Roberto Carlos Domingues Martins Habitats Bentónicos Da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa the Portuguese Continental Shelf S

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Roberto Carlos Domingues Martins Habitats Bentónicos Da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa the Portuguese Continental Shelf S Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2013 ROBERTO HABITATS BENTÓNICOS DA PLATAFORMA CARLOS CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESA DOMINGUES MARTINS THE PORTUGUESE CONTINENTAL SHELF SOFT- BOTTOM BENTHIC HABITATS Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2013 ROBERTO HABITATS BENTÓNICOS DA PLATAFORMA CARLOS CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESA DOMINGUES MARTINS THE PORTUGUESE CONTINENTAL SHELF SOFT- BOTTOM BENTHIC HABITATS Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Ana Maria de Jesus Rodrigues, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e do Professor Doutor Victor Manuel dos Santos Quintino, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio, através da atribuição da bolsa de Doutoramento com referência SFRH/BD/44231/2008. Dedico este trabalho integralmente à minha esposa pelo seu amor e apoio incondicional, aos meus irmãos, símbolos de união e à minha mãe por ser a luz e bússola que me guia e orienta todos os dias. o júri presidente Prof. Doutora Celeste de Oliveira Alves Coelho Professora Catedrática do Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Michael Elliott Full Professor, University of Hull, United Kingdom Prof. Doutor João Carlos de Sousa Marques Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Prof. Doutor Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutora Ana Maria Rodrigues (Orientadora) Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Victor Manuel dos Santos Quintino (Coorientador) Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro agradecimentos Após anos de muito trabalho e de muitas ausências, gostaria de começar por apresentar as minhas sinceras desculpas a todos aqueles que por algum motivo se sentiram afetados pelo meu afastamento e aproveitar para agradecer às seguintes pessoas: Aos meus orientadores, Professora Ana e Professor Victor, suporte científico e fonte de conselhos, opiniões, críticas construtivas e reflexões. Muito obrigado por tudo! Aos meus colegas e amigos de laboratório, que me ajudaram a chegar até aqui, desde o seu auxílio nas campanhas de amostragem e/ou identificações (Leandro, Renato, Fernando, Élio, Rita, Jaime, Puri) ou simplesmente pelo companheirismo e paciência para me aturarem nos bons e maus momentos (Adília, Anthony, Luísa, Marta, Patrícia). Finalmente, a uma pessoa que desde o princípio me respeitou como eu era e me ajudou a crescer profissional e pessoalmente e que nas fases menos boas me ajudou a não desistir ou resignar! Sem nos apercebermos, a fronteira entre o trabalho e a amizade quebrou-se e tornamo-nos grandes amigos. Muito obrigado, Rosa! Um obrigado muito especial à Profª. Mª Rosário, uma pessoa formidável que me ajudou em toda a componente geoquímica e na escrita do primeiro artigo, e que me apoiou incondicionalmente sem pedir nada em troca. Gostaria ainda de agradecer a todos os docentes do Departamento de Geociências pelo apoio, em particular ao Prof. Luís Menezes, Prof. Eduardo Silva, Prof. Fernando Rocha e às amigas Bárbara (pela colaboração no processamento das amostras para as análises geoquímicas e pela amizade), Daniela, Catarina, Virgínia, e a todas aqueles que nalguma fase colaboraram nas análises geoquímicas (Cristina, pelo tempo que me dedicou, Vítor, Manuela, Carla, Denise, Sr. Graça) e ainda à Sara do LCA pela paciência que teve comigo nas análises isotópicas! Ào Sr. Rui (pela ajuda nas campanhas de amostragem e amizade), Profª. Etelvina Figueira, Susana Loureiro, Prof. Amadeu Soares, todos os docentes, investigadores e pessoal não docente do Departamento de Biologia, pelo apoio e companheirismo. Não poderia deixar de agradecer a todos os investigadores que contribuíram para enriquecer este trabalho, nomeadamente João Gil (partilha de bibliografia), Ascensão Ravara (ajuda nas Nepthys, na cedência de bibliografia e pelos bons conselhos), Miriam Guerra (partilha de referências), Luis Carrera-Para (un taxonomista y amigo que me hay apoyado muchisimo y que me hay ayudado en todo el trabajo prático de descripción de la nuevas espécies, en la corrección del articulo y que conyuntamente con Sérgio Salazar-Vallejo (y su esposa Emília) me recibiran en Chetumal de brazos bien abiertos), Guillermo San Martín (ayuda en pisiónidos y silidos y por sus sugerencias en los manuscritos), Hannelore Paxton (confirmation of Eunicidae), Aurélie Foveau (references); Jorge Gonçalves, Pedro Monteiro e Luís Bentes (EUNIS), e a todos aqueles que me ajudaram nalguma fase deste projecto e eu me estou a esquecer. Ao João e ao Nuno, da Smallmatek, pela amizade e pela disponibilização do espaço da empresa para poder escrever a tese. Agradeço às instituições que permitiram desenvolver este trabalho, nomeadamente aos Departamentos de Biologia e de Geociências da UA, à FCT pelo financiamento da bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/44231/2008), ao IPMA (campanhas no NRP “Noruega”) e projetos ACOSHELF, Monitorização do Emissário Submarino da Guia, e MeshAtlantic (ERDF–Atlantic Area Program 2009–1/110). Aos meus amigos, Catarina e Sidónio, Anthony e Bianca, Carla e Pedro, Sónia e Zé, Rosana e Pedro, André e Raquel, Susana, Carla, Renata, Cachinho e aos demais amigos não referidos, mas que por motivos óbvios não os poderei aqui listar a todos. Pela V/ amizade de longa data, que apesar deste afastamento, ela nunca se quebrou! À minha família! Aos meus irmãos Diana e Miguel, que eu tanto amo e a quem lhes dedico também este documento. Ao meu pai e à Júlia por tudo o que representam na minha vida. Aos pais da Tânia, que acreditaram sempre no meu sucesso e foram sempre fonte de inspiração e dedicação. Têm sido um exemplo de vida, como amigos e pais; agradeço-vos por tudo o que nos têm proporcionado. Às Madrinhas Susana e Maria, por terem sempre acreditado nas minhas faculdades, até quando se impuseram para eu prosseguir os estudos e nunca me terem deixado faltar nada; ocuparam naturalmente aquele lugar que só uma mãe pode ter. Às minhas avós Flávia, Irene e Encarnação que foram e serão sempre fontes de amor e retidão. As minhas tias, tios, primas e primos que sempre se orgulharam da pessoa e do profissional que me tornei. Ao Paulo e à Sandra, primos e grandes amigos, por partilharmos tão intensamente os poucos momentos que passamos juntos! À Mª Neves por todas as palavras de apoio. À minha esposa, a pessoa mais importante da minha vida! Acreditou em mim e apoiou- me incondicionalmente. Quando as forças me faltaram e os braços se baixaram, não me deixou desistir e sempre compreendeu as minhas ausências. A ela lhe devo quase tudo o que sou e por isso lhe dedico todo este manuscrito. Amo-te Tânia! À minha mãe e a Jesus. Ausente deste mundo desde os meus 12 anos, Ela foi sempre motivo de orgulho para mim. Quando tudo podia ter corrido mal, Ela nunca me deixou cair. Foram o meu farol e a minha bússola impedindo que eu me desviasse do caminho certo. A ausência faz com que a saudade seja forte, mas proporcionou-me um sentimento muito genuíno de gratidão. Todos os dias temos tantas coisas boas e esquecemo-nos de agradecer. Por isso todos os dias lhes agradeço por tudo o que me proporcionaram e pelas forças que me darão nas lutas futuras! Amo-te Mãe! palavras-chave Plataforma continental Portuguesa; Península Ibérica Ocidental; substrato móvel; macrofauna bentónica; habitats; comunidades; espécies; padrões distribuição; relações ambientais e biológicas; biogeografia. resumo As comunidades de macrofauna bentónica são ecológica e economicamente relevantes, sendo fonte de diversos bens e serviços. A sua identificação, caracterização e mapeamento são importantes para identificar áreas marinhas protegidas e para uma melhor utilização do ambiente marinho. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo holístico da diversidade e distribuição espacial das comunidades de macrofauna bentónica ao longo da plataforma continental Portuguesa. Cerca de 145 locais posicionados ao longo da plataforma ocidental e setentrional foram amostrados com uma draga Smith-McIntyre de área 0,1 m2, a profundidades que variaram entre os 13 e 195 metros. Os sedimentos foram caracterizados em termos de granulometria, de matéria orgânica e geoquímica. São propostos seis habitats bentónicos principais para a plataforma continental Portuguesa, analisada a relação entre os dados biológicos e ambientais e discutidas questões biogeográficas relacionadas com a distribuição espacial de espécies e das comunidades. A distribuição da granulometria e assinatura geoquímica dos sedimentos da plataforma continental revelou-se bastante complexa, refletindo importantes diferenças nas fontes (naturais e antropogénicas), origem fluvial, geomorfologia da plataforma, hidrodinamismo e atividade biológica. Relativamente à macrofauna, entre os mais de 30 mil indivíduos recolhidos, foram identificados cerca de 737 taxa, dos quais quatro são novas espécies e aproximadamente 40 correspondem a primeiras ocorrências para a costa Portuguesa. As espécies mais frequentes foram a Ampharete finmarchica, Ampelisca sp. e Lumbrineris lusitanica sp. nov. enquanto as mais abundantes foram Mediomastus fragilis, Polygordius appendiculatus e Ampharete finmarchica. A abundância por local de amostragem variou entre 7 e 1.307 espécimens
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