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SIENNA D4.1 State-Of-The-Art Review

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SIENNA D4.1 State-Of-The-Art Review D4.1: State-of-the-art Review [WP4 – AI & Robotics] Lead contributor Philip Jansen, University of Twente Email: [email protected] Other contributors Stearns Broadhead, Trilateral Research Ltd Rowena Rodrigues, Trilateral Research Ltd David Wright, Trilateral Research Ltd Philip Brey, University of Twente Alice Fox, University of Twente Ning Wang, University of Twente & University of Zurich Owen King, University of Twente (reviewer) Raja Chatila, Sorbonne Université (reviewer) Virginia Romano, Uppsala University (reviewer) Due date 31 March 2018 Delivery date 13 April 2018 Type Report Dissemination level PU = Public Keywords Artificial intelligence, AI, robotics, state-of-the-art, literature review, present applications, future applications, socio-economic impact assessment, social impacts, economic impacts, environmental impacts The SIENNA project - Stakeholder-informed ethics for new technologies with high socio-economic and human rights impact - has received funding under the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 741716. © SIENNA, 2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 741716 – SIENNA – D4.1 Deliverable report Abstract This report describes the current state of the art in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. In this report, we establish definitions and demarcations for both fields that will be used in subsequent SIENNA research on AI and robotics. The report discusses the fields in terms of their backgrounds, positions, challenges, and present and expected applications. This report includes a socio-economic impact assessment (SEIA) that examines the current and expected impacts of AI and robotics. Document history Version Date Description Reason for change Distribution V.01 19 March 2018 Draft for review Expert review Reviewers V.02 16 March 2018 Draft for review Consortium review Consortium V.03 13 April 2018 Final Version Final approval EC submission V.04 13 June 2019 Post-review version Minor edits Public Information in this report that may influence other SIENNA tasks Linked task Points of relevance Task 3.1 – State-of-the-art review of The review of AI and robotics technologies and applications human enhancement for human enhancement Task 4.2 – Analysis of the legal and The review of AI and robotics applications and socio- human rights requirements for HMI economic impact assessment may inform legal and human in and outside the EU rights inquiries Task 4.3 – Survey of REC approaches The report definitions may help to identify consistencies or and codes for HMI differences from existing REC approaches and codes Task 4.4 – Ethical assessment of HMI The review of AI and robotics applications and socio- economic impact assessment and will inform ethics inquiries 2 741716 – SIENNA – D4.1 Deliverable report Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 9 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 9 List of acronyms/abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 10 Glossary of terms .................................................................................................................................. 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Artificial intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Robotics ...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Structure of the report ................................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Scope and limitations .................................................................................................................. 15 2. Defining the field ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Definitions of artificial intelligence and robotics ........................................................................... 16 Definition of artificial intelligence .................................................................................................... 16 Core concepts, approaches and methods in artificial intelligence ................................................. 17 Definition of robotics ....................................................................................................................... 19 Core concepts, approaches and methods in robotics .................................................................... 20 2.2 Subfields of artificial intelligence and robotics ............................................................................. 22 Subfields in artificial intelligence .................................................................................................... 22 Subfields in robotics ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.3 Present and future developments and challenges in AI and robotics ......................................... 27 Artificial intelligence ........................................................................................................................ 27 Robotics ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3. Present and future applications ......................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Artificial intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 31 Transportation ................................................................................................................................ 31 Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................. 32 Healthcare ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Finance and insurance ................................................................................................................... 34 Security .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Retail and marketing ...................................................................................................................... 37 Media and entertainment ............................................................................................................... 39 Science .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Education ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Manufacturing ................................................................................................................................ 41 Agriculture ...................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 Robotics ...................................................................................................................................... 42 3 741716 – SIENNA – D4.1 Deliverable report Transportation ................................................................................................................................ 42 Security .......................................................................................................................................... 44 Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................. 45 Healthcare ...................................................................................................................................... 46 Companionship .............................................................................................................................. 48 Industry .......................................................................................................................................... 49 Discovery ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Service ..........................................................................................................................................
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