sign in sign up
<<
Home , Arthur Demarest, Balberta, Pulltrouser Swamp, Zaculeu

Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index

Abaj Takalik () 64, 67, 69, 72, animals 76, 78, 84, 102 association with kings and priests 184, aboriculture 144–145 185 acropoli see epicenters and bird life, rain forests 123–126 agriculture 117–118 and rulers 229 animal husbandry 145 apiculture 145 Classic period 90, 146–147 archaeology effects of the collapse, Petexbatun 254 and chronology 17, 26 operations in relation to the role of elites and cultural evolution 22–23, 26, 27 and rulers 213 history 31 post-Spanish Conquest 290 genesis of scientific archaeology 37–41 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 multidisciplinary archaeology 41–43 in relation to kingship 206 nineteenth century 34–37 specialization 166 Spanish Conquest 31–33 and trade 150 processual archaeology 23, 26 see also farming practices; gardens; rain settlement pattern archaeology 50, 52 forests architecture 99 230, 251, 252, 259, 261 corbeled vault architecture 90, 94, 95 craft production 164 northern lowlands, Late Classic period destruction 253 235–236 specialist craft production 168 Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 Ajaw complex 16 roof combs 95 ajaws, cult 103 talud-tablero architectural facades alliances, and vassalages 209 () 105, 108 Alm´endariz, Ricardo 33 Arroyo de Piedras (western Pet´en)259 alphabet 46, 48 astronomy 201 Alta Vista 79 and astrology 192–193 Altar de Sacrificios (Petexbatun) 38, 49, Atlantis (lost continent) 33, 35 81, 256, 261 autosacrifices 158, 176, 183 collapse 267, 275 family cults 189, 190 and the trade 163 political developments and trade, Late and the chocolate trade 153 Classic period 229 ideologies, effects on cultural evolution altars 90, 91 29 and stelae 96, 98 trading practices 152 Alvarado, Pedro de 287 Anales de los Kaqchikeles 284 Bakabs (gods) 181, 182 ancestor worship 96, 117, 176–177, 178, 67, 76, 78 191, 296 balche 144, 145, 192 Postclassic period, Yucatan 279 bands 57 see also burials 82

364

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index 365

Becan (Campeche), political development and the obsidian trade 163 222 political dominance by 225 and trade routes 162 collapse 266–268 Late Classic period 228–229, 230 hard stone trade 156 capitals, relocation, links with K’atun and the obsidian trade 163 endings 279, 283 political fortunes 111 (Belize) 100, 265, 268 Postclassic period 283 agricultural activities 117, 147 , raised field farming terracing 133, 135 methods 135 collapse 267 salt trade 152 epicenter 107 Belize River Valley, terracing 133, 138 evidence of ’s political dominance Berlin, Heinrich 45, 47, 209 106 Bernasconi, Antonio 33 political development 223–224, 226 bird and animal life, rain forests 123–126 Late Classic period 235 , murals 230, 231 population 120, 214 Bowditch, C. P. 36 regional power 217 Brasseur de Bourbourg 36 royal palaces 116 Buena Vista 67, 78 state control 213 Bullard, William 49 and trade 151, 173 burials 116, 176–177, 191 Carnegie Institute (Washington) 41, 42, see also ancestor worship 43 Casta˜neda,Jose 33, 34 Caana (Caracol), temple 224 Catherwood, Frederick 4, 31, 32, 33, 34, cacao industry 144, 166 37, 282 (Belize), political development, caves, sacred nature 202–204, 205 Late Classic period 235 Cays, trading importance 282 Calakmul (Campeche) 83, 100, 103, ceramics 40, 42 229 ‘Chicanel’ pottery 42 agricultural systems 147 Classic period 90 canal systems 142, 143 as evidence of the development of Maya collapse 264 civilization 58–60 and the collapse of 249 Mamom ceramics 42, 81 political development 108 northern lowlands, Late Classic period and interregional alliances 222, 235 223–226 Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 and interregional conflicts 244 ruler with ‘Tlaloc’ eye treatment, population 120, 214 Teotihuacan 109 regional power 215, 217 , collapse of western Pet´en261, state control 213 262 and trade 151, 173 slab-tripod vessels, Teotihuacan 105, calendars 32, 36, 44, 183 108 Calendar Round and almanacs 190, Tzakol ceramics 101, 103 192, 193–196 use for dating purposes 101–102, 103 see also time see also crafts; trade Campeche (R´ıoBec region) ceramics industry 166 irrigation systems 235 and trade 148, 169, 170 terraced farming methods 138, 142 (Belize) 83, 87, 103 canal systems 141, 143 agricultural activities 117 Cancuen 104, 220, 230 canal systems 141 alliance with Dos Pilas 250 cosmogram of Preclassic temple 182 burial site 178 Chaaks (rain deities) 179, 181, 182 control of trade routes 173 Chaccob (Yucatan), fortifications 271 farming methods 139 Chachuapa 85 hard stone trade 154 Chalcatzingo (Morelos) 64

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

366 Index

Chalchuapa 102 Copan Valley Charnay, D´esir´e34 demography and the collapse of Maya “check” dams, use for farming 137 civilization 246 chert (flint) 149, 155, 158, 166, 173 farming methods 139 Chiapas, salt trade 152 Cortez, Hern´an287 (Yucatan) 38, 39, 42 cotton industry 154, 155, 166 collapse 268, 270, 271–274 couvade 188 destruction 280 Cozumel, trading importance 282 epicenter 201, 202 crafts chiefdoms 57 production and specialization 163–164, evolution in 60 171 74 attached to elite groups 167–171 Chilam Balam 42 community production 166–167 Chitinamit (Tzutuhil capital) 285, household production 165–166 287 see also ceramics; trade Churchward, James 34, 35 Cuca (Yucatan), fortifications 271, 272 cities 51 81, 82, 83 abandonment 5–6 cultural evolution 21–23, 25–27 see also epicenters and ideologies 25, 28–30 Ciudad Real, Antonio de 33, 37 and the Maya 24–25, 27–28, 30 civilizations decline 240–242 deer, hunting 145–146 development 4–5, 6 del Rio, Antonio 33 climate, and the collapse of Petexbatun demography, effects on infrastructure, and region 256 the collapse of Maya civilization 245 Coapexco (central ) 64 diet 8 (Yucatan) Dos Pilas (Pet´en)97, 229, 230 architecture, Late Classic period 236 Murcielagos palace in relation to cave collapse 268, 269, 270–271 systems 204 political fortunes 110 and the obsidian trade 157, 158 Cocom lineage 280 political dominance by Calakmul 224, Coe, William 50 225, 226 Colha (Belize) royal palaces 116 chert industry 166, 173 trading role 149 collapse 267 Dos Pilas (Petexbatun), collapse 249–252, Colha Pech (Belize), political 257 development, Late Classic period Dupaix, Guillermo 33 235 (northern Yucatan) 49, 81, 286–287 82, 103 Copan 42, 104 trading role 220 autosacrifices 189 Dzonot (Yucatan), fortifications 271 collapse 263, 265, 269, 275 epicenter 94, 107 eccentrics 157 evidence of Tikal’s political dominance ecology 106 and the collapse of Petexbatun region Mexican influence upon through 256 Teotihuacan 105 effects on Mayan cultural evolution 28, and the obsidian trade 158, 160 30 political development 218 effects on population settlements 99 and interregional conflicts 244 see also rain forests Late Classic period 231–235 economics 148–149 regional power 215 operations in relation to the role of elites ritual function as reflected in and rulers 213 architecture 205 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 stelae 98 see also trade

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index 367

Edzna slash-and-burn practices 44, 51, agricultural systems 146 130–132 canal systems 141, 142 terracing 132–133, 134, 135, 142 ceramics 236 see also agriculture irrigation systems 236 F¨orstmann, Ernst 36 state control 213, 221 Fried, Morton, on political complexities in egalitarian societies 57 human societies 57 Egypt, political dynamics 238 Ek Balam (Yucatan), fortifications 271 Galindo, Juan (governor of Pet´enprovince) El Duende (Petexbatun) 252 33, 37 El Mesak (Guatemala) 64 gardens Olmec were-jaguar figure 65 rejolladas gardens (Pet´en)83–84, 85, 87, 103 cacao cultivation 144, 153 agricultural systems 146 use for farming 137 regional power 215 stone box gardens 138, 139 and trade 148, 151, 161, 162 see also agriculture use of bajos for farming 138 glyphs, emblem glyphs, role in determining water supplies 141 Maya political dynamics 209–211, El Peru (Pet´en)2 212, 214 elites gods accommodation 93 and cosmology 177–183 as affected by warfare and the payment glyphic and iconographic symbols for of tribute 172 deities 181 control of specialist craft production see also ideologies 167, 168 Goodman, Joseph 36 control of trade in high-status goods Gordon, George 38 160–162 government, post-Spanish Conquest 290 culture 175 Guatemala, salt trade 152 inter-elite rivalry, effects 295 Mexican influence upon 284 Haab 193, 194, 195, 196 and the obsidian trade 158–160 hegemonies 285–286 polygamy, effects on decline of states 245 Hewett, Edgar 40 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 hieroglyphics, decipherment 48 role in the collapse 257, 259 Homul (Guatemala) 40 trading benefits 150, 155 households see also rulers as basis of 113–116 epicenters 107 craft production 165–166 architecture in relation to use of sizes and distribution 118–120 astronomy and geography 201–205 houses 113–116 Copan 233 human societies El Mirador 83, 85 political complexities 57–58 Olmec civilization 62, 63 Olmec civilization 60–67 230, 232 Hunahpu, and Xbalanque (hero twins) 181 as sacred stages 205 hunting industry 145–146, 166 Tikal (seventh and eighth centuries) 228 see also cities; temples ideologies 6–7, 8, 50, 99, 175–176, 295 epigraphy, use in the study of Maya contribution to collapse, Postclassic civilization 99, 108 period 279 Eznab complex (Tikal) 264 effects on cultural evolution 25, 28–30 influence on city developments 87 families, ancestor worship 176, 177, 178 states 206–207 farming practices 130, 137–139 see also gods bajos 126, 133, 135–137, 138, 141, 257 Ilopango volcano () 86 household gardening 132 eruption, effects on population levels raised fields 133–137 103

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

368 Index

Incidents of Travel in , kingship 87, 92 Chiapas, and Yucatan (Stephens and and ancestor worship 176 Catherwood) 34 bloodletting rituals 205 infrastructures, stresses upon, and the cults 183 collapse of Maya civilization divine kingship, ideology 16, 30 245–246 economic roles 173 Inkas, ideologies, effects on cultural Kaminaljuyu 76, 77 evolution 28 matrilineal descent, Late Classic period Inscriptions of the Pet´en (Morley) 40 231 irrigation systems 118, 120, 139–143 royal bloodletting 226 Campeche (R´ıoBec region) 235 succession systems 243 Kaminaljuyu 75, 76 see also autosacrifices; rulers; shamanism northern lowlands, Puuc area, Late K’inich Yax K’uk’Mo’ (ruler (Copan)) 218 Classic period 236 Knorozov, Yuri 45, 47 Itza Maya 288 (Yucatan) 81, 82, 103 migrations, Postclassical period political development 220 280 salt industry 166 Itzamnaaj (deity) 179 K’uhul Ajaw 88, 92, 174 Ix-Chel (moon goddess) 181, 182 authority and its geographical extent ’ (Kaqchiquel Maya hegemony) 214 285, 286, 288 political power 242 263 political weaknesses, effects on the states Ixtepeque (Guatemala), and the obsidian 262, 263 trade 157, 160, 163 role 206, 238 (southeastern Pet´en),collapse see also kingship 266 67, 70, 72, 78, 85, 102 (Petexbatun) 252 La Blanca (Guatemala) 64, 67, 71 jade celts (Olmec civilization) 64 La Pasadita, royal bloodletting 186 Jasaw Chan K’awiil I (king of Tikal) 228, La Venta (Tabasco, Mexico) 62, 63, 71 262 (eastern Yucatan) Jimbal 263 collapse 268 Joya de Ceren (El Salvador), craft Puuc style arch 237 production 164 (Belize) 83, 87, 103 jungle canopy 122, 123 collapse 266, 267 Landa, Diego de (Bishop of Yucatan) 32, (eastern Yucatan), collapse 268 35, 36, 37, 46, 48, 196 Kaminaljuyu (Guatemala) 42, 67, 72–74, Le Plongeon, Augustus 34 75–76, 77, 78, 85, 86, 102 leisure activities 8 El Chayal outcrop, and the obsidian Loltun Cave 81, 82 trade 157 Long Count system 39, 40, 41, 67, 183 influence 108 dating by 100, 101 Mexican influence upon through and time cycles 197 Teotihuacan 105 see also time political development 220 Lord Chaak (king of ) 269 Kan ’Ek (king of Itza) 288 Lounsbury, Floyd 46, 47 Kaqchiquel Maya hegemony 285, 286 Machaquil´a229 K’atun endings 181, 183, 263 Maler, Teobert 37 and dating of texts 279 Mam Maya hegemony 285 and relocation of ceremonial capitals markets, local markets 150–152 279, 283 Marxism, views of the importance of Kelley, David 46, 47 ideologies on cultural evolution 25 K’iche’ hegemony 286, 287 masks 83, 84 Kingsborough, Edward King, Lord 33 Maudslay, Alfred 37, 38

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index 369

Maya Classic period 15–16, 22 archaeological remains 1, 2, 4, 7, 30 continuous interregional interaction chronology, Classic period 47 20 cities 45 Early Preclassic period 14 cultural evolution 24–25, 27–28, 30 horizons concept 18, 19 diet 8 interregional contacts 18 geographical area 11–12 Late Preclassic period 15 Lacandon Maya, farming practices 130, Middle Preclassic period 14 131 paleo-Indian period 13 leisure activities 8 Postclassic period 15, 16 population sizes and distribution Terminal Classic period 16 118–120, 121, 129 cultural evolution 23 settlement patterns 117–118 Early Formative sites 61 state systems 52 maps 3, 9, 10 writings and books 32, 35, 36 nested civilizations 17–20 Maya civilization 100 Preclassic sites 68 ceremonial and urban developments village life 54, 55, 56–57 highland centers 72–79 Mesopotamia, political dynamics 238 lowland areas 83–86 Mexico southern centers 67–72 cultural influence, Postclassic period Classic period 89–92 284 chronology 100–102 influence 103–106, 285 epicenters 92–96 and the obsidian trade 158 structural problems 247 Mirador (Chiapas) 64 collapse 5–6, 7, 111, 240, 241–249, Monte Alb´an(Oaxaca valley) 15 274–276 Monte Alto (Guatemala) 67, 71 see also individual areas and sites Morley, Sylvanus G. 39, 40 Early Classic period 104–110 Motagua Valley (Ixtepeque), and the chronology 102 obsidian trade 157, 163 Mexican influence upon 103–106 Motejo, Francisco de 287 Late Classic period, regionalism mountains, sacred nature 202, 110–111 205 origins 53–56 Mu (lost continent) 33, 35 population settlements 99–100 Murcielagos (Petexbatun), destruction post-Spanish Conquest 289–293 252 Postclassic period 112, 277 lowland areas 279–283 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 103 southern highlands 284–286 farming methods 138 Yucatan 277–279 and long-distance trade 161 traditional views 43–45 , political fortunes 110 traditional views questioned 47 (western Pet´en)229 viewed as theocratic systems 45 political fortunes 110 villages, lowland centers 79–83 Negara states (Southeast Asia) 238 Maya lowlands 1, 12, 58–62, 66–67, comparison with the Classic Maya 86–88 206–207 Classic period 15 political dynamics 216 environmental features 121, 122, (Belize) 81 126–127 collapse 267, 274 Late Classic sub-regions and sites 227 Oaxaca 268 (Yucatan) 280, 281, 283 obsidian, and trade routes 148, 156–160, Merwin, Raymond 39 162–163 8–12 Olmec civilization 15, 18, 60–67 chronology 12–17 influence 67, 70, 71, 72, 84 Archaic period 14 (Puuc area), ceramics 236

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

370 Index

Palacio, Diego Garcia de 33 Puuc area (Yucatan) Palenque (Chiapas) 4, 33, 34, 38, collapse 268–270, 271, 273 259 Late Classic period 236–238 epicenter 107 and the obsidian trade 163 Q’eqchi’ Maya 294 political development 110 queens see kingship Late Classic period 230, 231, 232 Quintana Roo, collapse 271 ritual function as reflected in Quintana Roo (Yucatan), raised field architecture 205 farming methods 135 Pasi´onValley Quirigua 233 agriculture 146 collapse 265 collapse 260–261 evidence of Tikal’s political dominance Paso de la Amada (Chiapas) 60 106 Peabody Museum (Harvard) 38, 39 political development 218 Pet´en political dynamics, and interregional central Pet´en,collapse 262–265 conflicts 244 demography and the collapse of Maya stela showing Long Count system 197 civilization 245 stelae 234 eastern Pet´en,collapse 265–268 Q’umarkah (Utatlan; K’iche’ hegemony) Postclassic period 283 285, 286 rain forest 6 southeastern Pet´en,collapse 266 rain forests 1, 120, 127–130 western Pet´en civilizations 4–5, 6 collapse 257–260 and the Maya 24, 25, 30 political development 228–231 difficulties created for archaeological Petexbatun (Dos Pilas) 271 sites 56 ceramics industry 167 Maya adaptations to 113, 120–126, collapse 275 127–130 regional power 215 see also agriculture; ecology Petexbatun region (western Pet´en) rainfall 121 agriculture 146 ranked societies 58 collapse 249–257, 258 Relaci´onde las Cosas de Yucatan (Landa) epicenter locations 204 32, 36 Piedras Negras (western Pet´en)259 R´ıo Azul (Guatemala) political developments and trade, Late evidence of Tikal’s political dominance Classic period 229, 230 106 Popol Vuh (creation tales) 42, 181, 284 political development 218 population levels 51, 294 R´ıo Bec (central Pet´en) during period of collapse collapse 264 Belize 266 state control 213 central Pet´en263, 265 R´ıo Bec zone (Campeche), terracing 133 eastern Pet´en265 Roman Empire, fall 240, 242, 248, 275 Petexbatun 255 rulers western Pet´en257 and animals 229 Early Classic period 103 contribution to collapse 259, 277 Maya civilization, Early Classic period lineage government, Postclassic period 106 277, 283, 284 and trade 149 responses to infrastructure stresses populations, migration, roles in the 246–248 collapse 260 roles 51 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 45, 47, 94 see also elites; kingship (Petexbatun) 254, 255, 261 sacred cycles 182 collapse 267 Sacul (southeastern Pet´en),collapse 266 stone box gardens 139 salt industry 166

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index 371

San Isidro (Chiapas) 64 regional politics 215–217 San Jos´eMogote (Oaxaca) 64 sizes and populations 214–215 San Lorenzo (Veracruz) 62, 63 structural problems 243–245 San Mart´ınJilotepeque, and the obsidian and trade 172–174 trade 158 stelae 69, 70, 83, 90, 91 Santa Leticia (El Salvador) 71, 78 and altars 96, 98 Santa Rita Corozal, trading importance Quirigua (Guatemala) 234 282 Stephens, John Lloyd 4, 31, 33, 34, 37, (eastern Yucatan) 282 collapse 268, 270 stratified societies 58 household gardening 132 Stuart, David 46, 48 Sayil (Puuc area), ceramics 236 subsistence methods, as evidence of Maya Schele, Linda 46, 48 origins 53–56 Seibal 38, 49, 81, 103, 252, 256, 261, 268, 274 Tabasco 256 ceramics industry 167 (Petexbatun) 251, 252, 257 collapse 267, 275 agricultural activities 117 and the obsidian trade 163 household gardening 132 and political developments and trade, and the obsidian trade 158 Late Classic period 229 water supplies 118 and trade routes 162 Tambiah 216 Service, Elman 57 Tancah, trading importance 282 shamanism 183–188 Tayasal (Pet´en)288 bloodletting 184–189 Postclassic period 283 divination 184, 187, 191–193 temples roles 206–207 relationship to family shrines 176 sacrificial systems 188–191 and tombs 96, 97 see also kingship see also epicenters Sheets, Payson 164 Teopantecuantitlan (Guerrero) 64 Shook, Edwin 50 Teotihuacan (Mexico) 15, 18, 74, 75, Short Count system 198 238 dating by 101 ceramics see also time ruler with ‘Tlaloc’ eye treatment 109 Siyaj Chan K’awiil (ruler (Tikal)) 218 slab-tripod vessels 105, 108 Siyaj K’ak (war leader (Teotihuacan)) 218 influence 86, 104, 106, 108, 216, Somalia, parallels with collapse of Maya 218–220, 222 civilization 260 and the obsidian trade 158 Spanish Conquest 16, 289 Pyramid of the Sun 106 effects on farming practices 130 road grid system 107 influence on Mayan archaeology 31–33 talud-tablero architectural facades 105, spearheads 54 108 spinning 155 trading role 148 states 57, 58 Tepeu ceramics 101, 102 ideologies 206–207 texts, dating 279 political dynamics 208–211 Thompson, E. H. 38, 39 elites and rulers, roles 212–213 Thompson, Sir J. Eric S. 43, 44, 45 historical development 217: Early Tikal (central Pet´en)38, 50, 74, 80, 81, Classic period, lowlands 218–222: 87, 103, 229 interregional alliances 222–225: ceramics industry 167 Late Classic period; Belize 235; collapse 262–264 northern lowlands 235–238; development 100 southeast lowland 231–235; western drawing of animal associations with Pet´en 228–231: regionalism and kings and priests 185 status rivalry 226–228 217 epicenter 92, 107 Late Classic period 238–239 farming methods, use of bajos 137

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

372 Index

Tikal (central Pet´en)(cont.) Tula ( (Mexico)) 272 Mexican influence upon through 42 Teotihuacan 105 (Quintana Roo, and the obsidian trade 158 Mexico)(Catherwood’s drawing) political dynamics 103, 104, 108, 110, 32 210 Tulum (Yucatan) 282 and interregional relations 223, Tzutuhil Maya hegemony 285 224–225, 244 seventh and eighth centuries 226, 42, 43, 74, 81, 103, 104, 263 227 evidence of Tikal’s political dominance population 214 106 regional power 215, 216, 217, 218 excavation 100 royal palaces 116 farming methods, use of bajos 137 stelae and altars 91 political development 110, 218 and trade 148, 149, 151, 162 (southeastern Pet´en),collapse water supplies 141 266 time Ujuxte 67, 78, 79 time cycles 196–198 University of Pennsylvania 42 see also calendars; Long Count system; Upper Pasi´onriver system, trade routes Short Count system 228 Tlatilco (central Mexico) 64 Usumacinta region (western Pet´en), Tohil (solar deity) 285 collapse 259 tombs, and temples 96, 97 Uxmal tool industries 127 architectural styles 237 (Pet´en),Postclassic period 283 ceramics 236 trace-element analyses, and identification collapse 268, 269, 270, 273 of trade routes 164 range structure 93 trade 51, 148–149 Early Classic period 107 vassalages, and alliances 209 and economics 51 villages local markets 150–152 lowland centers 79–83 local products and raw materials Mesoamerica 54, 55, 56–57 149–150 long-distance trade, in high-status goods Waldeck, Jean-Fr´ederick 33 160–162 warfare Postclassic period, Yucatan 280–283 role in the collapse of Petexbatun region in relation to kingship 206 255 and states 172–174 and tribute 172 trading commodities 152 water supplies see irrigation systems chocolate 153 Waxaklajuun Ub’aah K’awil (king of hard stone 153, 154–156 Copan) 233 obsidian 148, 156–160, 162–163 were-jaguars 63, 64, 65 salt 152–153 Willey, Gordon R. 48, 49 textiles 154 world systems theories 19 see also ceramics; crafts; economics trade routes 159, 162–163 Xbalanque, and Hunahpu (hero twins) and the ceramics industry 169, 170 181 political importance, Late Classic period Xcalumkin (eastern Yucatan), collapse 228–229 269 Upper Pasi´onriver system 228 Xibalba (underworld) 182, 202 (Cancuen), stelae 221 263 Tres Zapotes 62 (Belize), collapse 267 tribes 57 tribute, and warfare 172 Yax Nuun Ayiin (ruler (Tikal)) 218 Tsutuhil hegemony 287 Yax Pasaj (king of Copan) 263

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521533902 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information

Index 373

Yaxchilan (Chiapas) political fortunes 110 autosacrifices 190 Yucatan 32 Maya queen experiencing a vision 187 collapse 268–274 and the obsidian trade 163 political fortunes 110, 111 political developments 218 Postclassic period 277–279 and trade, Late Classic period 229, salt trade 152 230 water supplies 141 and trade routes 162 Yum Cimil (death god) 183 (western Pet´en)259 Yum Kaax ( god) 183 , political fortunes 110 Yaxuna (Yucatan) (Mam Maya hegemony) collapse 271 285

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org