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Progress and Development of the Tolerance Principle in Central Asia (Ancient and Early Middle Ages)

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Progress and Development of the Tolerance Principle in Central Asia (Ancient and Early Middle Ages) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Progress And Development Of The Tolerance Principle In Central Asia (Ancient And Early Middle Ages) Murtazaeva Rakhbar, Adilov Abror, Saipova Kamola, Atadjanova Sayora Abstract: In this article, the authors highlighted the historical aspects of the formation and development of the principles of tolerance in the socio- political and spiritual life in antiquity and the early Middle Ages among the peoples of Central Asia. The historical aspects of this problem have not yet been published in international publications. Index Terms: Central Asia, tolerance, the ancient period, the early Middle Ages, territory, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Buddhism. ———————————————————— 1. INTRODUCTION the Conference rightly recognized the experience of At the end of the 20th century, lots of changes in the socio- Uzbekistan in tolerance. political and economic sphere of the world accelerated the process of globalisation. As a result, instead of struggle 2. METHODS between ‗cold war‘, ideologies and systems; terrorism, The role of tolerance in the socio-political and spiritual extremism, drug addiction, decreasing social and moral event which took place in Central Asia from the ancient values, the institution of the family, and ‗culture‘ called times to the 16th century A.D. has been shown. The ‗common‘ have begun to enter the lives of the young. At the problem of history of ancient and medieval tolerance in same time, the rise of racial, religious, territorial, ethnic Central Asia have been researched by Uzbek scholars such conflicts in the world, the growing of the population, and F. Buryakov (Buryakov 2011), A. Sagdullaev (Sagdullaev accordingly the demand for food and drinking water, the 2018), R. Murtazaeva (Murtazayeva 2010, 2016; drought and the environmental problems of the world – all Murtazayeva, Doroshenko, Saipova 2018; Murtazayeva, of these have been reflected in the humanitarian Doroshenko, Inoyatova, Saipova 2018; Ata-Mirzaev, cataclysms, which take place in different parts of the world. Gentshke, Murtazaeva 2010), M. Filanovich (Filanovich And also the efforts of economically and militarily powerful 2011), A. Odilov (Odilov 2019), K. Saipova (Saipova 2018). nations to lead the world geopolitical arena cause conflicts The history of inter-ethnic relations and tolerance in and wars. Unfortunately, processes related to mass Uzbekistan has been researched by the Scientific Centre migration of people from hot-point and dangerous areas are for ‗Inter-ethnic peace and tolerance‘ at the National not so positive. Both such a conflicted and dangerous and University of Uzbekistan since 2006. Last 13 years, 6 complex period in which mankind live make them be more international (Ethnodemographic processes in Uzbekistan. - patient and tolerant also respect other people who have Tashkent, 2005. Book I. - 18.9 pp .; Book II. - 13 pp; different thought, whose language is different, who are from Urbanization processes in Uzbekistan: history and other races and genders, it has been noticed especially in modernity. - Tashkent, 2010. Part I. - 20 pp; Part II. - 14 pp; the 21st century. In the 90s of last century, world community Interethnic relations and tolerance in Uzbekistan: historical paid special attention upon it taking account its international experience and modernity. - Tashkent, 2016 .- 18 pp.) and importance. In particular, on 16 November 1995, the 7 republican (Interethnic relations in Uzbekistan: history and UNESCO adopted the Declaration ‗On the Principles of modernity. - Tashkent, 2003. - 29.5 pp .; Tolerance is the Tolerance‘. This Declaration has been signed by 190 basis of the stability of society. - Tashkent, 2003. - 18.5 b.t countries, including Uzbekistan so far. The Declaration .; Tolerance in the upbringing of youth is a requirement of services as a preventer from any religious, racial time. - Tashkent, 2008. - 20 b.t .; Innovations in the History discrimination, any extremist, terrorist ideology worldwide of Uzbekistan: Theory and Practice. - Tashkent, 2013. - 25 an ideological and methodological framework. It is р.; Strengthening peace, security and inter-ethnic harmony important to note that tolerance, which plays an important in Uzbekistan is the basis for the country's development. - role in the socio-political and spiritual life, which is one of Tashkent, 2013. - 17,25 р.; The role and place of public the main elements of ensuring political stability, inter-ethnic diplomacy of Uzbekistan in strengthening friendship and and inter-religious harmony in countries. In this regard, the cooperation with the world community. - Tashkent, 2017. - experience of Uzbekistan and the historical aspect of the 13.75 р.) scientific-practical conferences have been held by issue are of great scientific, professional and practical the Centre. Also, fellow of the Centre have been working on importance. In September 2017, Ahmed Shawki, who is an scientific project called ‗The Role of Tolerance in the Socio- Assistant of General Secretary of OTM, visited Uzbekistan Political and Spiritual Development of Uzbekistan (from and said that the historical experience of our country in this antiquity to the present day)‘ since 2017. case was worth being studied by the world community. Uzbekistan, which is a part of ancient Transoxania, was 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS recognized at the International Conference on Religious Tolerance has deep historical roots and played an Tolerance in New York held in August 2018, as a country important role in the life of various societies in different countinueing gradually a tradition of tolerance and evolving historical ages. Formation of the tolerance began in the it in the 21st century. More than 80 countries participating in 1014 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 primitive society as a result of the desire for knowledge of settlements were established, as well as migrants moved the world and widening their world-out-looking, and the from the borders of the oasis and settled in the lower development of beliefs, traditions, visual arts and spiritual Balkhab oasis in Northern Afghanistan, in Alanbulaksay and culture. The territory of our country has been for centuries Sherabad oasis in Southern Uzbekistan, from where they the crossroads of trade and economic relations between the went to Bukhara oasis, Upper Zarafshan (Panjikent East and the West, where various ethnic and religious suburbs), East Fergana (Atanbaeva, Rogozhinsky, Murphy beliefs came. In the social and spiritual life of the Middle 2006), and the Tarim River (Eastern Turkestan) basin Ages, these situations led to the idea of tolerance in the (Sarianidi 2010). The Ox civilizations also reached the population. In those ancient times, when the cult of natural Indian valley through north-eastern Afghanistan, where the forces emerged, the events that were beneficial to the traditions of the Harappa culture were exchanged for human environment and vice versa were regarded as the Bactrian-Margian, the cultural innovation of the Ox actions of good and evil forces in mythological views of civilization (Sarianidi 1990). It should be noted that such people. People were scared of evil forces, sacrificed to long-distance Bronze Age migrations were carried out in make them inclined, and good forces were valued and peaceful conditions. Due to the rich nature of oasis and worshiped as patrons of their offspring (Pershits, Mongayt, unstepped lands in the river, there were no rivals during Alekseev 1968). Central Asia is considered as one of the migrating. Because of the location of the Central Asian centres of world civilization. Early statehood and town- region at the crossroads of cultural and economic routes in planning culture developed in the southern regions like important geographical conditions, this land became a Margiana and Bactria, at the end of III and at the beginning place of progress, development of cultural achievements. In of II millennium B.C. This Bronze Age civilization is known general, the processes of trans-regional migration, which as the ―Ox (Amu Darya) Civilization‖ (Lamberg-Korlovsky took place in the past, are interpreted as a factor in the 1990). The peculiarity of the history of Central Asia is that, development of new centres of civilisation. In this regard, it even in the distant past, the composition of the local is necessary to pay attention to the interrelationships and population at different times expanded not only due to effects of native development of peoples and migration. internal growth, but also due to external migration. Migrations, in many cases, led to changes in language, According to archaeological data, migration processes beliefs, culture, morals and morals, and contributed to the particularly grew during the Eneolitic and the Bronze Age. development of society (Rtveladze 2005; Mavlonov 2008). Widespread location of ancient breeders in the Kopettogh, It is also worth noting the negative factors having a Murghab river basins, northern Afghanistan and the profound effect on the interactions of ancient peoples, on Surkhan and Zarafshan oases (Sarianidi 1975; Askarov, humanity and tolerance. They are primarily concerned with Shirinov 1993). It is also worth noting that the population of violence, military occupation and wars. According to the Belujistan and Harappa was gradually being diverted from Avesta, which is the first
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