DOCSLIB.ORG

New Developments in Observations and Instrumentation in the Weather Bureau

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Developments in Observations and Instrumentation in the Weather Bureau 550 BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY New Developments in Observations and Instrumentation in the Weather Bureau VAUGHN D. ROCKNEY United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. (Manuscript received 28 February 1959) ABSTRACT A review is made of programs for the development, procurement, and installation of new observing instruments by the Weather Bureau. Some new observational techniques which will be used with the new instruments are also described. The article deals with four main fields of observations—surface, upper-air, radar, and marine. 1. Introduction expect to see the high-intensity runway lights. "Approach-light contact height" is defined as the The Weather Bureau, at the present time, is height above the ground at which a pilot making engaged in bringing about improvements in obser- a final approach along the glide path can expect to vations in four major fields—surface, radar, ma- establish visual contact with the approach lights. rine, and upper-air. Many new and improved To obtain runwray visual range, the transmissom- instruments which have been developed by our In- eter indicator which normally reads runway visi- strumental Engineering Division are being placed bility is recalibrated and the values of "RVR" are in use. This article will describe recent develop- read directly. To obtain the approach-light con- ments in the observational field and will give some- tact height, indications of the rotating-beam ceil- thing of the outlook for the future in this field. ometer, transmissometer, and an illuminometer as well as the brightness setting of the approach lights 2. Surface instruments and observations are all considered. Values of "ALCH" are com- One of the most important developments in sur- puted using empirically-derived charts. Comput- face observations is the advent of new end-of-run- ers to replace all manual operations in the deriva- way instruments. These permit improved obser- tion of these parameters are now being developed. vational techniques that are aimed at increasing Observations taken at Newark have been ac- the "acceptance rates" of airports under bad cepted wholeheartedly by both the aviation indus- weather conditions while, at the same time, giving try and military and civil aviation agencies [1 ; the pilot an accurate picture of what the weather 2; 3 J. Runway visual-range programs have re- will be when he flares out for landing. A total of cently been inaugurated at the Idlewild, Boston, 95 rotating-beam ceilometers and 95 transmissom- Washington National, and Los Angeles airports. eters for these end-of-runway installations are on Expansion of this system to other areas is depend- order and are now being delivered and installed. ent upon the availability of proper runway lighting In general, the ceilometers (fig. 1) will be in- facilities, other landing aids, and proper wreather stalled at the middle marker sites and the trans- instrumentation at the individual airports. missometers (fig. 2) near the touchdown points One hundred thirty-four hygrothermoineters of the instrument runways. At the airport at are on order (figs. 3 and 4). In these instruments, Newark, New Jersey, the Weather Bureau over the temperature is sensed by an electrical resist- the period of the past several years, in cooperation ance thermometer (thermohm) and the dewpoint with the U. S. Air Force and Airways Moderni- by a Foxboro Dewcell, using a lithium-chloride- zation Board, has developed techniques for meas- coated heater element. The temperature of the uring the "runway visual range" and the "ap- heater element is a function of dewpoint. A proach-light contact height,'" both of which are thermohm is used to sense the heater element tem- new parameters aimed at objectively describing perature. The hygrothermometers will enable us the significant weather to the landing pilot. to correct deficiencies in exposures of thermom- "Runway visual range" is defined as the dis- eters by remoting the instruments to sites where tance along the runway that a landing pilot can the temperature and moisture are truly represent- Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 08:35 AM UTC 551 VOL. 40, No. 11, NOVEMBER, 1959 FIG. 1. Control and indicator panel of rotating-beam ceilometer and schematic diagram of operation. ative of the surrounding environment. At the ment from present locations atop terminal build- same time, the observer's workload will be de- ings to completely representative sites in the creased. Temperature extremes at the representa- middle of the airfields. In all cases where we are tive sites will also be indicated. Last year at about relocating the wind equipment, we are providing 15 airport locations, we removed the wind equip- extra cables so that the hygrothermometers can Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 08:35 AM UTC 550 BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETy FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of transmissometer operation. be installed on the middle of the airfield also. A data from beach areas for operational forecasting large number of additional wind-equipment reloca- purposes. tions is planned. Considerable effort is being spent on the devel- Additional surface wind data are being obtained opment of automatic devices to take and transmit from the Gulf and Atlantic coasts through the in- surface weather observations. A new automatic stallation of relatively low-cost anemometers and weather-observing system is in production, and wind vanes to provide additional representative 24 sets have been obtained. Fifteen of these sets are in operation, and the balance will be installed in the next year. The principal use at the present is at remote locations. However, within a few months, one of these systems will be installed on an operational basis at Washington National Air- port to take as much as possible of the aviation observation by automatic means and to transmit it automatically. The equipment provides for in- serting the "visual elements" (ceiling, sky cover, prevailing visibility, weather, and obstructions to vision) into their normal place in the aviation report by punching them into an array of push buttons. Next, the automatically-observed param- FIG. 3. Indicator panel for hygrothermometer. Note pointers for max-min readings on the temperature eters are transmitted and, finally, there may be dial. transmitted a manually-prepared tape on which Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/04/21 08:35 AM UTC VOL. 40, No. 11, NOVEMBER, 1959 551 are punched "remarks," notices to airmen, additive early in 1959 (fig. 5). The WSR-57 is unique data, and the like. among weather radars in many respects, especially Parameters that can be sensed and transmitted in that it will incorporate two receivers, one hav- automatically at the present time include runway ing linear, and the other logarithmic-gain charac- visual range or runway visibility sensed by the teristics. The log receiver is intended to improve transmissometer; temperature and dew point, by the usefulness of the radar for hydrologic pur- the new hygrothermometer; wind speed, direction, poses. The radars will also be equipped with a and altimeter setting, by conventional sensors; the unique photo-repeater scope and camera system occurrence of thunderstorms, by a low-sensitivity for operational and research photography. Plans radio receiver; and cumulative amounts of precipi- have been developed for expansion of the radar tation, by a heated tipping-bucket rain gage. Tech- network to provide complete coverage of the niques have also been perfected for the trans- continental United States and some United States mission of these data at normal teletypewriter possessions overseas. Ultimate plans include the speeds. Development contracts have been let for automatic collection of radar-scope displays at a sky-cover sensor (which will likely involve infra- central locations and the incorporation of a num- red techniques), a sea-level-pressure computer ber of the displays into composite maps of the involving an electronically-read mercurial barom- rainfall distribution over large areas. These will eter, and an "interpreter" for the rotating-beam be very useful to hydrologists and the meteorol- ceilometer to present cloud-height data in a form ogists who are concerned with forecasting 8 to 48 suitable for aircraft operations. Plans provide hr in the future. for a digital display of the current observation at A radar rainfall beacon has been developed and various places in the weather station, in the con- is now under test. This beacon, which can be trol tower, or in offices of the airport, airlines, or battery-powered, is connected to a recording rain- other agencies. Provision for the automatic punching of climatological cards or tape will also be made. The solar radiation network now comprises 100 stations (of which 45 are cooperators outside the Weather Bureau), all of which take observa- tions of the total sun and sky (hemispherical) radiation. Eight of these stations report normal incidence radiation and others take special meas- urements. Four stations are taking observations of total ozone, by the use of the Dobson spectro- photometer. Numerous programs of dust and precipitation sampling are being conducted for offices concerned with the distribution of radioac- tive debris, the travel of wheat-stem rust spores, etc. 3. Radar instruments and observations In the field of radar observations, our network now comprises 70 stations, of which 66 have the WSR-1 (Weather Search Radar-Model 1) or WSR-3 type (the WSR-3 is different from the WSR-1 in that it has the range-height indication feature) and three have the SP-1 type. All of these radars operate in the 10-cm band. The WSR-1 and WSR-3 have a peak-power output of 50 kw, and the SP-1M has an output of 1000 kw. We also operate a 3-cm Decca Model 41 radar at Akron, Ohio. Thirty-one new radars, designated WSR-57 and operating in the 10-cm band with a peak-power output of 500 kw are also on order, with quantity delivery expected to begin FIG.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climate Data Sources in Connecticut Patricia A
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Resources 1-1982 Climate Data Sources in Connecticut Patricia A. Palley University of Connecticut - Storrs David R. Miller University of Connecticut - Storrs Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/saes Part of the Climate Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, and the Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Palley, Patricia A. and Miller, David R., "Climate Data Sources in Connecticut" (1982). Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station. 80. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/saes/80 Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 461 Climate Data Sources in Connecticut By Patricia A Palley, Assistant State Climatologist and David R. Miller, Associate Professor of Natural Resources JAN 1982 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERI MENT STATION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, STORRS. CT 06268 TABLE OF CONTENTS Int roduction . 1 Types of Weather Stations 2 Parameters Measur ed 3 Summary of Climate Observations in Connecticu t 5 How to Use the Maps and Site Reports • • • • • 7 Table I Record Lengths, by parameter, of all weather stat ions i n Conn., state summary 8 Table II Record Lengths , by parame ter, of all weather stations in Conn . , by county . 9 Table III Record Lengths, by paramet er, of Nationa l Wea ther Service operat ed and coope rative stations in Conn., by county . • . 10 Table IV Re cord Lengths , by par ameter , of pr ivate data collect ors i n Conn ., by county . • . 11 Figure I Distribution of stations t hat measure rainfall . 12 Figur e II Distribution of stations t hat meas ure s nowf all .
    [Show full text]
  • AWOS) for Initiated By: AJW-144 Change: 1 NON-FEDERAL APPLICATIONS
    Advisory Circular U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Subject: AUTOMATED WEATHER Date: 01/31/2019 AC No: 150/5220-16E OBSERVING SYSTEMS (AWOS) FOR Initiated by: AJW-144 Change: 1 NON-FEDERAL APPLICATIONS 1. PURPOSE. This change contains updates that provide additional clarification and flexibility regarding technician training and responsibilities. These changes expand on the use of on site training or on the job training (OJT), based on statements regarding equivalent performance and maintenance standards in FAA Order 6700.20, Non-Federal Navigational Aids, Air Traffic Control Facilities, and Automated Weather Systems and discussion of on the job training in FAA Order 3000.57, Air Traffic Organization Technical Operations Training and Personnel Certification Programs. 2. PRINCIPAL CHANGES. Changed text is indicated by vertical bars in the margins. The primary revisions are contained in chapter 2, chapter 4 and the addition of appendix 2. Remove Page Date Insert Page Date i 03/10/2017 i 01/31/2019 ii 03/10/2017 ii 01/31/2019 v 03/10/2017 v 01/31/2019 vii 03/10/2017 vii 01/31/2019 8 03/10/2017 8 01/31/2019 12 03/10/2017 12 01/31/2019 18 03/10/2017 18 01/31/2019 64 03/10/2017 64 01/31/2019 A1-1 and A1-2 03/10/2017 A1-1 and A1-2 01/31/2019 A2-1 and A2-2 01/31/2019 David E. Spencer Director Operations Support, AJW-1 01/31/2019 AC 150/5220-16E CHG 1 Advisory Circular U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Project #Cc20-065, Runway 17/35 Reconstruction – Phase Iii
    PROJECT #CC20-065, RUNWAY 17/35 RECONSTRUCTION – PHASE III April 20, 2020 ADDENDUM #6 The attached constitutes additional information and serves to clarify issues considered to be part of the Southern California Logistics Airport Authority “Runway 17/35 Reconstruction Project Number CC20-065”. STATEMENTS 1. Based upon current conditions and funding, the bid opening for the Project has been extended. Sealed Bid Proposals will be received until 2:30 p.m. PST on May 20, 2020. The location and method for submitting Bid Proposals and all other provisions of Paragraph II, Sealed Bids in the Notice Inviting Bids, and Paragraph I, Sealed Bids in the Instructions to Bidders remain unchanged. 2. As a result of extending the bid opening, the last day to submit requests for information, explanation, or interpretation of the Contract Documents has been extended. All requests must be received on or before May 11, 2020 at 12:00 p.m. PST. All other provisions of Paragraph III, Project Questions in the Instructions to Bidders remain unchanged. 3. Given recent changes with regard to federal funding opportunities the scope of the Runway 17/35 Reconstruction Project – Phase III has changed to include a broader scope of work. Specifically, the construction of an Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS) has been added as well as additional runway reconstruction. Consequently, the previous Bid Proposal Price Schedule Forms are replaced in their entirely by the attached Bid Proposal Price Schedule Forms labeled “Addendum 6”. The “Addendum 6” Bid Proposal Price Schedule Forms include: a re-scoped Base Bid (Base Bid 100 schedule); a re-scoped Runway Shortening (Base Bid schedule 200); a re-scoped Base Bid (Base Bid schedule 300); a re-scoped Base Bid (Base Bid schedule 400); and a new Base Bid schedule for the AWOS project (Base Bid schedule 500).
    [Show full text]
  • AC 150/5220-16E, Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS)
    Advisory Circular U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Subject: AUTOMATED WEATHER Date: 03/10/2017 AC No: 150/5220-16E OBSERVING SYSTEMS (AWOS) FOR Initiated by: AJW-144 Change: NON-FEDERAL APPLICATIONS 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) contains the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) standard for the non-Federal AWOS. This AC applies to anyone proposing to design, manufacture, procure, install, activate or maintain an AWOS for aviation purposes. This advisory circular also contains site location and implementation criteria that must be met before the installed system can be commissioned and become an approved source of aviation weather information. It also contains maintenance and annual inspection criteria that must be met throughout the system’s life cycle in order for the system to continue to be an approved source of aviation weather information. 2. CANCELLATION. AC 150/5220-16D, Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) for Non-Federal Applications, dated 04/28/2011, is canceled. 3. DEFINITION. An AWOS is defined to be an “air navigation facility” distributing weather information, in Title 49 USC Section 40102, and consists of a computerized system that automatically measures one or more weather parameters, analyzes the data, prepares a weather observation that consists of the parameter(s) measured, provides dissemination of the observations and broadcasts the observation to the pilot in the vicinity of the AWOS, typically using an integral very high frequency (VHF) radio or an existing navigational aid (NAVAID), or Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS). Observations may also be available by telephone dial-up service. In addition, the Non-Federal AWOS is a Non-Federal facility as defined in Appendix 1 of the latest edition of FAA Order 6700.20.
    [Show full text]
  • Term Paper on Stevenson Screen
    TERM PAPER ON STEVENSON SCREEN (GROUP F) BY ADESIDA, ADEYEMI CHARLES (ARC.99.2369) EGIGBA, AVWEROSUGHENE KINGSLEY (ARC.99.2382) OSO, OLUWANIYI OLUWAGBEMI (ARC.99.2395) MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY (M.TECH) DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTEROF TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE MARCH, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page i Table of Content ii List of Figures iii List of Plates iii List of Table iii CHAPTER ONE 1.0.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS. 1 1.3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 2 1.4.0 LIMITATIONS 2 CHAPTER TWO 2.0.0 STEVENSON SCREEN 3 2.0.1 History 3 2.0.2 Composition 4 2.0.3 Size 4 2.0.4 Sitting 7 2.1.0 STEVENSON SCREEN 7 2.2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8 CONCLUSIONS 11 APPENDIX 12 REFFERNCES 13 ii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE NO Figure 2.1 Back of Stevenson Screen prototype constructed by Brian Burley. 5 Figure 2.2 Bottom of Stevenson Screen prototype constructed by Brian Burley. 5 Figure 2.3 Front Door of Stevenson Screen prototype constructed by Brian Burley. 6 Figure 2.4 Louvered detail and Roof of Stevenson Screen prototype constructed by Brian Burley 6 Figure 2.5 The average difference between the temperature in the small Stevenson screen and all other measurements of temperature. 9 Figure 2.6 The difference in the monthly average temperatures for the louvered Screens.
    [Show full text]
  • Callaway Plant, Unit 1, Revised Site
    CALLAWAY - SA TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 2.0 SITE CHARACTERISTICS Section Page 2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................. 2.1-1 2.1.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ..................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.1 Specification of Location ...................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.2 Site Area Map....................................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.3 Boundaries for Establishing Effluent Release Limits............................ 2.1-9 2.1.2 EXCLUSION AREA AUTHORITY AND CONTROL .................................. 2.1-9 2.1.2.1 Authority ............................................................................................... 2.1-9 2.1.2.2 Control of Activities Unrelated to Plant Operation................................ 2.1-9 2.1.2.3 Arrangements for Traffic Control........................................................ 2.1-10 2.1.2.4 Abandonment or Relocation of Roads ............................................... 2.1-10 2.1.3 POPULATION AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................. 2.1-10 2.1.3.1 Population Within 10 Miles................................................................. 2.1-11 2.1.3.2 Population Between 10 and 50 Miles................................................. 2.1-12 2.1.3.3 Transient Population .......................................................................... 2.1-13 2.1.3.4 Low Population Zone.........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dew Point Hygrometer with Constant Resistance Humidity Transducer
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1969 Dew Point Hygrometer With Constant Resistance Humidity Transducer Curtis B. Campbell Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Curtis B., "Dew Point Hygrometer With Constant Resistance Humidity Transducer" (1969). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 2957. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2957 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEW POINT HYGROMETER WITH CONSTANT RESISTANCE HUMIDITY TRANSDUCER by Curtis B. Campbell A thesis submitted in partial fulfillme nt of the r e quirements for t he degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Meteorology UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1969 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv A BSTRACT vi INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Historical note 2 State of the art 2 Limitations of current instruments 18 Desirable specifications for future work 21 Wate r in the atmosphere 23 Lithium chloride as a hygros copic a ge nt 27 Definition of the l ithium chl oride problem 31 ELECTRICAL AND HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM CHLORIDE 33 Some observations . 33 Electri cal r es istance of lithium chl oride as a f unction of solution concentration 33 Electrical resistance of lithium c hloride solution as a function of temperature 39 Hygroscopic charac t e ristics of dry lithium c hlorid e .
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change No.1 11972
    Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change No.1 11972 l II .S. OEPARTMENT Of COMMERCE NU IONA l OCEAN IC AND AT MOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION ,....... '" """~ ENVIRONMUITAl •fi\ • IIESEAIICH \ ' I LABORATORIES '. ........ ·, U.S. DEPAR TM ENT OF COMM ERCE NATIO NA L OCE AN IC ANO AlMOSPHERIC AOMINISlRAtlON Robe., M While. Adm ;nhuOIO' (rNl1IOM\OE N141 R E~H LototOU IOIll S "',1_, N H.... ();'RIO' GEO PHYSICAl MONITORING FOR CLI MATIC CHANGE NO. 1 SUMMARY REPORT . 1972 John M. Miller , Editor Cont ributors Barry A.. Sodhatne Douglas V Hoyt Ronald Fegley Walter D. Komhyr Rober t Grass Be rn ard G. Mendonca Tho mas B Hams Sam 011 mans GalY A. He lbelt Donald H Pack Challes P Turner BOULDER. COI.O. DISCLAIMER The Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the Environmental Research Laboratories or to this publication furnished by the Environmental Research Labora­ tories in any advertising or sales promotion which would in­ dicate or imply that the Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the adver­ tised product to be used or purchased because of this Envi­ ronmental Research Laboratories pUblication. i i CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE STATIONS 3 2.1 Mauna Loa (MLO) 3 2.2 Antarctica (Amundsen-Scott Station - South Pole) 9 2.3 Barrow, Alaska (BRW) 10 2.4 Samoa (SMO) 14 2.5 Planned Stations 18 3.
    [Show full text]
  • NCAR/TN-237+IA Instructor's Handbook On
    NCAR/TN-237+IA NCAR TECHNICAL NOTE II - I I I - - I - II - I II II- I II --- II I -I - - June 1984 Instructor's Handbook on Meteorological Instrumentation Fred V. Brock, Editor Carol E. Nicolaidis, Assistant Editor ATMOSPHERIC TECHNOLOGY DIVISION -I I -··~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e - --I NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER, COLORADO iii CONTRIBUTORS C. Bruce Baker University of Michigan William Bradley Oregon State University Fred Brock National Center for Atmospheric Research Harold Cole National Center for Atmospheric Research Ulrich Czapski State University of New York at Albany Anders Daniels University of Hawaii at Manoa Russell Dickerson University of Maryland Don Dickson University of Utah Claude E. Duchon University of Oklahoma C. W. Fairall Pennsylvania State University L. Keith Hendrie Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources John H. Hirsch South Dakota School of Mines and Technology George L. Huebner Texas A&M University James F. Kimpel University of Oklahoma Warren W. Knapp Cornell University G. Garland Lala New York Atmospheric Sciences Research Center Albert J. Pallmann St. Louis University Julian Pike National Center for Atmospheric Research Hans Richner Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology William Shaw Naval Postgraduate School John T. Snow Purdue University Steve Stage Florida State University Alfred Stamm State University of New York at Oswego Eugene S. Takle Iowa State University Dennis W. Thomson Pennsylvania State University PREFACE The objective in preparing this Instructor's Handbook is to pro- vide useful material to assist instructors in teaching meteorological instrumentation. It is intended to provide flexibility in meeting the needs of individual teaching programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    A STUDY OF.THE ENERGY BALANCE OF A DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST by KEITH G. McNAUGHTON B.Sc. (Hons.)} Monash University, 1966 B.A., Monash University, 1969 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of SOIL SCIENCE We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February 1974 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the require• ments for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. KEITH G. McNAUGHTON Department of Soil Science The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date ABSTRACT This thesis is in the form of four self contained papers that report aspects of a study of the energy balance of a young Douglas-fir forest growing at the University of British Columbia Research Forest at Haney, B.C. The chapters discuss the experimen• tal methods used and special instrumentation developed, the data analysis, and some attempts to understand the relationships observed by employing simple forest models and ideas on boundary layer equilibration processes. Chapter 1. The psychrometric apparatus design for Bowen ratio determination reported by Sargeant and Tanner was modified and a new apparatus built.
    [Show full text]
  • IGCSE Geography Class Notes
    UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education(IGCSE) IGCSE GEOGRAPHY CLASS NOTE For Private Circulation only Copyright©storing in any form and photocopying without the prior permission from the compiler is strictly prohibited Compiled and Edited by ©Dr. R. B. Thohe Pou HoD, Dept. of Geography 2016 © R.B. Thohe Pou M.A. PhD, HoD, Dept. of Geography (Class Notes for students only) Page 1 Contents Topic Page No. 1. Theme 1: Population and Settlement 1.1 Population Dynamics 3 1.2 Over-population and under-population 1.3: Migration 13 1.4: Population Distribution and Density 1.5: Population structure 18 1.6: Rural Settlements 25 1.7: Urban Settlements 1.8: Urbanisation 32 1.9: Urban Problems 1.10: Urban Sprawl 37 Theme 2: The Natural Environment 2.1: Plate tectonic movement 41 2.2. Volcanoes 2.3 Earthquake 47 2.4 River system 51 2.5 Coastal system 58 2.6 Coral reef 65 2.7 Weather Instruments and measurements 67 2.8 Climate and natural vegetation 69 2.9 Tropical Rainforest 72 2.10 Tropical Hot desert 78 Theme 3: Economic development 3.1 Development 80 3.2 Food production – Agricultural system 88 3.3 Food Shortages 92 3.4 Industry 96 3.5 Hi-tech Industry 102 3.6 Tourism 103 3.7 Energy 106 3.8 Water Resources 113 3.9 Environmental risks of economic development 120 Syllabus IGCSE © R.B. Thohe Pou M.A. PhD, HoD, Dept. of Geography (Class Notes for students only) Page 2 Paper 1: Theme 1 Population and Settlement Topic 1.1: Population dynamics Key Term: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Climatological, Meteorological and Air Quality Products Summary
    Climatological, Meteorological and Air Quality Products Summary Prepared by Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks Air Resources Branch for the Atmosphere and Air Quality Ecosystem Task Force Resources Information Standards Committee November 1996 Version 1.0 © The Province of British Columbia Published by the Resources Information Standards Committee Digital Copies are available on the Internet at: http://www.ilmb.gov.bc.ca/risc Climatological, Meteorological and Air Quality Products Summary Acknowledgments The Government of British Columbia provides funding of the Resources Information Standards Committee work, including the preparation of this document. The Resources Information Standards Committee supports the effective, timely and integrated use of land and resource information for planning and decision making by developing and delivering focused, cost-effective, common provincial standards and procedures for information collection, management and analysis. Representatives to the Committee and its Task Forces are drawn from the ministries and agencies of the Canadian and the British Columbia governments, including academic, industry and First Nations involvement. The Resources Information Standards Committee evolved from the Resources Inventory Committee which received funding from the Canada-British Columbia Partnership Agreement of Forest Resource Development (FRDA II), the Corporate Resource Inventory Initiative (CRII) and by Forest Renewal BC (FRBC), and addressed concerns of the 1991 Forest Resources Commission. For further
    [Show full text]