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Past and Current Mangrove Dynamics on the Bragança Peninsula, Northern Brazil

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Past and Current Mangrove Dynamics on the Bragança Peninsula, Northern Brazil PAST AND CURRENT MANGROVE DYNAMICS ON THE BRAGANÇA PENINSULA, NORTHERN BRAZIL Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen angefertigt am Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie innerhalb des Fachbereichs 2 der Universität Bremen 2003 Erster Gutachter: PD. Dr. Hermann Behling, ZMT an der Universität Bremen Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul, ZMT an der Universität Bremen Acknowledgement Special appreciation is expressed to PD Dr. Hermann Behling for supervising my thesis and to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul for offering excellent conditions in his working group at the Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie (ZMT) in Bremen (Germany). I am pleasure to acknowledge the support by PD Dr. Rubén Lara. He provided scientific assistance throughout the whole course of this work. I like to appreciate the assistance of Dipl. Ing. Andreas Hanning during the field work and the technical maintenance of the electronic equipment in Brazil. I also thank the members of the Center for Tropical Marine Ecology and Núcleo de Estudos Costeiros for the nice working atmosphere. This study was carried out as a part of the Brazilian-German Cooperaation Project MADAM and was financed by the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) and the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under the code 03F0154A. I thank the Deutscher Akademischer Austauch-Dienst (DAAD) for the scholarship support. i Contents Acknowledgements i List of Figures vi List of Tables viii Summary Zusammenfassung xi Resumo Chapter 1 ARE THE MANGROVES FROM BRAGANÇA PENINSULA REACTING TO THE RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES? _______________________________1 1.1 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________2 1.2 Objectives_____________________________________________________________________3 1.3 The Bragança Peninsula _________________________________________________________3 1.3.1 Location ___________________________________________________________________3 1.3.2 Geology and geomorphology ___________________________________________________3 1.3.3 Hydrology__________________________________________________________________4 1.3.4 Climate ____________________________________________________________________5 1.3.5 Vegetation__________________________________________________________________5 1.4 Methodology___________________________________________________________________5 1.4.1 Image processing ____________________________________________________________5 1.4.2 Elaboration of an Elevation Surface Model ________________________________________5 1.4.3 Vegetation survey____________________________________________________________6 1.4.4 Physicochemical parameters____________________________________________________6 1.4.5 Sediment cores ______________________________________________________________7 1.4.6 Radiocarbon data ____________________________________________________________7 1.4.7 Pollen analysis ______________________________________________________________7 1.5 Results________________________________________________________________________7 1.5.1 The inundation frequency controlling the vegetation distribution on the Bragança Peninsula__7 1.5.2 Vegetation changes in the central peninsula________________________________________8 1.5.3 Coastline vegetation changes ___________________________________________________9 1.5.4 Stratigraphy and radiocarbon data from the Bragança Peninsula ________________________9 1.5.4.1 Estuarine mud progradational sequence ( S2) ___________________________________9 1.5.5 Model of Bragança mangrove development_______________________________________10 1.5.6 RSL changes at the Bragança Peninsula between 5100 and 1000 yr BP _________________11 1.5.7 RSL changes at the Bragança Peninsula during the last 1000 yr BP ____________________12 1.6 Conclusions __________________________________________________________________12 Chapter 2 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL APPLIED TO MANGROVE COAST ANALYSIS, AMAZON REGION, BRAZIL _______________________________14 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________15 2.1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________15 2.2 Methodological considerations ___________________________________________________16 ii 2.2.1 Study area _________________________________________________________________16 2.2.2 Tidal level measures _________________________________________________________16 2.2.3 Topographic survey _________________________________________________________16 2.2.4 Elaboration of an Elevation Surface Model _______________________________________17 2.3 Results and discussion__________________________________________________________19 2.3.1 Tidal inundation in the “Furo do Chato” area______________________________________19 2.3.2 Tidal inundation on the Bragança Peninsula ______________________________________20 2.4 Conclusions __________________________________________________________________22 Chapter 3 MANGROVE INUNDATION AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS FROM A GIS PERSPECTIVE ______________________________________________________23 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________24 3.1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________24 3.2 Study area ___________________________________________________________________26 3.3 Material and methods __________________________________________________________26 3.3.1 Chemical and physicochemical parameters _______________________________________26 3.3.2 Elaboration of Surface Elevation Model _________________________________________27 3.4 Results and discussion__________________________________________________________28 Chapter 4 TEMPORAL CHANGES OF MANGROVE VEGETATION BOUNDARIES IN AMAZÔNIA: APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES _______________________________________________________31 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________32 4.1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________32 4.2 Material and methods __________________________________________________________34 4.2.1 Study area _________________________________________________________________34 4.2.2 Field work_________________________________________________________________34 4.2.3 Image processing ___________________________________________________________35 4.3 Results and discussion__________________________________________________________35 4.3.1 Geobotanical units __________________________________________________________35 4.3.2 Coastline vegetation changes __________________________________________________36 4.3.3 Vegetation changes in the central peninsula_______________________________________40 4.4 Conclusions __________________________________________________________________43 Chapter 5 STUDIES ON HOLOCENE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS OF THE BRAGANÇA PENINSULA IN NORTHEASTERN PARA, BRAZIL __________45 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________46 5.1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________46 5.2 Study area ___________________________________________________________________47 5.2.1 Location __________________________________________________________________47 5.2.2. Environmental characteristics of the Bragança Peninsula ____________________________48 5.2.3 Human impact on vegetation __________________________________________________49 iii 5.2.4 Study sites_________________________________________________________________49 5.3 Material and methods __________________________________________________________50 5.3.1 Field sampling _____________________________________________________________50 5.3.2 Pollen analysis _____________________________________________________________50 5.4 Results_______________________________________________________________________51 5.4.1 Stratigraphy _______________________________________________________________51 5.4.2 Radiocarbon dates and sedimentation rates _______________________________________51 5.4.3 Description of modern pollen rain ______________________________________________51 5.4.4. Description of fossil pollen results _____________________________________________55 5.4.4.1. Bosque de Avicennia ____________________________________________________55 5.4.4.2 Campo Salgado _________________________________________________________56 5.4.4.3 Furo do Chato __________________________________________________________60 5.5 Interpretation and discussion ____________________________________________________60 5.5.1 General background on Brazilian sea-level changes ________________________________60 5.5.2 Holocene relative sea-level and the development of the mangrove ecosystem ____________61 5.6 Holocene mangrove dynamics ___________________________________________________64 5.7 Conclusions __________________________________________________________________65 Chapter 6 MODEL ON HOLOCENE MANGROVE DEVELOPMENT AND RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES ON BRAGANÇA PENINSULA (NORTH BRAZIL)__67 Abstract ________________________________________________________________________68 6.1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________68 6.2 Study area ___________________________________________________________________69 6.3 Data sources __________________________________________________________________69 6.3.1 Topographic survey _________________________________________________________69 6.3.2 Sediment cores _____________________________________________________________69
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