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Negro Culture in West Africa; a Social Study of the Negro Group of Vai

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Negro Culture in West Africa; a Social Study of the Negro Group of Vai NEGRO CULTURE IN WEST AFRICA \'G VAI WOMAN spiece NjEGRO CULTURE IN WEST AFRICA A SOCIAL STUDY OF THE NEGRO GROUP OF VAI-SPEAKING PEOPLE WITH ITS OWN INVENTED ALPHABET AND WRITTEN LAN- GUAGE SHOWN IN TWO CHARTS AND SIX ENGRAVINGS OF VAI SCRIPT, TWENTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS OF THEIR ARTS AND LIFE, FIFTY FOLKLORE STOR- IES, ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN PRO- VERBS AND ONE MAP By GEORGE W. ELLIS, K.C., F.R.G.S. For eight years Secretary of the United States Legation in Liberia; author of "Liberia in the Political Psychology of West Africa," "Islam as a Factor in West African Culture," "Dynamic Factors in the Liberian Situation," etc. Introduction by FREDERICK STARR, B.S., M.S., PH.D., Sc.D. Professor and Curator of Anthropology in the University of Chicago To show the world Africans helping in the work that the African has a culture of bis own to explain that culture, and assist him to develop it. The African Journal and Mary H. Kinftley, p. 7. Edward Wilmot Blyden. NEW YORK THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1914 Copyright, 1914, by THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY VAIL-BALLOU COMPANY BINQMAMTON AND NEW YORK To my mother AMANDA JANE ELLIS whose thrift and industry rendered me indispensable aid and assistance in all my efforts for educational ad- vancement, and whose unsullied life and Christian char- acter remain to me a perpetual source of inspiration to lofty thought and noble achievement, this volume is gratefully and respectfully dedicated. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION " PREFACE 17 I THE RELATION OF THE VAIS TO THE NEGRO . 21 THE VAI COUNTRY A PORTION OF THE GREAT NEGROLAND 22 OUTSIDE INFLUENCES UPON NEGROLAND 22 THE ORIGIN OF THE VAIS 25 II PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE VAIS PERSONAL FEATURES, SIZE, COLOR, EYES, AND HAIR . 29 THE ACCEPTED NEGRO TYPE 31 INFLUENCES OF CLIMATE IN WEST AFRICA .... 34 DECORATION AND DRESS 36 III ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE VAIS IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE AND CULTIVATED PRODUCTS 40 THE CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS .... 41 TRAFFIC AND THE ARTICLES THEREOF 43 PRODUCTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS 43 IV NATURE OF THE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE VAIS SOCIAL CONDITIONS, TOWNS, HALF-TOWNS AND HOUSES 47 " " AIM AND PRINCIPLES OF THE DEVIL BUSH . .49 " " AIM AND PRINCIPLES OF THE GREEGREE BUSH . 53 MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 56 SCOPE AND INFLUENCE OF WITCHCRAFT 60 SOCIAL FUNCTIONS, DEATHS AND DANCES 66 V POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT OF THE VAIS NATURE AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT 73 DISTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL POWER 75 FORMS OF OATHS AND ORDEALS 76 CRIMES AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ... 82 VI RELIGIOUS LIFE AND PRACTICE OF THE VAIS IDEA AND CONCEPTION OF GOD 85 RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES AND SACRIFICES 87 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE RELIGIOUS FUNCTION OF THE MEDICINE-MAN .... 92 ISLAMIC FAITH AMONG THE VAIS 94 CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE VAIS no VII STANDARD OF MORALS AMONG THE VAIS BEFORE AND AFTER MARRIAGE 115 THE MEDICINE-MAN AS A MORAL AGENT 120 MORAL INFLUENCE OF THEIR RELIGION 122 THE MORAL INFLUENCE OF THEIR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 126 VIII VAI PROVERBS PROVERBS 147 IX VAI FOLKLORE STORIES FOLKLORE STORIES 186 X VAI LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND CONCLUSION VAI LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 259 HISTORY OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE 262 ELEMENTS OF VAI CULTURE 265 CONCLUSION AND NEGRO CIVILIZATION 273 INDEX 277 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Young Vai Woman Frontispiece FACING PAGE Vai Machine for Weaving Cloth 28 Native Bags for Trinkets 38 Native Fetiches and Symbols of Authority 48 Vai Leather Shoes and Handbags 56 Vai Spear and Knives in Leather 66 Vai Hoes, Pipe, Snuff Horn, Whip, etc 74 Vai Cloth, Shoes, Ivory Mortar, Palm Strainer, etc 86 Vai Islamic Mosque 94 Native Vai Crockery 104 Native Devil Parade 114 Vai Cloth Hammock and Basket 122 Vai Cloth and Cap 130 Some Vai Musical Instruments 138 Phonetic Chart of the Vai Characters 142 Vai Grass Work in Caps and Bags 148 Vai Dress, Farm and War Hats 158 Vai Grass Work in Handbags 168 Vai Grass Hammocks 176 Group of Native Singers 184 Native Chairs 192 Native Bow and Arrows 202 Two Kinds of Vai Canoes 218 Vai Cloth and Gaming Boards 236 Vai Wooden Plates, Spoons and Mortar 246 Vai Stories in Vai Characters 248, 250 Native Vai Kitchen 266 Map of Northwestern Africa 276 INTRODUCTION " " Negro Culture in West Africa needs no word of it stands its own merits. praise from my pen ; fairly upon But its appearance justifies a brief introduction. However uncertain many of the teachings of ethnology in regard to Africa may be, we may quite sharply dis- tinguish two masses among its dark peoples the Bantu peoples in the south and the true Negroes further north. The division is based primarily upon language, but it is well borne out by physical type and by culture. The people to whom Mr. Ellis introduces us are representa- tive true Negroes of West Africa. What he tells us re- garding them will be true, for the most part, of all the populations lying to the south of the great desert and north of the Congo basin and stretching across the con- tinent from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. The special population, which he has studied, is the Vai (or Vei), lying in the neighborhood of Cape Mount and oc- cupying a considerable area stretching back into the hin- terland. They are by no means a decadent folk. They are vig- orous, energetic, enterprising. Not only are they physi- cally splendid, they are shrewd and acute in mind. They are Mohammedans, and that means that they are inde- pendent, even aggressive, in attitude. It is unnecessary for me to sketch their character and life; Mr. Ellis treats both in detail. But we may say that no people on the West Coast of Africa can better be taken as typical ii 12 INTRODUCTION and showing what the African can do, either when left to himself or when affected by outside influences. It was among the Vai that the only practical and actually- used script for the writing of an African Negro language lias been produced. Mr. Ellis tells us of it and of its inventor Doalu Bukere. The name of this Negro Cad- mus deserves to be remembered, and from a people which produces such a man, something is justly expected in the present and in the future. So far as the present is concerned, the Vai population includes a plenty of shrewd, intelligent, industrious and useful men. It is new to most of the readers of this book, that there are Vai native Africans of pure blood, who possess libraries of Arabic books touching upon a considerable range of subjects. Among the Vai are men like Momolu Massa- quoi, who are useful alike to their own people and to the Americo-Liberians. His experiment of preparing text books in Vai, printed in Doalu Bukere' s script will be watched with interest. From among the boys of his people many may be stimulated by the study of books in their own language and script to strive for high achieve- ment. To the Vai the Honorable J. B. McCritty, pres- ent Mayor of the City of Monrovia, traces much of his blood and unquestioned ability. The Vai are chiefly a Liberian population. There are many tribes of natives in the Republic, differing from each other in language, in character, in life. They may be rather readily divided into three groups. There are (a) pagan people, in the interior, in large part hardly affected by the outside world, almost ignorant that there is an outside world the tribes ; (b) Kru of the coast, who know the white man; ambitious and energetic, they are INTRODUCTION 13 pagans, or Christian converts from paganism; (c) the Vai, Mandingo and the like Mohammedans, independ- ent and enterprising, traders by instinct. These three groups present three quite different problems to the gov- ernment of the Liberian Republic. Far out-numbering the Americo-Liberians, better adapted to their surround- ings, they must be utilized and assimilated or they will destroy. Properly utilized they will become the strength and bulwark of the nation. The group which presses and must most immediately play a significant part in Liberian affairs is that which includes the Vai. There are writers who demand that Liberia produce an actual African state. Dela fosse, who as French consul lived in Monrovia and well knows the native populations criti- cizes the Liberians for too closely copying us. He be- lieves they should have developed the native culture, have founded a Negro nation, different from European types. His demand is unreasonable, impossible of realization. The story of Liberia's origin demonstrates the impossi- bility. Liberia had to repeat us, even in our errors, because she came from us, is of us. Had she tried to do what Delafosse suggests, she would long since have been suppressed by hostile and jealous European pow- ers. They would not permit such a nation to con- tinue for a year upon the West Coast of Africa. Li- beria must play the game as other nations, white nations, play it or get off the board. Yet the Repub- lic would be better off and stronger if she learns some lessons of the natives, if she took some hints from them, if she absorbed and cultivated some things they have de- veloped. Among all her natives, there are none superior to the Vai. If Liberia cultivates close and intimate re- T 4 INTRODUCTION lations with them she must perforce be tinctured by them. Their social life and culture will affect her. There should be vitality and helpfulness in the contact.
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