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19940011008.Pdf NASA Reference Publication 1318 1993 Total Solar Eclipse of 3 November 1994 Fred Espenak Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Jay Anderson Prairie Weather Center Winnipeg, Manitoba National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch PREFACE This is the second in a series of NASA Eclipse Bulletins containing detailed predictions, maps and meteorological data for future central solar eclipses of interest. Published as part of NASA's Reference Publication (RP) series, the eclipse bulletins are provided as a public service to both the professional and lay communities, including educators and the media. In order to provide a reasonable lead time for planning purposes, subsequent NASA RP's for future eclipses will be published 18 to 24 months before each event. Single copies of these RP's will be available at no cost, provided a written request is received after publication. A special request form for the eclipse RFs may be found on the last page of this publication, and may be returned to Jay Anderson. Comments, suggestions, criticisms and corrections are solicited in order to improve the content and layout in subsequent editions of this publication series, and may be sent to Fred Espenak. Permission is freely granted to reproduce any portion of this Reference Publication, including data, figures, maps, tables and text (except for material noted as having been published elsewhere, or by persons other than the authors). All uses and/or publication of this material should be accompanied by an appropriate acknowledgment of the source (e.g. - "Reprinted from Total Solar Eclipse of 3 November 1994, Espenak and Anderson, 1993"). This work is in no way associated with or supported by the U. S. Naval Observatory or its Orculars series of publications. Fred Espenak Jay Anderson NASA/Goddard Space Hight Center Prairie Weather Centre Planetary Systems Branch, Code 693 900-266 Graham Avenue Greenbelt, MD 20771 Winnipeg, MB, USA CANADA R3C 3V4 Next NASA Eclipse Bulletin : Total Solar Eclipse of 24 October 1995 Available: Late-Spring 1994 PRECEI)fN_ PAGE BLANK NOT FR.M_D 111 \ \ f \ L \ J TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 3 NOV 1994 T_ble of Contents Eclipse Predictions ................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Path And Visibility ........................................................................ 1 General Maps of the Eclipse Path ....................................................... 2 Orthographic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path ............................ 2 Stereographic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path ........................... 3 Equidistant Conic Projection Maps of the Eclipse Path ..................... 3 Elements, Shadow Contacts and Eclipse Path Tables .................. .......... 3 Local Circumstances Tables ............................................................. 4 Detailed Maps of the Umbral Path ...................................................... 5 Estimating Times of Second And Third Contacts ..................................... 5 Mean Lunar Radius ....................................................................... 6 Lunar Limb Profile ....................................................................... 7 Limb Corrections To The Path Limits: Graze Zones ................................. 8 Saros History .............................................................................. 9 Weather Prospects for the Eclipse ....... 10 Overview ................................................................................... 10 What Controls the Weather? ............................................................. 10 Details of the Weather .................................................................... 11 The Pacific Coast of Peru and Chile .................................................... 12 The Bolivian Altiplano and the Andes Mountains ........ _............................ 13 Paraguay and the Gran Chaco ........................................................... 14 Eastern Paraguay, Northern Argentina, and Brazil ................................... 14 Offshore .................................................................................... 15 Summary ................................................................................... 15 Observing the Eclipse .............................................................................. 16 Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses ....................................................... 16 Sky At Totality ............................................................................. 16 Eclipse Photography ...................................................................... 17 Contact Timings from the Path Limits .................................................. 18 Plotting the Path on Maps ................................................................ 19 Algorithms, Ephemerides and Parameters ...................................................... 19 Acknowledgments ................................................................................. 19 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 20 References ................................................................................. 20 Further Reading ........................................................................... 20 Figures .............................................................................................. 21 Tables ............................................................................................... 33 Maps of the Umbral Path ......................................................................... 61 Request Form for NASA Eclipse Bulletins ..................................................... 69 PRECED_Nfi PAGE B:ANK NOT FI_LMiiD V TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 3 NOV 1994 Figures. Tables and Maps Figures ............................................................................................... 21 Figure 1" Orthographic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path .................................. 23 Figure 2: Stere0graphic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path ...24 Figure 3: The Eclipse Path in South America .................................................. 25 Figure 4: The Eclipse Path in Western South America ....................................... 26 Figure 5: The Eclipse Path in Eastern South America ........................................ 27 Figure 6: The Lunar Limb Profde At 12:40 UT ............................................... 28 Figure 7: Mean Surface Pressure for November .............................................. 29 Figure 8: Mean Cloud Cover for November ................................................... 29 Figure 9: Frequency of Clear Skies Along the Eclipse Path ................................. 30 Figure 10: The Sky During Totality As Seen At 12:20 UT .................................. 31 Figure 11: The Sky During Totality As Seen At 13:00 UT .................................. 32 Tables ................................................................................................ 33 Table 1" Elements of the Total Solar Eclipse of 3 Nov 1994 ................................. 35 Table 2: Shadow Contacts and Circumstances ................................................ 36 Table 3: Path of the Umbral Shadow ........................................................... 37 Table 4: Physical Ephemeris of the Umbral Shadow ......................................... 38 Table 5: Local Circumstances on the Center Line ............................................. 39 Table 6: Topocentric Data and Path Corrections ............................................... 40 Table 7: Mapping Coordinates for the Umbral Path .......................................... 41 Table 8: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Argentina, Bolivia and Chile ........ 44 Table 9: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Brazil ................................... 46 Table 10: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Colombia, Equador and Venezuela ........................................................................ 50 Table 11: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay ...... 52 Table 12: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Mexico, Central America and The Caribbean ................................................................... 54 Table 13: Maximum Eclipse and Circumstances for Africa ................................. 56 Table 14: Climate Statistics Along the Eclipse Track ......................................... 58 Table 15: Solar Eclipse Exposure Guide ................................................. 59 Maps of the Umbral Path ...................................................................... 61 Map 1" Peru ................................................................................... 63 Map 2: Chile and Bolivia ......................................................................... 64 Map 3: Paraguay .................................................................................. 65 Map 4: Brazil ...................................................................................... 66 Map 5: Gough Island ............................................................................. 67 vi ECLIPSE PREDICTIONS INTRODUCTION On Thursday, 3 November 1994, a total eclipse of the Sun will be visible from the southern half of the Western Hemisphere. The Moon's umbral shadow delineates a path through South America including
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