper Chalk Chalk 0.6+ 15.8 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -& +&-a +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 12 83 12 5 8.8-9.8 626 30 1 1 0 9.8-10.7 3 2 22 6 61 6 10.7-11.6 526 30 6 5 1 11.6-12.5 31 37 23 37 31 11.6-12.5 4 4 1 M ean 12 30 49 30 12 Mean 4 4 1 TM 14 NW 31 10294644 near Bullenhall Farm, Bramford Block B Surface level(+50.0m) + 164ft Waste 19.8 m+ Water notstruck Wirth B1,8 in diameter March 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m soil 0.3 0.3 BoulderClay Clay, brown or grey,chalky, with occasional sand lenses 19.8 19.5+ 25 TM 14 NW 32 1027 4507 Burstall Hall, Burstall Block B Surface level(+ 50.9 m)+ 167 ft Overburden 6.7m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 6.5 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.9 +m December 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.6 0.6 BoulderClay Clay, brown and grey, chalk becoming abundant in lower 0.6m 6.1 6.7 Glacial Sand and Gravel Sandy gravel 6.5 13.2 Sand: pale brown Gravel: mainly subangularflint, with concentrations of quartzite in places; 0.2m clay band present at 8.8m London Clay Clay, brown, becoming bluish grey 0.9+ 14.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -3% +&-4 +&1 +4-16+1-4+16 ~~~~ ~~ 3 72 25 72 3 . 6.7-7.7 No grading information available 7.7-8.8 4 26 60 4 3 3 9.0-10.0 4 16 52 11 7 10 10.0-11.018 4 66 2 1 9 11.0-12.0 0 9 36 6 19 30 12.0-13.0 1 7 32 20 15 25 13.0-13.2 1 7 37 7 16 ’ 32 M ean 3 15 3 Mean 16 9 48 9 26 TM 14 NW 33 lB2 4811 nearLower Dairy Farm, Bramford Block A Surface level(+ 10.7 m)+ 35 ft Overburden 0.6 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 3.2m Pilcon shell, 8 indiameter Waste 0.8 m May 1970 Bedrock 0.9m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Sandy gravel River Terrace Deposits Sandy 3.2 3.8 (1st Terrace) Sand: brown, medium without gravelin upper 0.9m then gravel with sand Gravel: mainly angular flint with somequartzite Boulder Clay Brown silty clay with chalk 0.8 4.6 Upper Chalk Chalk 0.9+ 5.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -& +&-a +*-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 4 54 42 0.6-1.6 10 25 54 25 10 0.6-1.6 42 54 4 11 0 0 1.6-2.5 221 22 9 33 13 2.5-3.3 3 12 21 12 3 2.5-3.3 1911 34 3 5 10 55 26 55 3.3-3.810 5 1 3 Mean 4 14 29 14 4 Mean 1511 27 TM 14 NW 34 1220 4986 Lodge Farms, Claydon Block A Surface level(+ 17.7 m) +58ft Overburden 0.9 m Water notstruck Mineral 4.6m Pilcon shell, 8 in diameter Waste 0.6 m May 1970 Bedrock 0.3 m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m soil 0.9 0.9 River Terrace Deposits ‘Clayey’ sandy gravel 4.6 5.5 (1st Terrace) Sand: brown, clayey Gravel: subrounded flint and rounded quartz Boulder Clay Clay, brown, sandy, with some chalk 0.6 6.1 Upper Chalk Chalk 0.3+ 6.4 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -& +&-a +*-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~___ ~~~~ ~~ 23 0.9-1.9 5 13 0.9-1.964 23 39 13 23 13 7 1.9-2.830 12 7 31 4 16 2.8-3.722 28 7 35 2 6 3.7-4.620 10 47 10 11 2 4.6-5.5 11 23 46 102 8 M ean 13 Mean 22 34 8 13 10 TM 14 NW 35 1217 4916 Broomvale Farm, Claydon Block A Surface level(+ 10.4 m) +34ft Overburden 0.3 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 2.4 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Waste 6.4 m May 1970 Bedrock 0.9m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m soil 0.3 0.3 River Terrace Deposits Sandy gravel 2.7 2.4 (1st Terrace) Sand: mediumto coarse, reddish Gravel: mainly subangularto subrounded flint, with rounded quartz in finer fraction BoulderClay Clay, chalky brown to 3 .O m,bluishgrey below 6.4 9.1 Chalk Rubbly chalk Rubbly Upper Chalk 0.9+ 10.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -& +&-4 +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ -___--~- 3 51 46 3 0.3-1.2 13 26 1320 25 1.2-2.2 2 8 26 9 26 8 2 1.2-2.2 20 35 2.2-2.7 4 16 30 16 4 2.2-2.7 1317 20 M ean 3 12 27 12 27 12 3 Mean 27 19 TM 14 NW 37 1409 4533 Boss Hall, Ipswich Block C Surface level(+9.4m) +31 ft Overburden 0.9m Water struck at (+ 4.6 m)+ 15 ft Mineral 6.7 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Waste 4.6m+ December 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil and made ground 0.9 0.9 River Terrace Deposits Sandy gravel 7.6 6.7 (1st Terrace) Sand: yellow or brown, fineto medium Gravel: subangularto rounded flint and some chalk Clay, bluish grey, sandy with chalk with sandyBoulder grey,Clay bluish Clay, 4.6+ 12.2 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand Gravel Fines Sand Gravel Sand Fines Gravel Sand Fines 37 0.9-1.9 3 37 24 5 24 37 3 2 0.9-1.961 37 18 13 1.9-2.9 No gradinginformation available 2.9-3.9 121 5 4711 24 3.9-4.9 No gradinginformation available 4.9-5.9 1 17 17 1534 13 3 23 53 9 7 9 53 5.9-6.923 3 5 6.9-7.6 2 15 37 9 37 15 2 6.9-7.6 8 29 M ean 2 20 32 9 15 22 15 9 32 20 2 Mean TM 14 NW 39 ll52 4640 BullenLane, Bramford Block B Surface level(+ 26.8 m) +88 ft Waste 7.6m Water notstruck Bedrock l.Om+ Pilcon shell, 8 in diameter October 1971 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.3 0.3 Boulder Clay Clay, brown or bluish grey, sandy, with chalk 7.3 7.6 Lower LondonTertiaries Sand, grey-green andred, silty with clay bands 0.7 8.3 (Thanet Sand) Upper Chalk Chalk 0.3+ 8.6 TM 14 NW 40 1222 4722 near Ruthouse Barn,Bramford Block A Surface level(+ 8.2 m) +27 ft Overburden 1.1m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 4.5 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.6m+ October 197 1 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 1.1 1.1 River Terrace Deposits Sandy gravel 5.6 4.5 (1st Terrace) Sand: yellow-brown, mainlyfine, silty intop 1m Gravel: angularto subrounded flint, with occasional rounded quartz and some chalk Upper Chalk Chalk 6.2 0.6+ GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -A +&-$ +$-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ___~ ~ ~______~___ 6 58 36 13 1.1-2.1 44 13 5 11 14 2.1-3.1 4 41 19 9 8 19 16 15 15 15 35 153.1-4.1 15 415 16 4.1-5.1 2 20 23 11 26 18 5.1-5.6 No gradinginformation available Mean 6 31 17 1023 13 29 TM 14 N%V 41 E260 4736 nearPapermill Lane, Whitton Block A Surface level(+ 8.5 m)+ 28 ft Overburden 0.9m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 6.0 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.1 m + October 1971 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m ~ Soil 0.9 0.9 River Terrace Deposits Gravel 6.0 6.9 (1st Terrace) Sand: yellowor orange-brown Gravel: angularto rounded flint and rounded quartz Upper Chalk Chalk 0.1+ 7.0 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -i+ +&-+ ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 2 38 60 0.9-1.96 216 34 20 13 1.9-2.9 1 2 3 10 24 60 2.9-3.9 1 11 22 1232 22 3.9-4.815 121 4 25 43 5.1-6.110 181 6 25 40 M ean 2 12 15 11 15 12 2 Mean 35 25 TM4617 141242 NW 42 Runcion near Farm, Bramford Block A Surface level( + 9.8 m)+ 32 ft Overburden 1.5 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 7.2 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Waste 3.7 m October 1971 Bedrock 2.5m+ LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil, sandy Soil, 1.5 1.5 River Terrace Deposits Gravel 8.7 7.2 (1st Terrace) Sand: brown, mediumto coarse Gravel: subangularto subrounded flint, with somequartzite. 0.3 m of brown silty clay between 6.9 and 7.2 m BoulderClay Clay, brown, becoming grey downwards, with chalk and flint 3.7 12.4 Upper Chalk Softchalk white 2.5+ 14.9 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -3% +&-* +%-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~- ~~___~~~ 25 74 1.5-2.5 3 1.5-2.5 74 1 25 55 20 9 8 5 3 8 13 36 39 36 2.5-3.513 8 1 3 3.5-4.520 211 3 31 24 4.5-5.51 1 20 5 13 60 3 16 10 21 49 21 5.5-6.910 161 3 7.2-8.2 6 1 2 11 30 50 3 10 27 588.2-8.7 1 27 1 10 3 Mean 26 1 12 3 10 48 TM 14 NW 43 l266 4514 nearSproughton Manor, Bramford Block A Surface level(+ 7.3 m)+ 24 ft Overburden 1.O m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 7.5 m Pilcon shell,6 in diameter Waste 0.6 m October 1971 Bedrock 0.3m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m ~- Soil 1.0 1.0 River Terrace Deposits Gravel 7.5 8.5 ( 1st Terrace) Sand: mediumto coarse, brown Gravel: subangular to subrounded flints, with some quartzite and chalk pebbles Boulder Clay Clay, with chalk pebbles 0.6 9.1 Upper Chalk Chalk 0.3+ 9.4 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 4 37 59 1.0-2.6 59 37 4 211 14 1035 19 2.6-3.6 2 3 9 12 36 38 36 12 9 3 2 2.6-3.6 3.6-4.66 4 14 3330 13 4 12 18 31 34 31 4.6-5.618 121 4 5.6-6.9 1 124 18 35 30 6.9-7.4 1 9 5 15 48 22 15 37.4-8.5 15 17 1924 22 M ean 4 6 18 13 27 32 27 13 18 6 4 Mean 31 TM 14 NE 15 El5 4890 nearGlebe Farm, Akenham Block C Surface level(+ 43.0 m) + 141ft Overburden 4.3 m Water struck at (+30.8m) +lo1 ft Mineral 11.3m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 2.1 m+ February 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m M ade ground Made 0.3 0.3 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, chalk: becomes sandy downwards, with flint andquartz pebbles 4.3 4.0 Glacial Sand and Gravel Sand 15.5 11.3 Sand: pale grey and yellowto deep yellow, or orange, with a little flint andquartz gravel. Chalk pellets present between8.0m and 9.8 rn Brown clay, becoming bluish grey bluishLondon becoming Clay clay, Brown 2.1+ 17.7 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -3% +&-a ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~___ 4 95 4 1 4.3-5.2 3 11 4 11 71 0 5.2-6.1 No grading information available 6.1-7.0 3 55 40 1 1 0 7.0-8.056 9 33 . 2 0 0 8.0-8.969 2 28 1 0 0 8.9-9.852 2 46 0 0 0 9.8-10.757 5 38 0 0 0 10.7-11.6 2 48 49 1 0 0 11.6-12.5 1 54 44 1 0 0 12.5-13.4 2 86 11 1 0 0 13.4-14.3 No grading information available 14.3-15.232 3 60 4 1 0 15.2-15.531 9 3 53 2 2 Mean50 4 2 43 1 0 32 TM 14 NE 16 15374798 near Datchet House, Whitton Block C Surface level(+ 37.5 m)+ 123ft Overburden 2.1 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 3.7 m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 16.1m + February 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, sandy, with flints form, 0.6 then 0.3 m of brown, medium sand, then 0.6 m of brown chalky clay 1.5 2.1 Glacial Sand and Gravel Sandy gravel 3.7 5.8 Sand: brown, medium with gravel Gravel: subrounded flint and rounded quartz London Clay Clay, brown 1.5 7.3 Clay, bluish grey 8.2 15.5 Clay, bluish green 0.9 16.5 Lower London Tertiaries Clay, redto maroon, with bands of greyish (Reading Beds) brown sand 1.2 17.7 Clay, brown, with powdery white inclusions (?gypsum) 0.3 18.0 Clay, pale brown and bluish grey variegated, with inclusions as above 2.1 20.1 Clay, friable, brown and white 1.2 21.3 Sand, fine, grey and green 0.6+ 21.9 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages F ines Sand GravelFines Sand GravelSand Fines -& +&-a +*-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ____~ ~___~~~~ 7 2.1-3.068 25 7 21 7 10 17 38 3.0-3.9 2 3.0-3.9 7 65 6 8 12 3.9-4.9 7 8 69 6 8 2 4.9-5.8 13 10 62 10 13 4.9-5.8 5 10 0 Mean 7 8 53 7 12 13 TM 14 NE 17 1608 4968 nearAkenham Hall, Akenham Block C Surface level(+ 39.0 m)+ 128 ft Waste 13.7 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 7.9 m+ Wirth BO, 8 in diameter February, 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Boulder Clay Clay, brown, becoming grey, with abundant chalk 13.7 13.7 London Clay Clay, bluish grey 7.9+ 21.6 33 TM 14 NE 18 l588 4760near Sparrowe’s Nest, Ipswich Block C Surface level( + 45.4 m)+ 149 ft Overburden 11.9 m Water struck at (+26.8m) +88ft Mineral 8.5 m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.6m+ February 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay,brown, becoming grey, chalky, with some sand lenses 11.0 11.9 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Sand: yellow to orange-brown, with a little flint gravel 5.8 17.7 Red Crag b Sand Sand: dark red-brown, clayey 0.9 18.6 Sand: dark orange-brown, shelly 1.8 20.4 London Clay Clay, brown, becoming bluish grey 0.6+ 21.0 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 7% +&-$ +$-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ a 2 93 . 5 13.7-14.6 570 20 3 2 0 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ b 5 17.7-18.692 3 2 5 4 38 51 0 18.6-19.5 5 36 3 50 6 0 19.5-20.4 No gradinginformation available Mean 5 37 50 5 3 0 TM 14 NE 20 16314872 Hill Farm, Akenham Block C Surface level(+31.7m) +104ft Waste 10.7 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 6.4m+ Wirth BO, 8 in diameter February 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m M ade ground 0.3 ground Made 0.3 Boulder Clay Clay, brownto 2.1 m then bluish grey with chalk pebbles 10.7 10.4 Lower LondonTertiaries Clay, mottled red and brown withthin, (Reading Beds) bluish green sand partings 6.4+ 17.1 34 TM 14 NE 22 1700 4840 nearOld Sand Pit, Westerfield Block D Surface level(+ 50.3 m)+ 165 ft Overburden 1.2 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 11.0 m Elmat E2,6 in diameter Waste 2.1 m February 1970 Mineral 10.1 +m LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil 1.2 1.2 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 12.2 11.0 Sand: mainly medium, pale yellow, brown or orange Gravel: roundedquartz, subangular flints Boulder Clay Clay, brown, with quartz and flint pebbles 14.3 2.1 Glacial Sand and Gravel b Sandy gravel 24.4 10.1+ Sand: medium,yellow and brown Gravel: most abundant between 14.3 and 18.9 m, mainly subangular flint with some roundedquartz. Occasional chalk pebbles GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentdges surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -i+ +&-a +&1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ a 85 4 11 1.2-2.1 2 10 10 65 7 6 2.1-3.0 1 13 53 7 12 14 3.0-3.9 5 106 62 9 8 3.94.9 2 5 7 77 6 3 4.9-5.8 4 6 10 69 6 5 5.8-6.7 4 26 2 65 2 1 6.7-7.6 2 23 71 3 1 0 7.6-8.5 5 374 42 4 8 8.5-9.4 6 297 50 3 5 9.4-10.3 4 39 47 2 5 3 10.3-11.3 3 32 4 55 5 1 11.3-12.2 4 32 59 5 0 0 Mean 4 21 59 5 6 5 ~~ - ~- b 3 64 33 14.3-15.2 2 6 14 19 5 54 15.2-16.1 2 6 25 11 16 40 16.1-17.0 5 10 15 26 10 34 17.0-18.0 2 8 18 27 10 35 18.0-18.9 1 17 12 42 6 22 18.9-19.8 5 297 49 5 5 19.8-20.7 5 15 15 49 9 7 20.7-21.6 3 16 10 55 3 13 21.6-22.5 2 108 72 6 2 22.5-23.4 3 12 63 9 5 8 23.4-24.4 1 7 13 55 10 14 Mean 3 12 12 44 8 21 ~~ ~~~~ ___~ 4 75 22 4 17 52 6 9 6 52 17 4 22 75 a+b 4 13 35 TM 14 NE 23 1664 4739 near Mill Farm,Westerfield Block C Surface level(+ 37.8 m)+ 124 ft Overburden 11.9 m Water not struck Mineral 12.2m+ Wirth BO, 8 in diameter May 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, chalky, becoming grey downwards. Layer of brown medium sand with shell fragments between6.7 and7.6m 11.3 11.9 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 12.2+ 24.1 Sand: fineto medium, brown or yellowish brown Gravel: roundedto subangular flint, rounded quartz and occasional chalk pebbles GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages ~ FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -& +&-+ +*-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~______~~~~~ 7 70 23 70 7 4 33 11.9-12.827 8 20 8 14 26. 35 7 35 12.8-13.726. 14 9 9 9 29 43 6 43 13.7-14.629 9 6 7 14.6-15.5 5 21 34 5 23 12 15.5-16.4 No grading information available 5 15 41 8 41 16.4-17.315 5 18 13 17.3-18.3 No grading information available 7 19 53 7 53 18.3-19.219 7 6 8 4 26 50 9 50 19.2-20.126 4 7 4 6 16 32 7 32 20.1-21.016 6 26 13 21.0-21.921 5 40 8 8 18 21.9-22.8 5 40 33 3 6 13 22.8-24.1 No grading information available Mean24 7 40 614 9 36 TM 14 NE 24 1688 4693 near Mill Farm, Westerfield Block C Surface level(+ 38.7 m) + 127 ft Overburden 9.1 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 15.2m + Wirth B1,6 in diameter May 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m ______Top soil and made ground made and soil Top 1.8 1.8 Boulder ClayClay, bluish grey, with numerous chalk pebbles and large irregular flints 7.3 9.1 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 15.2+ 24.4 Sand: mainly medium, clayey, brown Gravel: subangular to angular flint and rounded to subangular quartz GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFines Sand GravelSand Fines 67 24 9.1-10.0 24 9 67 8 5512 9 9 7 10.0-10.9 3711 7 13 30 2 10.9-11.921 15 39 7 12 6 7 15 37 7 37 11.9-12.815 7 20 14 7 13 31 12.8-13.713 7 11 25 13 6 6 27 17 27 13.7-14.66 6 32 12 12 9 39 17 39 14.6-15.59 12 20 3 7 17 61 7 61 15.5-16.417 7 3 5 16.4-17.322 6 64 5 3 0 8 22 58 6 58 17.3-18.322 8 4 2 7 13 51 18.3-19.2 13 7 11 12 6 19.2-20.1 No grading information available 7 13 33 15 33 20.1-21.0 13 7 32 0 21.0-21.9 5 10 32 13 34 6 21.9-24.4 No grading information available Mean 9 14 42 14 9 Mean 611 18 37 TM 14 NE 25 17394943 Wenns Farm, Witnesham Block D Surface level(+ 53.6 m) + 176 ft Overburden 11.3 m Water struck at (+33.2 m) + 109 ft Mineral 11.9m+ Wirth B1,8 in diameter May 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, with occasional chalk pebblesto (3.0m), then clay, bluish grey with numerous chalk pebbles 11.3 10.7 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 23.1 11.9+ Sand: fineto medium, brown,yellowor red-brown Gravel: subangularto angular flint, rounded quartz GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -26 +&-+ ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~ ~~ ~___~~___ 5 75 20 11.3-12.2 20 75 5 7 23 30 7 13 20 12.2-13.1 6 9 15 29 29 12 13.1-14.0 5 8 15 39 20 13 14.0-14.9 2 6 11 35 33 13 14.9-15.8 1 1011 51 9 18 15.8-16.7 2 13 48 7 12 18 16.7-17.7 7 126 53 5 17 17.7-18.6 4 4 37 49 2 4 18.6-19.5 10 4 34 47 4 1 19.5-20.4 5 7 10 58 14 6 20.4-21.3 5 2 29 63 1 0 21.3-22.2 3 22 73 1 1 0 22.2-23.1 2 47 49 1 1 0 M ean 5 21 5 Mean 48 126 8 38 TM 14 NE 26 1752 4856 Westerfield Hall, Westerfield Block D Surface level(+ 47.2 m)+ 155 ft Overburden 5.8 m Water struck at (+ 28.7 m) + 94 ft Mineral 16.2 m Wirth B1,6 in diameter Bedrock 1.5 m+ May 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.3 0.3 Boulder ClayClay, brown, with occasional chalk and flint pebbles to 3.0m,then bluishgrey clay with abundant chalk pebbles 5.5 5.8 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 21.9 16.2 Sand: fineto medium, brown or yellow-brown Gravel: roundedto subangular flint, rounded quartz. Occasional chalk pebbles. Gravel most abundant in upper 10.4 m LondonbluishgreyClay,Clay 1.5+ 23.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -i% +&-+ ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~~~ ~~ 8 74 18 5.8-6.7 2533 19 5 7 11 6.7-7.6 12 9 11 47 10 11 7.6-8.5 8 11 40 7 14 20 8.5-9.4 13 9 11 38 14 15 2 7 37 9.4-10.37 2 11 21 22 10.3-11.3 1 7 11 53 16 12 11.3-12.213 2 46 11 16 12 2 15 49 9 49 12.2-13.115 2 13 12 13.1-14.07 455 25 13 5 8 38 34 14.0-14.938 8 5 8 7 14.9-15.8 385 19 1 35 2 15.8-16.835 8 51 1 4 1 16.8-17.74 105 79 1 1 17.7-18.6 5 2 80 12 1 0 18.6-19.5 139 76 1 1 0 19.5-20.481 4 11 1 1 2 23 38 36 2 36 20.4-21.338 23 1 0 21.3-21.9 No grading information available M ean 58 34 35 34 58 Mean 5 10 8 TM 14 NE 27 1729 4767 nearSchool, Westerfield Block C Surface level(+31.7m) +104ft Waste 18.3m+ Water not struck Wirth B1,8 in diameter December 1969 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m ~ Soil and made ground made and Soil 2.1 2.1 Brickearth Clay, silty pale bluish grey,soft 4.6 2.4 Clay, silty dark grey, friable 0.6 5.2 Clay, silty dark grey, stiff 5.8 0.6 Clay, silty black, stiff 6.4 0.6 Boulder ClayClay, bluish grey, with abundant chalk pebbles 11.9+ 18.3 TM 14 NE 28 1751 4663 Redhouse Farm,Ipswich Block D Surface level(+ 42.1 m)+ 138 ft Waste 10.4 m+ Groundwater conditions not recorded Wirth B1,8 in diameter May 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.3 0.3 BoulderClay Clay, brown, becoming bluish grey at 5.5 m. Chalk and flint pebbles flint and Chalk present 10.4 10.1+ Further progress preventedby rock obstruction TM1811 14 NE 29 BlockWitnesham4911 Farm, Cowslip D Surface level(+ 50.3 m)+ 165 ft Overburden 10.7 m Water struck at (+ 30.5 m)+ 100 ft Mineral 12.8 m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9m+ December 1969 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.3 0.3 BoulderClay Clay, brown to 2.7m,bluish grey below, with flint and chalk pebbles 10.7 10.4 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 5.8 16.5 Sand: mainly medium, yellowish brown Gravel: of subrounded flint andquartz, with chalk pebbles between 10.7 and 11.6m Red Crag b Sand Sand: fineto medium brown with occasional pebbles 4.3 20.8 Sand: brown, fineto medium, shelly 2.7 23.5 London Clay Clay 0.9+ 24.4 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand Gravel SandFines Gravel -76 +&-a ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 -~ ~-_I_~____~ 7 76 17 10.7-11.6 17 76a 7 15 5 5 53 12 10 11.6-12.5 24 11 45 10 9 1 12.5-13.4 4 36 4 12.5-13.4 40 2 10 8 13.4-14.3 2 3 18 72 2 3 14.3-15.212 4 8 52 9 15 15.2-16.5 2 13 48 1512 10 Mean7 517 18 8 9 -~ ____~______~ b 5 16.5-17.193 2 61 32 2 0 17.1-18.0 40 50 3 0 18-0-18.9 41 47 2 0 18.9-19.8 51 39 4 1 19.8-20.7 53 35 2 0 20.7-21.6 57 29 1 0 21.6-22.5 57 28 2 0 22.5-23.5 54 32 1 0 5 35 53 5 53 Mean35 5 2 0 40 TM 14 NE 30 1859 4821 Poplar Farm, Tuddenham Block D Surface level(+ 46.6 m) + 153ft Overburden 2.4 m Water struck at (+30.5m) +1OOft Mineral 8.1 m Wirth B1,6 in diameter Waste 1.1m September 1969 Mineral 10.3 m Bedrock 2.1m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil and made ground 1.2 ground made and Soil 1.2 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, chalky 1.2 2.4 1.2 chalky brown, Clay, Clay Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 8.1 10.5 Sand: mainly medium, yellowish brown, clayey in parts Gravel: subroundedto angular flints and rounded quartz Clay, brown, sandy, with flint andquartz pebbles 1.1 11.6 b Sand 21.9 10.3 Sand: yellow or brown, silty LondonbluishgreyClay,Clay 2.1+ 24.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 7 74 19 2.4-3.3 19 74a 7 2032 32 4 8 3.3-4.2 8 17 57 4 8 4.2-5.1 652 22 12 4 5.1-6.1 361 27 3 1 6.1-7.0 5 15 40 20 15 7.0-7.9 4 20 48 14 9 7.9-8.8 558 21 2 10 8.8-9.7 9 53 19 11 2 9.7-10.5 733 13 20 18 b 7 11.6-12.5909 3 59 10 17 4 1 12.5-13.4 12 46 30 7 4 1 7 31 45 7 45 13.4-14.331 7 4 6 14.3-15.2 6 2 34 57 1 0 15.2-16.1 545 39 1 1 0 4 69 26 16.1-17.069 4 1 0 0 17.0-18.0 5 63 30 1 1 0 18.0-18.9 No grading information available 18.9-19.8 564 39 1 0 0 19.8-20.7 654 26 4 1 0 20.7-21.9 No grading information available M ean 7 Mean 40 46 4 5 5 ~~ ~~___~~____ 7 83 10 7 32 47 4 47 32 7 10 83 a+b 7 5 5 41 TM 14 NE 31 1828 4696Westerfield House, Westerfield Block D Surface level(+ 47.9 m) + 157 ft Overburden 1.8 m Water struck at (+25.9 m) +85ft Mineral 22.6 +m Wirth B1,6 in diameter September 1969 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.3 0.3 Boulder ClayClay,brown, with chalk pebbles 1.5 1.8 Glacial Sand and Gravel a ‘Clayey’ pebbly sand 11.0 12.8 Sand: mainly medium, brownor yellowish brown, clayey in upper3.6 m Gravel: subrounded flint and rounded quartz, with occasional chalk pebbles ChillesfordBeds b ‘Clayey’sand 5.5 18.3 Sand: fine to medium, brown, yellow, pale fawn and grey,clayey Red Crag c Sand Sand: red-brown, fineto medium, clayey 3.3 21.6 Sand: red-brown, shelly 2.8+ 24.4 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -A +1-16 31 +*-I +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ .~ ~ 72 18 1.8-2.8 10 65 22 2 22 65 10 1.8-2.8a 18 10 72 1 0 2.8-3.7 25 2.8-3.7 7 11 30 12 15 22 17 20 8 20 3.7-4.617 22 19 14 4.6-5.5 12 20 36 8 36 20 12 4.6-5.5 4 20 5.5-6.4 8 12 8 5.5-6.4 48 412 16 6.4-7.3 6 14 6 6.4-7.3 50 410 16 7.3-8.2 No gradinginformation available 8.2-9.1 No gradinginformation available 9.1-10.0 4 32 59 2 59 32 4 9.1-10.0 3 0 10.0-10.9 2 28 8 6 8 28 2 10.0-10.9 2 4 10.9-11.99 545 12 4 16 11.9-12.8 7 19 33 9 33 19 7 11.9-12.8 4 28 Mean 10 7 23 42 13 5 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 20 79b 20 1 12.8-13.7 40 42 13 1 3 1 13.7-14.6 32 30 33 4 33 30 32 13.7-14.6 1 0 14.6-15.534 24 40 1 1 0 15.5-16.424 10 2 63 1 0 16.4-17.332 8 58 1 1 0 17.3-18.3 5 35 58 1 1 0 Mean33 20 44 2 1 0 ~~ ~~____~~~ C 717 9224 1 3 18.3-19.2 1 1 0 19.2-20.1 6 37 6 19.2-20.1 55 1 1 0 20.1-21 .o 5 37 56 1 1 0 .O-21.9 6 39 53 39 6 21.O-21.9 1 1 0 21.9-22.8 8 38 49 3 49 38 8 21.9-22.8 2 0 10 41 45 4 45 22.8-23.7 41 10 0 0 23.7-24.4 9 33 52 4 52 33 9 23.7-24.4 2 0 M ean 7 38 52 2 52 38 7 Mean 1 0 42 TM 14 NE 32 1844 4741 near The Croft, Westerfield Block D Surface level(+ 48.5 m)+ 159 ft Overburden 3 .O m Water struck at ( +,28.0m) + 92 ft Mineral 21.3m+ Wirth B1,6 in diameter October 1969 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.3 0.3 B oulder Clay Clay, brown, with chalk 2.7 3.0 2.7 chalk with brown, Clay, Clay Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 21.3+ 24.3 Sand: fineto medium, yellow, brown or orange Gravel: roundedto subrounded flintand quartz, with some chalk pebbles GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentuges Fines Sand Gravel Fines Sand Gravel Sand Fines Gravel Sand Fines -Tb +&-a ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 5 3.0-3.983 12 9 6 6 24 11 44 3.9-4.910 6 39 8 13 24 2 84.9-5.8 2 9 37 9 35 5.8-6.7 5 7 16 49 16 7 6.7-7.6 5 1014 59 9 3 7.6-8.5 No grading information available 8.5-9.416 4 64 8 8 0 9.4-10.312 4 68 9 7 0 10.3-11.321 3 55 6 9 6 11.3-12.228 7 55 4 6 0 15 34 35 12.2-13.134 15 5 7 4 7 23 49 6 49 13.1-14.023 7 11 4 14.0-14.921 8 50 7 11 3 7 52 36 2 36 14.9-15.852 7 3 0 15.8-16.735 9 51 1 4 0 4 57 35 3 35 16.7-17.757 4 1 0 17.7-18.6 6 50 40 1 2 1 18.6-19.5 2 29 66 2 1 0 3 24 70 19.5-20.424 3 1 1 1 2 20 74 3 74 20.4-21.320 2 1 0 21.3-22.22 703 24 1 0 22.2-23.127 3 68 1 1 0 23.1 -24.3 No grading information available Mean 5 25 53 6 5 6 TM 141803 NE 33 4680Westerfield near House, Westerfield Block D Surface level(+ 50.6 m)+ 166 ft Overburden 7.3 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 5.5 m+ Wirth B1,6 in diameter September 1969 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, with chalk and flint 6.4 7.3 6.4 flint and chalk with brown, Clay, Clay Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 5.5+ 12.8 Sand: brown, withsome flint gravel Borehole abandonedat 12.8 m because of rock obstruction. No samples taken TM 14 NE 34 1910 4752 nearRosemary Bridge, Tuddenham Block D Surface level(+ 28.3 m)+ 93 ft Overburden 1.2m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 5.5m Wirth B1,6in diameter Bedrock 0.9 +m November 1969 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 1.2 1.2 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 6.7 5.5 Sand: brown, fineto medium, with some flint gravel L ondon Clay Clay, bluish grey 0.9+ grey bluish Clay, Clay London 7.6 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 4 +&-a +f-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 83 10 1.2-2.1 10 7 83 11 4 40 9 34 2 2.1-3.0 35 6 48 2 5 4 3.0-3.9 9 17 38 8 12 8 38 17 9 3.0-3.9 16 3.9-4.9 62 6 26 4 1 1 4.9-5.8 5 37 5 4.9-5.8 5 50 3 0 5.8-6.7 6 27 56 10 56 27 6 5.8-6.7 1 0 Mean33 7 4 6 45 5 TM 14 NE 35 1%5 4984 near Hillbrow, Tuddenham Block D Surface level(+ 51.5 m)+ 169 ft Waste 21.9 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral just touched Elmat E2,6 in diameter December 1969 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m BoulderClay Brown and grey clay, with abundant chalk pebbles and flint 21.9 21.9 Sand and Gravel and Glacial Sand No recovery Just touched NB This boreholewas drilled to 21.9m, at which depth Glacial Sand and Gravel was encountered 44 TM 14 NE 36 1992 4879 nearBadgers Hill, Tuddenham Block D Surface level(+ 36.6 m)+ 119 ft Overburden 0.6 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 15.2m Elmat E2,6 in diameter Bedrock just touched November 1969 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Glacial Sandand Gravel a Sand 10.1 10.7 Sand: yellow and orange-brown, with traces flint andquartz gravel Red Crag b Sand 5.1 15.8 Sand: orange-brown and brown, shelly below 14.3m ?London Clay Cementstone, hard Cementstone, Clay ?London Just touched GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -A? +&-a +1-4+$-1 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~~______~ a 5 0.6-1.588 7 1055 24 5 6 0 1.5-2.4 269 23 5 1 0 2.4-3.3 4 70 18 2 1 5 3.3-4.2 2 12 48 1316 9 4.2-5.1 827 47 3 4 11 5.1-6.1 4 23 57 2 3 11 6.1-7.0 518 74 1 2 0 7.0-7.9 10 44 44 1 1 0 7.9-8.8 226 67 21 2 8.8-9.7 556 37 1 0 1 9.7-10.7 636 55 2 1 0 Mean 5 42 43 3 3 4 3 3 43 42 5 Mean ~___ ~ ~~~ ~~ 3 10.7-11.6 2 59 37 59 b 2 5 10.7-11.6 92 3 1 1 0 11.6-12.579 2 2 16 .1 0 12.5-13.477 5 17 1 0 0 13.4-14.380 8 11 0 1 0 14.3-15.229 3 8 56 2 2 15.2-15.823 10 7 50 6 4 Mean 5 58 5 Mean 31 3 2 1 45 TM 14 NE 37 PI68 4677 Hill Fann, Tuddenham Block D Surface level(+ 46.6 m) + 153 ft Overburden 7.0m Water struck at (+26.8m) +88ft Mineral 16.5m Wirth B1,6 in diameter Bedrock 0.3 m+ September 1969 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m soil 0.3 0.3 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, chalky, becoming sandy becoming chalky, brown, Clay, Clay Boulder 6.7 7.0 Glacial Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 16.5 23.5 Sand: brown, clayey in upper0.9 m Gravel: angularto subrounded flints, rounded quartz and traces chalk London Clay London Clay 0.3+ 23.8 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFines Sand GravelSand Fines -Tb +&-a +&1 +1-4 +4-16+16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 7 75 18 75 7 7.0-7.922 18 49 5 6 0 7.9-8.8 4 15 50 5 11 15 8.8-9.714 6 50 99 12 9.7-10.642 3 54 1 0 0 10.6-11.621 7 63 5 3 1 11.6-12.523 6 2 65 4 0 12.5-13.4 5 6 15 63 3 8 13.4-14.323 6 60 5 5 1 14.3-15.222 7 7 53 3 8 15.2-16.120 6 6 56 2 10 16.1-17.016 8 9 41 2 24 17.0-18.017 6 34 17 25 1 18.0-18.9 11 15 33 810 23 18.9-19.8 7 1411 32 31 5 8 9 45 14 45 19.8-20.79 8 3 21 20.7-21.6 6 10 41 16 26 1 21.6-22.5 5 9 13 38 3 32 22.5-23.5 No grading information available Mean 7 18 49 8 49 18 7 Mean 15 3 TM 14 SW 14 1059 4457 near Hill Farm, Bunstall Block B Surface level( + 43.6 m)+ 143ft Waste 16.5 m Water (probably from fissuresin clay) Bedrock 0.6 m + from just below surface Elmat E2,6 in diameter March 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Boulder Clay Clay, brown Clay, Clay Boulder14.6 14.6 chalky or grey, Gravel: chalky, with silt and clay, some large chalk cobbles 1.9 16.5 London Clay Clay, bluish grey bluish Clay, Clay London 0.6+ 17.1 46 TM 14 SW 15 1068 43% nearFen Farm, Bunstall Block B Surface level(+ 28.7 m) + 94 ft Waste 6.1m Groundwater conditions not recorded Bedrock 2.4m+ Wirth BO, 8 in diameter March 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, chalky 5.2 6.1 London Clay Clay, bluish grey 2.4+ 8.5 TM 14 SW 16 1053 4298 nearCookshop Corner, Washbrook Block E Surface level(+ 42.4 m) + 139 ft Overburden 7.0m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 4.6m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 1.2m+ March 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m M ade ground 0.6 0.6 0.6 ground Made ?Boulder Clay Clay, brown, sandy 6.4 7.0 6.4 sandy brown, Clay, Clay ?Boulder Sand and Gravel Pebbly sand 4.6 11.6 4.6 sand Pebbly Gravel and Glacial Sand Sand: fineto medium, yellow or reddish brown Gravel: subangular flints, most common between 7.9 and8.8m London Clay Clay, brown 12.2 0.6 Clay, bluish grey 0.6+ 12.8 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -& +&a +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~ ~~~~ 7 86 7 7.0-7.9 3 55 37 3 2 0 7.9-8.8 10 25 43 25 10 7.9-8.8 7 12 3 8.8-9.710 476 34 3 0 9.7-10.6 426 33 10 7 2 10.6-11.6 378 42 73 3 M ean 7 Mean 41 38 7 5 2 47 TM 14 SW17 1079 4229 Wood’s Hill, Washbrook Block E Surface level(+ 41.5 m)+ 136 ft Overburden 3.0 m Water struck at (+ 31.4 m)+ 103 ft Mineral 10.1m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.3 m+ March 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil 0.5 0.5 ?Boulder Clay Clay, brown, becoming sandy 2.5 3.0 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 9.1 6.1 Sand: dark reddish brown with some flint gravel Pebbly sand 4.0 sandRed Crag b Pebbly 13.1 Sand: dark reddish brown, with silt and shell fragments C lay, brown, becoming bluish grey 0.3+ 13.4 0.3+ grey bluishLondon becoming Clay brown, Clay, GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages . Fines Sand GravelFinesSand GravelSand Fines -& +&-$ +1-4+$-1 +4-16 +16 ~___ ~ ~~~ ~~ 8 85 7 3.0-3.9 12 3.0-3.9 7 85a 8 8 6 59 13 2 8 7 77 5 2 5 77 3.9-4.97 8 1 14 57 6 6 6 6 4.9-5.86 5711 14 5.8-6.4 9 5.8-6.4 6 45 3 34 3 6.4-7.3 6 2 66 20 1 5 7.3-8.2 9 59 29 2 29 59 9 7.3-8.2 1 0 8.2-9.1 4 32 51 7 3 3 3 7 51 32 4 8.2-9.1 Mean32 83 4 48 5 ~~ ~___~~~~ b 8 2884 8 7 9.1-10.0 50 211 2 10.0-10.9 8 35 32 12 7 6 7 12 32 35 8 10.0-10.9 10.9-11.6 6 2 10.9-11.6 7 8 34 43 11.6-12.5 12 19 51 9 6 3 6 9 51 19 12 11.6-12.5 12.5-13.1 7 41 42 7 2 7 42 41 7 12.5-13.1 1 43 10 5 3 Mean 5 8 10 31 43 48 TM 14 SW 18 1057 4159 near Barrens Farm, Washbrook Block E Surface level(+ 48.5 m) + 159 ft Overburden 11.3m Water struck at (+ 32.6 m) + 107 ft Mineral 8.2 m + Wirth BO, 8 in diameter April 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 Boulder Clay Clay, brown siltyfor 1.8 m, then brown chalky clay then 0.9 mto 10.4 0.9 m, then 10.4 ofclay gravelly 11.3 S and 2.7 14.0 2.7 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Sand Sand: fine, orange-brown;occasional pebbles Red Crag b ‘Clayey’ sand Sand: fineto medium, brown. Black pebbles at base at 3.7 17.7 Sand: brown, shelly brown, Sand: 1.8+ 19.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -& +&-* +%-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~______a 4 95 1 11.3-12.2 No gradinginformation available 12.2-13.1 4 84 10 1 1 0 13.1-14.072 3 24 1 0 0 M ean 4 77 17 77 4 Mean 1 1 0 ~~ -___-.______3 14.0-15.0 6 77 15 77 b 613 14.0-15.0 84 3 1 1 0 15.0-15.8 5 50 32 11 2 0 15.8-16.7 42 41 15 1 1 0 16.7-17.732 4 50 2 8 4 17.7-18.6 6 55 28 2 5 4 18.6-19.5 No gradinginformation available M ean 13 51 13 Mean 28 5 2 1 49 TM 14 SW l9 1042 4038 near Redhouse Farm, Copdock Block E Surface level(+ 45.1 m)+ 148 ft Overburden 4.0 m Water struck at (+34.4m) +113ft Mineral 14.9 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.8m+ October 1971 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.2 0.2 BoulderClay Clay, orange-brown, stiff, with some carbonaceous material anda few pebblesfor 1.8 m, thenclay, pale brown with numerous chalk pebbles and flint andtowards quartz4.0 pebbles 3.8 the base Sand and Gravel 10.5 and Glacial6.5 Sand sand a Pebbly Sand: fineto medium, yellowish brown Gravel: angularto subrounded flint, with rounded quartz Red Crag bsand Pebbly Sand: orange-brown, mainly medium 1.5 12.0 Sand: orange-brown, with numerous shelly fragments. Black pebbles numerous 6.9 18.9 London Clay Clay, bluishgreyLondonClay,Clay 0.8+ 19.7 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -A +&-* ++-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 83 15 4.0-5.0a 15 2 83 6 65 1 26 2 0 5.0-6.032 6 2 59 1 0 6.0-7.028 2 51 7 5 7 7.0-8.0 1 10 45 1219 13 8.0-9.0 1 7 14 39 26 13 9.0-10.5 1 55 39 13 1 2 28 49 6 49 Mean28 2 6 9 ~~ ~~~~ ___~ 7 10.5-11.0 14 36 47 2 47 36b 145 10.5-11.0 88 7 1 0 11.0-12.0 2 32 56 4 56 32 2 11.0-12.0 4 2 12.0-13.028 535 8 5 1 13.0-14.0 2 13.0-14.0 2711 52 7 1 14.0-15.0 2 14.0-15.0 18 46 22 9 3 15.0-16.015 1157 12 4 1 16.0-17.0 6 9 6 16.0-17.0 64 16 5 0 17.0-18.0 2 14 59 14 2 17.0-18.0 613 6 18.0-18.9 611 19 213 4 Mean 5 18 54 216 5 50 TM 14 SW 20 ll35 4484 Burstall Lane, Sproughton Block B Surface level(+ 43.9 m)+ 144 ft Overburden 2.7 m Water struck at (+ 31.1 m)+ 102 ft Mineral 11.0 m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9m+ March 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Silty clay with flint and chalk pebbles chalk and flint with clay Silty Clay Boulder 2.1 2.7 Glacial Sand and Gravel Sand, pebbly towards base 13.7 11.0 Sand: fineto medium, yellowor reddish brown London Clay Clay, bluish grey bluish Clay, Clay London 0.9+ 14.6 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -1 16 +&-a +&1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~___ ~~~~ ~~ 4 93 3 2.7-3.6 3 93 4 17 53 29 1 0 0 3.6-4.5 1 26 69 4 0 0 4.5-5.5 3 43 53 1 0 0 5.5-6.4 1 30 68 1 0 0 6.4-7.3 2 21 74 2 1 0 7.3-8.2 2 27 64 5 2 0 8.2-9.1 2 35 46 4 5 8 9.1-10.0 2 80 17 1 0 0 10.0-10.9 3 39 55 2 1 0 10.9-11.9 5 23 59 7 4 2 11.9-12.8 3 10 65 10 9 3 12.8-13.7 1 14 73 6 4 2 M ean 4 33 56 4 2 4 56 33 4 Mean 1 51 TM 14 SW 21 1UO 4379 Ivywell Farm, Sproughton Block B Surface level(+44.8m) +147ft Overburden 5.5 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 1.8m Wirth B1,8in diameter Waste 1.2m March 1970 Mineral 6.4m Bedrock 0.6 +m LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 ?Boulder Clay Clay, brown 4.9 brown Clay, Clay ?Boulder 5.5 Glacial Sandand Gravel a Sand 1.8 7.3 Sand: dark brown, with some flint gravel Clay, grey, silty 1.2 8.5 b Sand: yellow or brown, with some gravel (mainly roundedquartz) 14.9 6.4 C lay, bluish grey bluishLondon Clay Clay, 0.6+ 15.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -A +&-a +$-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 -- ~~~~ ____~ a 2 925.5-6.4 6 Noinformation gradingavailable 6.4-7.3 2 13 67 12 67 13 2 6.4-7.3 5 1 ______~~~~ ~~ 7 89 4 8.5-9.4 6 36 6 8.5-9.4 4 89b 7 40 5 5 8 9.4-10.3 7 87 7 9.4-10.3 5 1 0 0 61 19 2 3 3 3 12 10.3-11.3 2 19 61 11.3-12.2 No gradinginformation available 12.2-13.1 5 4 63 24 3 1 13.1-14.0 1 96 3 0 0 0 14.0-14.9 8 84 6 1 1 0 M ean 7 71 16 2 2 2 2 2 16 71 7 Mean 52 TM 14 SW22 4337 1174 Valley Farm, Sproughton Block B Surface level(+ 44.8 m) + 147 ft Overburden 3.7 m Water struck at (+ 31.1 m)+ 102 ft Mineral 12.8 m Wirth Bl, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.6m+ March 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.6 0.6 BoulderClay Sand, brown, silty to 0.3m,then clay, brown with flints 3.1 3.7 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 8.2 11.9 Sand: brown, yellowish brown or orange-brown, mainly medium Gravel: rounded whitequartzite and subrounded to angular brown flint Red Crag b Sand Sand: brown with tracesof gravel 0.9 12.8 Sand: brown,shelly with traces of gravel 3.7 16.5 London Clay Clay, bluish grey 0.6+ 17.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -1 16 +&-a +&1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~___ ~~~______~~ a 5 84 11 3.7-4.5 1143 33 27 4 4.5-5.5 No gradinginformation available 5.5-6.4 5 10 43 16 43 10 5 5.5-6.4 12 14 6.4-7.3 5 12 61 12 5 6.4-7.3 311 8 7.3-8.2 No gradinginformation available 8.2-9.1 2 13 74 13 2 8.2-9.1 7 3 1 9.1-10.0 3 9.1-10.0 53 10 1114 9 10.0-10.9 2 23 68 5 2 0 10.9-11.9 3 42 49 5 49 42 3 10.9-11.9 1 0 M ean 4 20 56 9 56 20 4 Mean 5 6 ~___ ~______~~~ 91 2 11.9-12.8 5 31 56 6 56 31 5 11.9-12.8 b 2 7 91 2 0 12.8-13.7 7 21 59 10 3 0 13.7-14.6 7 27 54 11 1 0 14.6-15.526 7 14 52 1 0 15.5-16.5 7 26 52 13 2 0 Mean 547 26 11 2 0 53 TM 14 SW 23 ll65 4l51 near West Hill, Copdock Block E Surface level(+47.5 m) + 156 ft Overburden 2.7m Water struck at (+ 32.3 m)+ 106 ft Mineral 20.2 m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.6m+ April 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Soil 0.3 0.3 ?Boulder Clay Clay, brown, sandy 2.4 sandy brown, Clay, Clay ?Boulder 2.7 Glacial Clay and Gravel a ‘Clayey’ pebbly sand 13.7 16.4 Gravel: mainly flint, roundedto subrounded. 0.6m of soft brown chalky clayat base of deposit Sand: dark orange-brown, fineto medium, clayey or silty matrix Red Crag b ‘Clayey’ pebbly sand Sand: brown, silty with some flint and gravel 3.4 19.8 Sand: brown, silty with shell fragments 3.1 22.9 London Clay Clay, bluish grey 23.5 0.6+ GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFines Sand GravelSand Fines -& +&-a +a-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~___ ~ ~~~ ~~ 69 20 2.7-3.6R 20 11 69 36 2 44 6 7 5 18 27 32 3 32 3.6-4.527 18 11 9 16 16 39 6 39 4.5-5.516 16 13 10 5.5-6.4 11 20 43 6 10 10 7 17 49 7 49 6.4-7.317 7 14 6 7.3-8.2 No grading information available 10 16 45 8 45 8.2-9.116 10 12 9 9.1-10.015 10 48 9 9 9 10.0-10.9 No grading information available 16 15 36 7 36 10.9-11.915 16 12 14 19 21 41 4 41 11.9-12.821 19 8 7 12.8-13.714 7 46 8 5 20 9 27 41 6 41 13.7-14.627 9 10 7 14.6-15.519 7 44 7 9 14 13 23 45 6 45 15.5-16.423 13 10 3 b 16.4-18.019 12 69 No informationgrading available 18.0-18.9 18 32 30 6 6 8 6 6 30 32 18 18.0-18.9 18.9-19.832 24 4 35 5 0 19.8-20.731 15 6 41 5 2 20.7-21.628 18 3 36 6 9 21.6-22.522 18 7 38 7 8 22.5-22.9 No gradinginformation available Mean 19 Mean 35 29 5 7 5 54 TM 14 SW 24 11794080 Oakfield Road, Belstead Block E Surface level(+ 44.2 m) + 145 ft Overburden 1.2 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 19.8m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9m+ March 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Soil 0.3 0.3 Brickearth Clay, orange-brown, sandy with quartz and 1.2 0.9 flint pebbles Glacial Sand and Gravel a Sandy gravel 6.4 7.6 Gravel: subangularto subrounded flint, subrounded quartz andquartzite Sand: orange-brown, clayey Red Crag b Pebbly sand 8.2 15.8 Sand: fineto medium, brown Gravel: fine subroundedquartz and quartzite, and subangular flint. Silt band between 14.9 and 15.2m Sand: orange-brown, shelly with some 5.2 21 .o quartz and flint gravel London Clay Clay, bluish grey 0.9+ 21.9 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel +&--a +a- 1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~ 9 58 33 1.2-2: 33 a 58 9 1 16 42 28 27 5 2.1-3.0 11 15 32 158 19 3.0-3.9 7 9 45 14 12 13 3.9-4.9 5 11 36 8 28 12 4.9-5,8 7 11 30 12 23 17 5.8-6.7 13 14 16 8 39 10 6.7-7.6 2 10 32 8 38 10 9 16 32 10 32 Mean 16 9 16 17 -~~ ~~~~ b 5 7.6-8.688 7 17 4 7 62 8.6-9.427 3 6 52 9.410.3 3 5 34 52 10.3-11.3 1 1032 45 11.3-12.2 1 4 23 65 12.2-13.1 1 8 18 67 13.1-14.0 3 7 12 74 14.0-14.935 4 8 49 14.9-15.8 No grading information available 18 35 33 6 33 15.8-16.735 18 7 4 29 42 10 42 16.7-17.729 4 11 7 27 58 4 58 17.7-18.627 7 3 4 31 47 8 47 18.6-19.531 4 6 8 30 55 4 55 19.5-20.430 8 1 5 30 54 6 54 20.4-21.030 5 3 5 27 54 7 5 2 5 7 54 Mean27 5 55 TM 14 SW 25 I234 4369SproughtonSpringvale, near Block B Surface level(+ 38.4 m)+ 126 ft Overburden 0.6 m Water struck at (+ 31.4 m)+ 103 ft Mineral 12.2m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9 m+ April 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m M ade ground 0.6 ground Made 0.6 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 4.6 5.2 Gravel: (mainly between1.5 and 3.4m) angular to subrounded flint,clayey Sand: orangeor reddish-brown,mainly medium Red Crag b Sand Sand: dark red-brown7 withlittle a fine gravel 1.8 7 .O Sand: yellow-brown, shelly, with a little fine gravel 5.8 12.8 LondonbluishClay,Clay grey 0.9+ 13.7 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages F ines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -T6 +&-a +a-1 +1-4 +4-16+16 ~~ __~~~~~ 87 8 0.6-1.5a 8 5 87 5 10 80 3 1 1 3 41.5-2.4 3 12 63 9 9 2.4-3.3 10 3 20 52 8 7 3.3-4.2 5 35 54 3 3 0 4.2-5.2 4 54 37 3 2 3 37 54 4 4.2-5.2 0 Mean 5 25 57 5 4 4 - ~- b 47 89 5.2-6.1 2 35 47 11 4 1 6.1-7.0 5 36 31 21 6 1 7.0-7.9 4 51 36 8 1 0 7.9-8.8 3 51 30 11 4 1 8.8-9.7 2 31 45 18 4 0 9.7-10.6 3 43 40 11 3 0 10.6-11.6 5 31 40 19 5 0 11.6-12.5 31 31 30 6 2 0 12.5-12.8 7 40 41 9 2 1 M ean 7 39 37 13 4 13 37 39 7 Mean 0 56 TM 14 SW 26 Uti0 4280 near Wright’s Comer, Washbrook Block B Surface level(+ 39.9m) + 131ft Overburden 2.4m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 10.1 m Wirth B1,8in diameter Bedrock 0.9m+ March 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m soil 0.5 0.5 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, Clay, Clay Boulder in stony, sandy parts 1.9 2.4 ‘Clayey’ sand 2.8 5.2 Beds2.8 Chillesford sand a ‘Clayey’ Sand: mainly fine, whiteto pale brown with bands of silt Red Cragsand b Pebbly 0.9 6.1 Gravel: subroundedquartz and quartzite and subangular flint Sand: reddish brown, clayey Sand: redor brown, with abundant shell fragments, with subrounded quartz and subangular flint pebbles 12.5 6.4 London Clay Clay, brownClay, ClayLondon 0.9+ 13.4 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages FinesSandGravel Fines Sand Gravel -1 +LA16 4 +$-I +1-4 16 +4-16 +16 ~~~ ~~~ ~~ 11 88 1 2.4-3.3 177 73 2 1 0 3.3-4.2 1021 65 3 1 0 4.2-5.2 1553 30 1 1 0 Mean 1130 56 2 1 0 ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~- 6 82 12 82 6 5.2-6.1 5 35 44 10 5 1 6.1-7.0 15 455 24 2 0 7.0-7.9 14 550 23 6 2 7.9-8.8 1046 35 7 2 0 8.8-9.7 12 639 27 13 3 9.7-10.6 13 538 15 12 17 10.6-11.615 546 17 12 5 11.6-12.513 448 17 12 6 Mean 12 646 24 5 7 57 TM 14 SW 27 l230 41l5 Oakfield Road, Belstead Block E Surface level(+ 41.5 m) + 136 ft Overburden 2.4 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 14.7 m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 1.2 m+ April 1970 LQG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m B oulder Clay Clay, brown, sandy 2.4 2.4 2.4 sandy brown, Clay, Clay Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel a Sandy gravel 8.3 10.7 Sand: mainly medium, dark brownor chocolate Gravel: fineto coarse, rounded flints Red Crag b ‘Clayey’ sand Sand: dark red-brown, fineto medium, 1.8 12.5 with a little gravel Sand: red-brown7 shelly 4.6 17.1 L ondon Clay Clay, bluishgreyLondonClay,Clay 1.2+ 18.3 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Gravel Fines Sand Gravel Sand FinesFines Sand Gravel a 39 5 56 2.4-4.2 No grading information available 4.2-5.1 7 9 6 20 39 19 5.1-6.1 No grading information available 6.1-7.0 5 123 13 17 50 7.0-7.9 5 3 40 22 18 12 4 87.9-8.8 4 48 188 14 8.8-9.713 4 55 114 13 9.7-10.724 4 8 59 4 1 Mean14 355 7 23 16 ~~ ~~~~ ~~ 14 82 4 10.7-11.6 4 82b 14 9 521 32 5 1 11.6-12.5 6 8 40 37 2 7 12.5-13.4 17 39 34 6 3 1 13.4-14.3 15 7 40 37 1 0 14.3-15.2 13 37 44 5 1 0 30 41 27 15.2-16.141 30 1 1 0 16.1-17.1 No grading information available M ean 14 38 38 6 3 6 38 38 14 Mean 1 58 TM 14 SW 28 1246 4057 nearBlacksmith’s Corner, Belstead Block E Surface level(+ 43.3 m)+ 142 ft Overburden 3 .O m Water struck at (+28.3 m) +93 ft Mineral 15.9m+ Wirth BO, 8 in diameter April 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m soil 0.6 0.6 Boulder Clay Clay, brown, with flint and occasional chalkto 1.8 m, becom ing brown clayey gravel 2.4 3 2.4 gravel clayey brown becoming .O Pebbly sandGlacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly 8.3 11.3 Sand: brownor yellow-brown, fineto medium, with rounded to subrounded flint and rounded quartz pebbles Red Crag b Sand Sand: with a little gravel 6.4 17.7 Sand: grey, brownor yellow fineto medium Sand: brown, shelly 1.2+ 18.9 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -1 +1-116 4 +*-I+1-4 +4-16 +16 16 ~~ ~ ____~~___~ 7 75 18 3.0-3.9 18 a75 7 8 10 5 45 24 8 3.9-4.912 8 5 45 18 12 4.9-5.830 14 2 39 6 9 5.8-6.719 3 4 55 7 12 6.7-7.6 6 5 42 34 4 9 7.6-8.526 3 3 66 2 0 8.5-9.425 3 7 60 4 1 9.4-10.316 9 9 51 11 4 10.3-11:315 6 6 42 21 10 7 21 49 5 9 9 9 5 49 Mean21 7 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~___ 8 89b 8 3 11.3-12.231 12 2 51 4 0 12.2-13.132 7 3 55 2 1 13.1-14.036 6 56 2 0 0 14.0-14.9 5 2 28 62 2 1 14.9-15.841 17 40 1 1 0 15.8-16.748 10 5 34 3 0 16.7-17.741 5 44 5 4 1 17.7-18.940 5 6 45 4 0 8 37 49 3 3 3 49 Mean37 8 0 59 TM 14 SW 294329 Sproughton1323 Lane, Sprite’s near Block B Surface level(+ 39.9 m)+ 131ft Overburden 2.4 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 11.9 m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9 +m April 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.5 0.5 Boulder Clay Clay, pale brown, chalky 1.9 2.4 1.9 chalky brown, pale Clay, Clay Boulder ChillesfordBeds a Sand 3.7 6.1 Sand: fineto medium, white, pale green or pale brown, witha little rounded quartz gravel Red Crag b Sand Sand: fineto medium, redto red-brown, 2.7 8.8 with a little quartz and flint gravel Sand: fineto medium, shelly 5.5 14.3 London Clay Clay, bluish grey bluish Clay, Clay London 0.9+ 15.2 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -1 +LA +L1 16 16 4 4 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~~____~~ 2 96 2 2.4-3.3 4 37 55 2 2 2 55 37 4 2.4-3.3 2 96a 2 0 3.3-4.2 2 36 58 3 58 36 2 3.3-4.2 1 0 4.2-5.1 2 33 63 33 2 4.2-5.1 1 1 0 19 74 2 3 5.1-6.12 74 1 19 1 Mean2 632 31 2 0 ~~ ~-~ ~~~ 6 89b 6 5 6.1-7.016 2 4 74 7.0-7.918 5 9 65 7.9-8.813 12 65 8 8.8-9.718 6 13 61 9.7-10.621 6 60 11 10.6-11.630 4 16 46 11.6-12.528 4 12 47 12.5-13.431 8 12 43 13.4-14.3 Sample contaminated: not used Mean 6 22 56 22 6 Mean 11 4 1 60 TM 14 SW 30 l3414280 Stone Lodge Lane, Ipswich Block B Surface level(+ 42.5 m)+ 139 ft Overburden 1.8m Water struck at (+30.2m) +99ft Mineral 14.0m Wirth B1,8 in diameter Bedrock 0.9m+ March 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m M ade ground 0.6 0.6 0.6 ground Made C lay, brown, becoming sandy 1.2 1.8 1.2 sandy becomingBoulder brown,Clay Clay, Glacial Sand and Gravel a ‘Clayey’ pebbly sand 5.8 7.6 Gravel: white subroundedto rounded quartz in fine fraction, subangularto angular flint in coarser fraction. 0.3m of pale brown clay at 4.6 mdepth Sand: orange-brown, fineto medium Red Crag b Pebbly sand Sand: dark brown, with flint and quartz pebbles 10.4 2.8 Sand: dark brown, silty with shell fragments 5.4 15.8 abundant London Clay Clay, grey-brown 0.9+ 16.7 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -m1 +LA16 4 +*-I+1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ~____~~~ 79 6 1.8-2.7a 6 15 79 41 14 4 35 4 2 2.7-3.628 12 7 49 2 2 10 63.6-4.5 10 6 65 7 6 4.5-5.514 12 56 75 6 5.5-6.4 34 31 33 1 1 0 6.4-7.641 9 44 3 2 1 Mean28 15 4 47 3 3 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ 9 85 6 7.6-8.5 6 85b 9 4 63 13 2 5 13 8.5-9.4 1 34 2 59 4 0 15 19 48 7 48 9.4-10.319 15 5 6 10.3-11.321 9 3 55 12 0 11.3-12.221 8 16 52 3 0 20 20 49 8 3 8 49 12.2-13.120 20 0 8 30 43 17 43 13.1-14.030 8 1 1 9 38 35 14 3 14 35 14.0-14.938 9 1 14.9-15.8 No grading information available Mean25 9 3 3 50 10 61 TM 14 SW 31 l3l3 4073 Street Farms, Belstead Block E Surface level(+ 43.9 m)+ 144 ft Overburden 2.7m Water struck at (+ 30.1 m) + 99 ft Mineral 18.Om Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.3 m+ April 1970 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 S and and Gravel Gravel, brown, silty brown, Gravel, Gravel and Glacial Sand 1.8 2.7 a Pebbly sand 7.4 10.1 Sand: fineto medium, brown, with subrounded flint and occasional roundedquartz pebbles Red Crag b ‘Clayey’ sand Sand: brown, silty 7.9 18.0 Sand: brown,shelly 2.7 20.7 London Clay Clay, bluish grey 9.3 + 30.0 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel Gravel +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~ 78 13 2.7-3.6a 13 9 78 9 14 54 613 4 3.6-4.5 8 14 51 713 7 4.5-5.5 6 18 47 1110 8 5.5-6.4 6 20 61 6 5 2 6.4-7.3 6 47 43 3 1 0 7.3-8.2 15 50 30 1 3 1 8.2-9.1 4 26 43 7 10 10 9.1-10.1 16 32 37 43 8 Mean6 459 27 7 6 ______~~~~ ~____ b 11 88 1 18 10.1-10.939 41 1 1 0 4 43 52 10.9-11.943 4 0 1 0 19 21 57 2 57 11.9-12.821 19 1 0 12.8-13.751 4 38 5 2 0 7 59 32 2 32 13.7-14.659 7 0 0 4 66 28 14.6-15.566 4 1 1 0 8 57 33 15.5-16.457 8 1 1 0 4 28 29 37 29 16.4-17.3 28 4 1 1 10 37 46 17.3-18.037 10 5 2 0 18.0-20.7 No grading information available Mean6 3711 45 1 0 62 TM 14 SW 32 l368 4048 nearSpinney Wood, Belstead Block E Surface level(+ 37.8 m)+ 124 ft Overburden 3.Om Water struck at (+25.6m) +84ft Mineral 13.5m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Bedrock 0.3m+ April 1970 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m ~ M ade ground Made 1.2 1.2 ?B oulder Clay Clay, brown, silty 1.8 3.0 1.8 silty brown, Clay, Clay ?Boulder Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand Sand: mainly fine to medium, brown to yellow-brown, with some flint gravel Red Crag b Sand: Sand: brown, earthy 4.6 13.1 Sand: brown, shelly 3.4 16.5 London Clay Clay, bluishgreyLondonClay,Clay 0.3+ 16.8 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 1 +L-L16 4 -iT ++-I +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ _____ ~____~___~ 3.0-3.9 5 30 55 3 6 3 83a 55 9 30 8 5 3.0-3.9 1 3.9-4.9 17 17 38 8 13 7 13 8 38 17 17 3.9-4.9 4.9-5.8 14 21 60 2 3 2 60 21 14 4.9-5.8 0 5.8-6.7 8 26 8 5.8-6.7 4 2 55 5 6.7-7.6 2 32 59 6 59 32 2 6.7-7.6 1 0 7.6-8.5 6 25 56 6 3 6 56 25 6 7.6-8.5 4 Mean 9 5 25 53 3 5 ~___ ~ ~~~ ~~ 6 91 3 8.5-9.4 3 91b 6 5 5 36 53 1 0 9.4-10.318 7 12 62 1 0 10.3-11.326 6 9 58 1 0 11.3-12.234 4 10 50 2 0 12.2-13.137 8 7 41 6 1 13.1-14.028 7 17 42 5 1 14.0-14.932 7 13 45 3 0 14.9-15.831 7 15 43 4 0 15.8-16.5 No grading information available M ean 6 30 6 Mean 50 11 3 0 J 63 TM 14 SW 33 1454 4275 WasteCottages, Ipswich Surface level(+ 40.8 m)+ 134 ft Overburden 0.9m Water struck at (+ 25.0 m) + 82 ft Mineral 4.6 m Wirth BO, 8 in diameter Waste 0.9 m April 1970 Mineral 10.1m Bedrock 0.6m+ LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.9 0.9 ChillesfordBeds a Sand 4.6 5.5 Sand: fineto medium, pale brownwith a little flint gravel Clay, laminated, brown and grey 0.9 6.4 0.9 grey and brown laminated, Clay, Red Crag b Sand Sand: fineto medium, orangeor brown 11.9 5.5 with a little flint gravel Sand: brown, shelly 16.5 4.6 C lay, bluish grey bluishLondon Clay Clay, 0.6+ 17.1 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel Fines Sand Gravel 1 +LA. +L1 -iG 16 4 4 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~~~ ~~ 7 89a 7 4 0.9-1.8 675 20 5 1 2 1.8-2.7 624 26 5 3 0 2.7-3.6 18 56 21 1 2 2 3.6-4.5 574 33 3 3 0 4.5-5.5 536 29 4 7 0 Mean 4 752 33 3 1 ~~ 88 4 6.4-7.3b 4 8 88 7 69 21 1 2 0 7.3-8.2 8 42 43 3 4 0 8.2-9.1 6 38 43 9 2 2 9.1-10.0 4 37 45 11 3 0 10.0-10.9 6 31 53 7 2 1 10.9-11.9 5 36 50 6 3 0 11.9-12.8 6 28 37 23 3 3 12.8-13.7 5 12 55 26 2 0 13.7-14.6 6 29 37 23 4 1 14.6-15.5 7 39 32 16 6 0 15.5-16.1 9 38 31 18 4 0 16.1-16.5 23 17 47 10 3 0 Mean 8 34 44 10 3 1 64 TMWherstead 14 nearSW 78 4014 1460 Hall, Wherstead Block E Surface level Surface mm) (+ 28.7 3.4Overburden + 94 ft at (+23.2m)Water struck at +76ft Mineral 3.3 m in diameter Bedrock diameter Wirth BO, 8 in 0.9m+ April 1970 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m -~ Soil 0.9 0.9 Crag Clay, brown, silty 2.1 3.0 2.1 silty brown, Clay, ?Red Crag G ravel, silty Gravel, 0.4 3.4 Crag Pebbly sandPebbly Red Crag Sand: red-brown, withred-brown, Sand: gravel a little 4.3 0.9 Sand: brown, with shelly fragments 2.4 6.7 2.4 fragments shelly with brown, Sand: London Clay Clay, bluish grey bluish Clay, Clay London 0.9+ 7.6 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines --1 +1-1 +1-1 16 16 16 4 4 +4-16+1-4 +16 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ 8 3.4-4.284 8 11 20 50 15 4 0 4.2-5.1 No gradinginformation available 5.1-6.1 7 9 64 9 7 5.1-6.1 11 9 0 6.1-6.716 475 23 2 7 Mean 8 17 53 14 7 14 53 17 8 Mean 1 TM 14 SW 79 El31Wherstead 4466 Farm,Redgate Block A Surface level Surface m) (+6.1 + 20 ft Overburden 0.6m G roundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 4.0 Mineral recorded not conditions Groundwater m 6 in diameter Bedrock diameter in Pilcon shell, 6 1.7m + October 1971 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m _~ Soil 0.6 0.6 River Terrace Deposits Gravel 4.0 4.6 4.0 Gravel Deposits Terrace River (1st Terrace)(1st Gravel: pebbles of andflint quartzite, occasional chalk pebbles. Angularto subrounded Upper Chalk Soft chalk 6.3 1.7+ GRADING Mean fordeposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -1 +1-' +' 1 16 16 4 4- +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~ ~ ___~~~~ 7 31 62 0.6-1.6 62 31 7 3 5 5 1135 41 1.6-2.6 8 108 19 32 23 2.6-3.6 11 5 10 13 40 21 6 93.6-4.6 6 20 1029 26 Mean 7 8 14 349 28 TM 14 SE 77 1540 4072 near School, Wherstead Block E Surface level(+ 40.2 m) + 132 ft Overburden 3 .O m Water struck at +26 m Mineral 12.8 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.7m+ October 1971 LOG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m m Made ground and soil 1.5 1.5 Clay, brown with pebbles 3.0 1.5 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 5.0 8.0 Sand: fine to medium, brown with some gravel, mainly flint Red Crag b Pebbly sand Sand: orangeto dark brown, silty with ironstone 3.3 11.3 bands with some flint gravel Sand: chocolate brown, shelly. 15.8 4.5 Black phosphatic pebbles at base London Clay Clay, bluish grey 0.7+ 16.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages FinesSandGravel SandFines Gravel -1 +LA16 4 +1-4 16 +4-16 +16 ~ ~~~ ~~ 3.0-4.015 6 6 58 5 10 4.0-5.0 11 15 52 6 9 7 5.0-6.0 4 54 37 1 3 1 6.0-7.0 5 66 28 1 0 0 7.0-8.076 6 17 1 0 0 Mean 396 45 43 3 b 9 85 6 8.0-9.0 17 20 59 4 9.0-10.0 6 30 48 11 10.0-11.0 6 10 74 9 11.0-12.0 9 19 54 14 12.0-13.0 6 10 55 28 13.0-14.0 17 37 26 14 14.0-15.0 2 15 49 19 15.0-15.8 6 26 42 12 Mean 9 21 50 14 66 78 1671 4098 Wherstead Hall, Wherstead Hall,Wherstead 4098 TM1671 14 SE 78 Block A S urface level Surface (+ 7.6 m) + 25 ft Overburdenm 0.9 recorded Mineral 12.0 m Groundwater12.0 conditions Mineral not recorded P ilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.6 m 0.6 Bedrock diameter in 6 shell, Pilcon + October 1971 LOG G eological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m M ade ground Made 0.9 0.9 Rivergravel Terrace sandy Deposits clayey’ a ‘Very 5.0 5.9 (1st Terrace) Gravel:angular to subroundedflintsand occasional rounded quartz Sand: brown and yellow, silty with carbonaceous material Channel-fillDeposits b Sandygravel 12.9 7.0 Gravel: angular to subrounded flint, rounded white quartz Sand: mainly medium Upperflints withChalk 0.6+ 13.5 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines SandGravel Fines Sand Gravel 1 +L-L +L-1 -m 16 4 4 +1-4 +4-16 +16 ~~~ ~~ a 21 0.9-1.956 23 14 2118 19 18 10 1.9-2.9 2923 24 8 20 6 2.9-3.9 15 1822 18 20 7 3.9-4.9 1921 27 11 15 7 4.9-5.9 1826 27 7 9 13 Mean 2122 23 11 14 9 ~~~ ~~ 56 42 5.9-6.9b 42 2 56 1 166 31 26 20 6.9-7.9 1 4 30 734 24 7.9-8.9 2 193 36 17 23 8.9-9.9 3 204 46 6 21 9.9-10.9 3 235 41 17 11 10.9-11.9 1 108 43 21 17 11.9-12.9 2 3 27 1138 19 Mean 2 155 36 20 22 a+b 1034 56 13 1030 13 15 19 67 TM 14 SE 79 1699 4058 Redgate Farm, Wherstead Block A Surface level(+ 5.1 m) + 17 ft Overburden 0.9m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 2.6m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 1.9 m+ October 1971 LQG Geologicalclassification Lithology Thickness Depth m m Soil 0.9 0.9 River Terrace Deposits Sandy gravel 2.6 3.5 (1st Terrace) Gravel: angularto subrounded flints, with some rounded quartz andquartzite Sand: silty in upper1 m, pale brown LondonClay Clay, brown to 4.0 m thenbluish grey 1.9+ 5.4 GRADING Mean €or deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines +LA -& 16 4 +L14 +4-16+1-4 +16 ~~ ___ ~~ 0.9-1.9 10 30 186 5030 44 10 0.9-1.9 13 8 21 20 19 30 251.9-2.9 30 1 19 5 20 2.9-3.5 No gradinginformation available Mean 6 Mean14 19 17 21 23 68 TM 14 SE 80 1859House, 4163 Otter near Ipswich Block E l Surface level(+ 38.4 m) + 128 ft Overburden 0.6m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 18.1m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.5 m + LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m Topsoil 0.6 0.6 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand Sand: pale yellow-brown, with some laminated clay, 6.4 7.0 and a brown and grey clay band between 6.6 andm, 7.0 with scattered flint gravel Red Crag b Sand Sand: red-brown, clayey, with tracesof fine gravel 15 8.0 .O Sand: red-brown, shelly 18.7 3.7 London Clay Clay, bluish greybluishLondonClay,Clay OS+ 19.2 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 1 +1-1 +L1 -iE 16 4 4 +4-16+1-4 +16 ~~ ____ ~~~ ~~ 4 77 19 0.6-1.6 19 a77 4 24 6 6 51 9 4 4 51.6-2.6 4 13 32 27 19 2.6-3.626 8 6 57 3 0 3.6-4.614 3 9 47 17 10 4.6-5.614 3 10 66 5 2 5.6-6.6 2 11 62 512 8 4 16 53 Mean16 4 8 8 11 ~~ ~ ___~~~~ 8 91b 8 1 7.0-8.036 14 8 41 1 0 8.0-9.031 8 7 53 1 0 9.0-10.029 7 9 54 1 0 10.0-1125 .o 8 9 56 2 0 11.0-12.035 10 23 30 1 1 12.0-13.029 10 15 44 2 0 13.0-14.024 7 8 61 0 0 14.0-15.035 7 4 43 1 0 15.0-16.033 7 3 55 2 0 16.0-17.038 4 16 41 1 0 17.0-18.736 2 16 44 2 0 8 32 48 Mean32 8 11 1 0 69 TM 14 SE 81 I900 4090 near Bridge Wood, Ipswich Block E Surface level(+ 37.8 m) + 124 ft Overburden 0.6 m Groundwater conditions not recorded Mineral 8.5 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Waste 1.3 m October 1971 Mineral 11.2m Bedrock 1.3m + LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m ~- Soil 0.6 0.6 Glacial Sand Glacial8.5 and sandGravel a Pebbly 9.1 Sand: brown, clayey Gravel: rounded quartz and subangular flint. Brown clay with wood fragments notedat 6.7 m Chillesford Beds Clay, green, stiff green, Clay, Beds Chillesford 1.3 10.4 b Gravel 0.6 11 .o Gravel: subroundedto subangular quartz and rounded flints Red Crag c Sand Sand: reddish brown with occasional pebbles 19.7 8.7 and ironstone bands Sand: brown with shell fragments. 1.9 21.6 Black phosphatic pebbles at base London Clay Clay, brown, becoming bluish grey bluish becoming brown, Clay, Clay London 1.3+ 22.9 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface (m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines -1 +LA16 4 +-2-1 +1-4 +4-16 +16 16 ~~ 75 18 0.6-1.6a 18 7 75 10 8 34 1124 13 1.6-2.610 7 35 11 13 24 2.6-3.6 5 7 43 922 14 3.6-5.1 9 1221 47 3 8 5.1-6.1 7 7 20 61 5 0 6.1-7.121 4 63 9 3 0 7.1-8.115 3 65 510 2 8.1-9.121 14 55 24 4 Mean 7 16 50 9 8 10 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ 48 49 10.4-11.0b 49 3 48 3 9 28 1124 25 ~~ ~~~ ~~ 9 87 4 11.0-12.0 4 87C 9 31 8 7 51 2 1 12.0-13.0 7 36 42 9 4 2 13.0-14.041 12 37 6 3 1 14.0-15.027 17 12 34 5 5 15.0-16.024 12 13 41 2 8 16.0-17.0 9 28 55 4 4 0 17.0-18.0 9 1026 53 2 0 18.0-19.0 7 23 57 11 2 0 19.0-20.021 6 16 55 2 0 4 520.2-21.6 4 35 53 3 0 Mean14 489 25 3 1 70 TM 14 SE 82 1960 4166 near Iron Works, Ipswich Block E Surface level(+ 37.2 m)+ 122 ft Overburden 0.6m Water struck at +23.1 m Mineral 21.1 m Pilcon shell, 6 in diameter Bedrock 0.6m+ October 1971 LOG Geological classification Lithology Thickness Lithology classification Geological Depth m m m Soil 0.6 0.6 Glacial Sand and Gravel a Pebbly sand 8.8 9.4 Sand: pale brown, fineto medium Gravel: angular to subrounded flints, rounded quartz Chillesford Beds b Sandy gravel 11.4 2.0 Gravel: subangular to subrounded flint, subrounded to rounded quartz Sand: green, mainly medium, with green sandy clay between 9.4 and 9.6 m Red Crag c Pebbly sand Sand: reddish brown, with a little gravel 13.6 2.2 Sand: brown, with shell fragments Black pebbles between 17.6 and m 18.6 m, and at base 8.1 21.7 LondonClayClay, brown, becoming bluish grey 0.6+ 22.3 GRADING Mean for deposit Depth below percentages surface(m) percentages Fines Sand GravelFinesSandGravel Sand Fines 1 +LA +L1 -iG 16 4 4 +1-4 +4-16 +16 _~ 87 9 0.6-1.6 a 9 4 87 8 19 46 14 1.6-2.6 6 10 50 19 2.6-3.6 3 27 60 0 3.6-4.6. 3 24 66 0 4.6-5.6 3 19 56 11 5.6-6.6 3 25 67 0 6.6-7.6 3 36 54 0 7.6-8.6 3 20 67 3 8.6-9.4 8 34 50 0 24 57 6 4 4 Mean6 57 24 5 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ 3 67 30 9.6-10.6 3 14 36 14 16 17 16 14 36 14 3 9.6-10.6 30 67b 3 10.6-11.4 3 18 41 12 9 17 9 12 41 18 3 10.6-11.4 Mean 3 1316 38 13 17 ~____ ~~ 3 92 C 3 5 11.4-12.4 5 43 39 11 2 0 12.4-13.4 3 2036 36 5 0 13.4-14.4 4 1739 35 4 1 14.4-15.4 2 2040 35 3 0 15.4-16.4 2 2328 42 5 0 16.4-17.4 6 1629 45 4 0 17.4-18.4 2 3313 45 6 1 18.4-19.4 2 16 53 25 4 0 19.4-20.4 3 11 55 27 4 0 20.4-21.7 2 2521 45 5 2 27 43 22 4 3 Mean22 43 27 1 71 APPENDIX G LIST OF WORKINGS Locality Deposits worked Grid reference 1 Pits working sand and gravel TuddenhamGlacialGravelSand and Chillesford Beds 193 492 BroomGlacialHill Sand Graveland Chillesford Beds Red Crag 131 482 ValleyFarm Glacial Sandand Gravel Chillesford Beds Wed Crag 116 435 BloodGlacialHill SandGravel and 113 485 LoneRiverTerrace BarnDeposits 138 454 2 Abandoned pits with sectionsin sand and gravel BramfordCommon River Terrace Deposits 121 479 Grove Pit Red Crag (on LondonCragGroveRed(on Pit Clay, which rests on Reading Beds) 130 478 WesterfieldGlacialGravelandSand 178 476 3 Pits workedfor chalk, butshowing overlying sand and gravel Great BlakenhamChillesford Beds 111 499 Claydon Hill Pit Chillesford ClaydonPit136BedsHill 498 72 APPENDIX H CONVERSION TABLE,METRES TO FEET(to nearest 0.5ft) m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft 0.1 0.5 6.1 20 12.1 39.5 18.1 59.5 24.1 79 0.2 0.5 6.2 20.5 12.2 40 18.2 59.5 24.2 79.5 0.3 1 6.3 20.5 12.3 40.5 18.3 60 24.3 79.5 0.4 1.5 6.4 21 12.4 40.5 18.4 60.5 24.4 80 0.5 1.5 6.5 21.5 12.5 41 18.5 60.5 24.5 80.5 0.6 2 6.6 21.5 12.6 41.5 18.6 61 24.6 80.5 0.7 2.5 6.7 22 12.7 41.5 18.7 61.5 24.7 81 0.8 2.5 6.8 22.5 12.8 42 18.8 61.5 24.8 81.5 0.9 3 6.9 22.5 12.9 42.5 18.9 62 24.9 81.5 1.0 3.5 7.0 23 13.O 42.5 19.0 62.5 25 .O 82 1.1 3.5 7.1 23.5 13.1 43 19.1 62.5 25.1 82.5 1.2 4 7.2 23.5 13.2 43.5 19.2 63 25.2 82.5 1.3 4.5 7.3 24 13.3 43.5 19.3 63.5 25.3 83 1.4 4.5 7.4 24.5 13.4 44 19.4 63.5 25.4 83.5 1.5 5 7.5 24.5 13.5 44.5 19.5 64 25.5 83.5 1.6 5 7.6 25 13.6 44.5 19.6 64.5 25.6 84 1.7 5.5 7.7 25.5 13.7 45 19.7 64.5 25.7 84.5 1.8 6 7.8 25.5 13.8 45.5 19.8 65 25.8 84.5 1.9 6 7.9 26 13.9 45.5 19.9 65.5 25.9 85 2.0 6.5 8.0 26 14.0 46 20.0 65.5 26.0 85.5 2.1 7 8.1 26.5 14.1 46.5 20.1 66 26.1 85.5 2.2 7 8.2 27 14.2 46.5 20.2 66.5 26.2 86 2.3 7.5 8.3 27 14.3 47 20.3 66.5 26.3 86.5 2.4 8 8.4 27.5 14.4 47 20.4 67 26.4 86.5 2.5 8 8.5 28 14.5 47.5 20.5 67.5 26.5 87 2.6 8.5 8.6 28 14.6 48 20.6 67.5 26.6 87.5 2.7 9 8.7 28.5 14.7 48 20.7 68 26.7 87.5 2.8 9 8.8 29 14.8 48.5 20.8 68 26.8 88 2.9 9.5 8.9 29 14.9 49 20.9 68.5 26.9 88.5 3.0 10 9.0 29.5 15.O 49 21.0 69 27.0 88.5 3.1 10 9.1 30 15.1 49.5 21.1 69 27.1 89 3.2 10.5 9.2 30 15.2 50 21.2 69.5 27.2 89 3.3 11 9.3 30.5 15.3 50 21.3 70 27.3 89.5 3.4 11 9.4 31 15.4 50.5 21.4 70 27.4 90 3.5 11.5 9.5 31 15.5 51 21.5 70.5 27.5 90 3.6 12 9.6 31.5 15.6 51 21.6 71 27.6 90.5 3.7 12 9.7 32 15.7 51.5 21.7 71 27.7 91 3.8 12.5 9.8 32 15.8 52 21.8 71.5 27.8 91 3.9 13 9.9 32.5 15.9 52 21.9 72 27.9 91.5 4.0 13 10.0 33 16.0 52.5 22 .o 72 28.0 92 4.1 13.5 10.1 33 16.1 53 22.1 72.5 28.1 92 4.2 14 10.2 33.5 16.2 53 22.2 73 28.2 92.5 4.3 14 10.3 34 16.3 53.5 22.3 73 28.3 93 4.4 14.5 10.4 34 16.4 54 22.4 73.5 28.4 93 4.5 15 10.5 34.5 16.5 54 22.5 74 28.5 93.5 4.6 15 10.6 35 16.6 54.5 22.6 74 28.6 94 4.7 15.5 10.7 35 16.7 55 22.7 74.5 28.7 94 4.8 15.5 10.8 35.5 16.8 55 22.8 75 28.8 94.5 4.9 16 10.9 36 16.9 55.5 22.9 75 28.9 95 5 .O 16.5 11.0 36 17.0 56 23 .O 75.5 29.0 95 5.1 17 11.1 36.5 17.1 56 23.1 76 29.1 95.5 5.2 17 11.2 36.5 17.2 56.5 23.2 76 29.2 96 5.3 17.5 11.3 37 17.3 57 23.3 76.5 29.3 96 5.4 17.5 11.4 37.5 17.4 57 23.4 77 29.4 96.5 5.5 18 11.5 37.5 17.5 57.5 23.5 77 29.5 97 5.6 18.5 11.6 38 17.6 57.5 23.6 77.5 29.6 97 5.7 18.5 11.7 38.5 17.7 58 23.7 78 29.7 97.5 5.8 19 11.8 38.5 17.8 58.5 23.8 78 29.8 98 5.9 19.5 11.9 39 17.9 58.5 23.9 78.5 29.9 98 6.0 19.5 12.0 39.5 18.0 59 24.0 78.5 30.0 98.5 73 REFERENCES TWENHOFEL,W. H. 1937. Terminology of the fine-grained mechanical sediments. Rep. Natl Res. Counc. Washington, ALLEN, V.T. 1936. Terminology of medium-grained 1936-7, App. 1, Rep. Comm. Sedimentation, pp. 81-104. sediments. Rep. Natl Res. Counc. Washington, 1935-36, UDDEN,J. A. 1914. Mechanical composition of clastic App. 1, Rep. Comm. on Sedimentation, pp. 18-47. sediments. Bull. Geol. SOC.Am., Vol. 25, pp.655-744. ALLENDER,R. and HOLLYER,S. E. 1972. The sand and WENTWORTH,C. K. 1922. A scale of grade and class terms gravel resourcesof the area south and west of Woodbridge, for clastic sediments. J. Geol.,Vol.30, No. 5, pp. 377-392. Suffolk. Descriptionof 1:25 000resource sheetTM 24. Rep. - 1935. The terminology of coarse sediments. Bull. Natl Inst. Geol. Sci.,No. 7219,128 pp. Res. Counc. Washington, No. 98, pp.225-246. - 1973. The sand and gravel resources of the country WHITAKER,W. 1885. The geology of the country around around Shotley and Felixstowe, Suffolk. Descriptionof Ipswich, Hadleigh and Felixstowe. Mem. Geol. Surv. G.B. 1:25 OOO resource sheet TM 23. Rep. Znst. Geol. Sci.,No. WILLMAN,H. B. 1942. Geology and mineral resources of the 73/13,71 pp. Marseilles, Ottawa and Streator quadrangles.Bull. Zllinois ARCHER,A. A. 1969. Background and problems of an State Geol. Surv., No. 66, pp.343-344. assessment of sand and gravel resources in the United WOODLAND,A. W. 1970. The buried tunnel-valleys of East Kingdom. Proc. 9th Commonw. Min. Metall. Congr., 1969, Anglia. Proc. Yorks. Geol. SOC.,Vol. 37, pp. 521-578. Vol. 2, Mining and petroleum geology, pp.495-508. (London: Institutionof Mining and Metallurgy). - 1970a. Standardisation of the size classification of naturally occurring particles.Geotechnique, Vol. 20, pp. 103-107. - 1970b. Making the most of metrication. Quarry Managers’ J., Vol. 54, pp.223-227. ATTERBERG,A. 1905. Die rationelle Klassifikation der Sande und Kiese. Chem. Zg.,Vol. 29, pp.195-198. BADEN-POWELL,D. F. W. 1948. The Chalky Boulder Clays of Norfolk and Suffolk.Geol. Mag.,Vol. 85, pp.279-296. - and WEST,R. G. 1960. Summer field meeting in East Anglia. Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. 71, pp.61-80. BOSWELL,P. G. H. 1927. The geology of the country around Ipswich. Mem. Geol.Surv. G.B. - 1931. The stratigraphy of the glacial depositsof East Anglia in relationto Early Man. Proc. Geol. Ass.,Vol. 42, pp. 87-1 11. BRITISHSTANDARD 1377. 1967. Methods of testingsoils for civil engineeringpurposes. (London: British Standards Institution) 233 pp. BUREAUOF MINESAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.1948. Mineral resources of the United States.(Washington DC: Public Affairs Press.) pp. 14-17. DAVIES, M.C., STANDON-BAIT,L. and others. 1966. Records of Wells inthe area of New Series One-Inch (Geological) Ipswich (207) and Woodbridge (208) sheets. Water supply papers of the Instituteof Geological Sciences. Well Catalogue Series. DOUBLE,I. S. 1924. Petrography of the late Tertiary deposits of East England. Proc. Geol.Ass., Vol. 35, pp.332-358. HARMER,F. W. 1900. The Pliocene Deposits of East England - Part 11. The Crag of Essex (Waltonian) and its relation to that of Suffolk and Norfolk.Q. J. Geol. SOC. London, Vol. 56, pp.705-738. HARRIS,P. M.,THURRELL, R. G.,HEALING, R. A. and ARCHER,A. A. 1974. Aggregates in Britain. Proc. R. SOC. London, Ser. A, Vol. 339, pp. 329-353. HOLLYER,S. E. 1974. The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Tattingstone, Suffolk. Descriptionof 1:25 OOO resource sheet TM 13. Rep. Znst. Geol. Sci.,No. 7419,86 pp. LANE,E. W. andothers. 1974. Report of the sub-committee on sediment terminology. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Vol. 28, pp.936-938. PETTIJOHN,F. J. 1975. Sedimentary Rocks, 3rd Edition. (London: Harper and Row.) PRESTWICH,J. 1871. On the structure of the Crag-beds of Suffolk and Norfolk with some observations on their organic remains. Q. J. Geol. SOC.London, Vol. 27, Part I, pp. 115-146, Part 11, pp. 325-356, Part 111, pp. 453-496. THURRELL,G. R. 1971. The assessmentof mineral resources with particular reference to sand and gravel.Quarry Managers’ J., Vol. 55, pp. 19-25. 74 The following reports of the Institute relate particularlyto bulk 18 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Thames Valley,the mineral resources country aroundCricklade, Wiltshire: Resource sheetSU 09/19 and parts of SP 00/10. P. R. Robson. Reports of the Institute of Geological Sciences ISBN 0 11 880749 8 B.00 Assessment of British Sand andGravel Resources 19 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country southof Gainsborough, Lincolnshire: Resource sheetSK 88 andpart of 1 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country south-east of SK 78; J. H. Lovell. Norwich, Norfolk: Resource sheet TG 20. E. F. P. Nickless. ISBN 0 11 880750 1 D.50 Report 71/20ISBN 0 11 880216 f1.15 20 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country eastof 2 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Newark upon Trent, Nottinghamshire: Resource sheetSK 85. Witham, Essex: Resource sheet TL 81. H. J. E. Haggard. J. R. Gozzard. Report 72/6 ISBN 0 11 880588 6 f1.20 ISBN 0 11 880751 X B.75 3 The sand and gravel resourcesof the area south and west of 21 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Thames and Kennet Woodbridge, Suffolk: Resourcesheet TM 24. R. Allender Valleys, the country around Pangbourne, Berkshire: Resource and S. E. Hollyer. sheet SU 67. H. C. Squirrell. Report 72/9 ISBN 0 11 880596 7 f1.70 ISBN 0 11 880752 8 B.25 4 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 22 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country north-westof Maldon, Essex: Resource sheet TL 80. J. D. Ambrose. Scunthorpe, Humberside: Resource sheet SE 81. J. W. C. Report 73/1 ISBN 0 11 880600 9 f1.20 James. 5 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around ISBN 0 11 880753 6 B.00 Hethersett, Norfolk: Resource sheet TG 10. E. F. P. 23 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Thames Valley,the Nickless. country between Lechlade andStandlake: Resource sheet SP Report 73/4 ISBN 0 11 880606 8 f1.60 30 and parts of SP 20, SU 29 and SU 39. P. Robson. 6 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around ISBN 0 11 881252 1 E7.25 Terling, Essex: Resource sheet TL 71. C. H. Eaton. 24 The sand and gravehesourcesof the country around Report 73/5 ISBN 0 11 880608 4 f1.20 Aldermaston, Berkshire: Resource sheetSU 56 and SU 66. 7 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Layer H. C. Squirrell. Breton and Tolleshunt D’Arcy, Essex: Resource sheet TL 91 ISBN 0 11 881253 X 25.00 and part of TL 90. J. D. Ambrose. 25 The celestite resources of the area north-east of Bristol: Report 73/8 ISBN 0 11 990614 9 f1.30 Resource sheetST68 and partsof ST59,69,79,58,78,68 and 8 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 77. E. F. P. Nickless, S. J. Booth and P. N. Mosley. Shotley and Felixstowe, Suffolk: Resourcesheet TM 23. ISBN 0 11 881262 9 25.00 R. Allender and S. E. Hollyer. 26 The limestone and dolomite resourcesof the country Report 73/13 ISBN 0 11 880625 4 f1.60 around Monyash, Derbyshire: Resourcesheet SK 16. F. C. 9 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Cox and D. McC. Bridge. Attlebridge, Norfolk: Resource sheet TG 11. E. F. P. ISBN 0 11 881263 7 E7.00 Nickless. 27 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country west and Report 73/15 ISBN 0 11 880658 0 f1.85 south of Lincoln, Lincolnshire: Resourcesheets SK 95, SK 96 10 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country west of and SK 97. I. Jackson. Colchester, Essex: Resource sheet TLE. J. D.Ambrose. ISBN 0 11 884003 7 f6.00 Report 74/6 ISBN 0 11 880671 8 fl.45 28 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 11 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Eynsham, Oxfordshire: Resourcesheet SP 40 and partof SP Tattingstone, Suffolk: Resource sheet TM 13. S. E. Hollyer. 41. W. J. R.Harries. Report 74/9 ISBN 0 11 880675 0 fl.95 ISBN 0 11 884012 6 B.00 12 The sand and gravel resources of the country around 29 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country south-westof Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire: Resource sheetsSU 99, Scunthorpe, Humberside: Resource sheet SE 80. J. H. TQ 08 and TQ 09. H. C. Squirrell Lovell. Report74/14 ISBN 0 11 880710 2 E2.20 ISBN 0 11 884013 4 B.50 30 Procedure for the assessment of limestone resources. Mineral Assessment Reports F. C. Cox, D. McC. Bridge andJ. H.Hull. 13 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country eastof ISBN 0 11 884030 4 f1.25 Chelmsford, Essex: Resource sheet TL 70. M. R. Clarke. 31 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country westof ISBN 0 11 880744 7 B.50 Newark upon Trent, Nottinghamshire: Resource sheetSK 75. 14 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country eastof D . Price and P. J. Rogers. Colchester, Essex: Resource sheetTMO2. J. D.Ambrose. ISBN 0 11 884031 2 B.50 ISBN 0 11 880745 5 B.25 32 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 15 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Sonning and Henley: Resource sheetSU 77 and SU78. H. C. Newton on Trent,Lincolnshire: Resourcesheet SK 87. Squirrell. D. Price. ISBN 0 11 884032 0 $5.25 ISBN 0 11 880746 3 B.00 33 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country northof 16 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Gainsborough: Resource sheet SK 89. J. R. Gozzard and Braintree, Essex: Resource sheet TL 72. M. R. Clarke. D . Price. ISBN 0 11 880747 1 B.50 ISBN 0 11 884033 9 24.50 17 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 34 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Dengie Peninsula, Besthorpe, Nottinghamshire: Resourcesheet SK 86 andpart Essex: Resource sheet TL 90, etc. M. B. Simmons. of SK76. J. R. Gozzard. ISBN0 11 8840819 $5.00 ISBN 0 11 880748 X B.OO 35 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 53 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Darvel: Resource sheet NS 53,63, etc. E. F. P. Nickless, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire: Resourcesheet TL 46 and 47. A. M. Aitken andA. A. McMillan. A. J.Dixon. ISBN 0 11 884082 7 g.00 ISBN 0 11 884114 9 E9.25 36 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 54 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Southend-on-Sea, Essex: Resource sheetsTQ 78/79 etc. Huntingdon and St Ives, Cambridgeshire: Resourcesheets TL S. E. Hollyer andM. B. Simmons. 16,17,26,27,36 and 37. R. W. Gatliff. ISBN 0 11 884083 5 g.50 ISBN 0 11 884115 7 68.75 37 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 55 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Bawtrey, South Yorkshire: Resource sheetSK 69. A. R. Ipswich, Suffolk: Resource sheet TM 14. R. Allender and Clayton. S. E. Hollyer. ISBN 0 11 884053 3 X5.75 ISBN 0 11 884116 5 E10 .oO 38 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Resource sheetSU 49,59, SP 40,50. Reports of the Instituteof Geological Sciences C. E. Corser. Other Reports ISBN 0 11 884084 5 X5.50 39 The sand and gravel resourcesof the Blackwater Valley 69/9 Sand and gravel resourcesof the inner Moray Firth. (Aldershot) area: Resource sheetSU 85,86, parts SU 84,94, A. L. Harrison and J. D.Peacock. 95,96. M. R. Clarke, A. J. Dixon and M. Kubala. ISBN 0 11 880106 6 35p ISBN 0 11 884085 1 g.00 70/4 Sands and gravels of the southern countiesof Scotland. 40 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country west of G. A.Goodlet. Darlington, County Durham: Resourcesheet NZ 11,21. ISBN 0 11 880105 8 9Op A. Smith. 72/8 The use and resources of moulding sand in Northern ISBN 0 11 884086 X a.00 Ireland. R.A. Old. 41 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around ISBN 0 11 881594 0 30p Garmouth, Grampian Region: Resourcesheet NJ 36. A. M. 73/9 The superficial deposits of the Firth of Clyde and its sea Aitken, J. W. Merritt and A. J. Shaw. lochs. C. E. Deegan, R. Kirby, I. Rae and R. Floyd. ISBN 0 11 884090 8 B.75 ISBN 0 11 880617 3 95p 42 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 77/1 Sources of aggregate in NorthernIreland (2nd edition). Maidenhead and Marlow: Resource sheetSU 88, partsSU 87, I. B. Cameron. 97,98.P. N. Dudley. ISBN 0 11 881279 3 70p ISBN 0 11 88409 1 6 E5.00 77/2 Sand and gravel resources of the Grampian Region. 43 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around J. D. Peacock and others. Misterton, Nottinghamshire: Resource sheetSK 79. ISBN 0 11 881282 3 80p D . Thomas andD. Price. 77/5 Sand and gravel resources of the Fife Region. ISBN 0 11 884092 4 fi.25 M. A. E.Browne. 44 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around ISBN 0 11 884004 5 60p Sedgefield, Durham: Resource sheet NZ 32. M. D. A. 77/6 Sand and gravel resources of the Tayside Region. Samuel. I. B. Paterson. ISBN 0 11 884093 2 25.75 ISBN 0 11 884008 8 f1.40 45 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 77/8 Sand and gravel resourcesof the Strathclyde Region. Brampton, Cumbria: Resourcesheet NY 55, part 56. I. B. Cameron andothers. I. Jackson. ISBN 0 11 884028 2 B.50 ISBN 0 11 884094 0 i6.75 77/9 Sand and gravel resourcesof the Central Region, 46 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Scotland. M. A. E. Browne. Harlow, Essex: Resource sheet TL 41. P. M. Hopson. ISBN 0 11 884016 9 21.35 ISBN 0 11 884107 6 29.50 77/19 Sand and gravel resources of the Borders Region, 47 The limestone and dolomite resourcesof the country Scotland. A.D. McAdam. around Wirksworth, Derbyshire: Resourcesheet SK 25, part ISBN 0 11 884025 8 fl.OO 35. F. C. Cox and D. J. Harrison. 77/22 Sand and gravel resources of the Dumfries and ISBN 0 11 884108 4 215.00 Galloway Region of Scotland. I. B. Cameron. 48 The sand and gravel resourcesof the LoddonValley area: ISBN 0 11 884025 8 fl.20 Resource sheet SU 75,76, parts 64,65,66 and 74. M. R. 78/1 Sand and gravelsof the Lothian Region of Scotland. Clarke, E. J. Raynor and R.A. Sobey. A. D.McAdam. ISBN 0 11 884109 2 B.75 ISBN 0 11 884042 8 fl.OO 49 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around 78/8 Sand and gravel resources of the Highland Region. Lanark, Strathclyde Region: Resource sheetNS 94, part 84. W. Mykura, D. L. Ross andF. Main. J. L. Laxton andE. F. P. Nickless. ISBN 0 11 884050 9 S.00 ISBN 0 11 884112 2 511.00 50 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country around Fordingbridge, Hampshire: Resource sheetSU 11 and parts of SU 00,01,10,20 and 21. M. Kubala. ISBN0 11 884111 4 g.75 51 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country northof Dd 696801 K8 Bournemouth, Dorset: Resourcesheet SU 00, 10,20, SZ 09,19 and 29. M. R. Clarke. Typeset for the Institute of Geological Sciences by ISBN 0 11 884110 6 E9.75 Trendsetter Photoset Limited, Brentwood, Essex. 52 The sand and gravel resourcesof the country between Printed in England for Her Majesty’s Stationery Hatfield Heath and Great Waltham, Essex: Resourcesheet TL Office by Commercial Colour Press, LondonE7. 51 and61. R. J. Marks. ISBN 0 11 884113 0 B.00