Listening Diary 10/04/2017

Read the data that follow. There is a section on instruments of the orhestra as well as instruments generally, there is a section on the human voice, and there is a section on different genres of music. When you have read all the data, listen to the clip associated with each clue and complete the crossword puzzle. Section A: Instruments Classification of Musical Instruments Idiophones: Musical instruments in which a vibrating solid material is used to produce sound. Examples of solid materials used in such instruments are stone, wood and metal. Idiophones are differentiated according to how they are made to vibrate. Maracas, hollow gourds containing pebbles or dried beans, for example, are idiophones. Membranophones: Musical instruments that have vibrating stretched membranes or skin that produce sound. Membranophones are classified according to the shape of the instrument, the kettle drums or Timpani, for example. Aerophones: Music instruments which produce sound by a vibrating mass of air. These are more commonly known as wind instruments and there are three basic types: 1. Brasswinds: Made of metal, particularly brass, these instruments create sound through the vibration of a player's lips on the mouthpiece. The air that passes from the player's lips goes to the air column of the instrument and thus creates sound. Examples: trombone, trumpet, tuba 1. Woodwinds: Originally made of wood but now other materials have also been used. On reed instruments like the saxophone and the clarinet, a thin material is placed on the mouthpiece so that when the player blows into it the air is forced to go to a reed and sets it to vibrate. In double-reed instruments such as bassoons and oboes, the material placed on the opening of the mouthpiece is thicker. In woodwinds such as flutes, the player blows air into the edge of a mouthpiece, thus creating sound. 2. Free-reed: Refers to wind instruments that has a freely vibrating reed and the pitch depends on the size of the reed. A good example of this type of instrument is the accordion. Chordophones: Music instruments that produce sound by means of a stretched vibrating string. There are five basic types, based on the strings' relationship with the resonator. When a string vibrates, the resonator picks up that vibration and amplifies it, giving it a more appealing sound. Chordophones also have subcategories depending on how the strings are played. Examples of chordophones played by bowing are double bass, violin and viola. Examples of chordophones that are played by plucking are banjo, guitar, harp, mandolin and ukulele. The piano, dulcimer and the clavichord are examples of chordophones that are struck. Electrophones: Refers to music instruments that produce sound electronically or produce its initial sound traditionally and then amplified electronically. Some examples of instruments that produce sound electronically are electronic organs and electronic . Electric guitars and electric pianos are examples of traditional instruments that are electronically amplified. In conclusion, when we speak of music instruments of the Western orchestra we refer to them as brass, percussion, strings and woodwinds. Section B: The human voice There are many sub-categories of human voice types, and effectively there are as many voice types as there are singers. However, to make matters easier, we differentiate between these: Soprano: This is the highest category of human voice and is normally a female voice, although there are men who can reach the same pitch. The soprano voice can be sweet and lyrical, dramatic and penetrating, very agile or less so. Different kinds of repertoire require different kinds of voices. Mezzo-soprano: The name means ‘middle soprano’ and the singers, usually female, cannot reach as high s does the soprano, but has a more substantial lower range. Again the voice can be large or lyrical, agile or dramatic, depending on what the singer chooses to sing. Alto: This is the lowest of the traditionally females voices. There are currently at least a dozen men on the professional circuit who classify themselves as eiher male altos or malemezzo-sopranos, and they have unbelievably well developed techniques. The true female alto is an exceptionally rare voice, and the repertoire for her, accordingly, is quite limited. Tenor: This is te highest male voice. There are women who can reach the low notes associated with the male voice, but significantly fewer women can sing in the male range than men who are capable of the female range. The tenor can be sweet and lyrical or heroic. In opera the male lead is mostly given to the tenor. Baritone: This is the middle male voice. Astonishingly, there are baritones who have almost the same range as the heroic tenor, but they prefer to develop the lower half of the voice and remain baritones rather than becoming tenors with a possibly strained top register. In opera, the baritone is sometimes the hero of the stoty, but more often the villain. Bass: The bass is the lowest male voice. The true bass has a sonorous, velvety quality. They normally portray roles such as that of the priest or father figure in opera, although the voice has been called upon to play sinister characters such as assassins. Section C: Different genres Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by, rhythm and and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources. Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the nineteenth century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, and folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove. Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late ninettenth and early twentieth centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and . Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African- American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as "one of America's original art forms". Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms "popular music" and "pop music" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many styles. "Pop" and "rock" were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were increasingly used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other styles such as urban, dance, rock, Latin, and country; nonetheless, there are core elements that define pop music. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and hooks. music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a music genre developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans in the 1970s which consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies , a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/ with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records (or synthesized beats and sounds), and rhythmic beatboxing. While often used to refer solely to rapping, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. The term is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture, including DJing, , scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks. (sometimes ) covers a wide range of popular music styles and genres influenced by 1960s psychedelia, a subculture of people who used psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline and DMT to experience visual and auditory hallucinations, synesthesia and altered states of consciousness. Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Psychedelic music emerged during the 1960s among folk and rock bands in the United States and Britain, creating the subgenres of , (or ), and before declining in the early 1970s. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the ensuing decades, including progressive rock, , heavy metal. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic , neo-psychedelia, and psychedelic hip hop, as well as psychedelic electronic genres such as , trance music and new . Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is often applied to music older than that. Some types of folk music are also called . Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed by custom over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Country music (frequently referred to as just country) is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of United States, such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music), and blues music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas. According to Lindsey Starnes, the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. The origins of country music are the folk music of working-class Americans, who blended popular songs, Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes, traditional English ballads, and cowboy songs, and various musical traditions from European immigrant communities. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing: recitative, a speech-inflected style and arias, a more melodic style, in which notes are sung in a sustained fashion. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble, which since the early nineteenth-century has been led by a conductor. A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often written by composers for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late eighteenth century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four, with the first movement in sonata form. Symphonies are scored for string (violin, viola, cello and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30–100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their instrument. A small number of symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). A solo concerto is a concerto in which a single soloist is accompanied by an orchestra. It is the most frequently found type of concerto. It originated in the Baroque Period (c. 1600–1750) as an alternative to the traditional concertino (solo group of instruments) in a concerto grosso. A typical concerto has three movements, traditionally fast, slow and lyrical, and fast. There are many examples of concertos that do not conform to this plan. Please turn over for the crossword puzzle and the clues Name:______Date:______

11 22 1

15

23 13

8

5 24

21 4

25 20 3

9

12

19 2

17 10

16

7

6

18 14

Down Across 2 An aerophone, and the lowest member of the woodwinds 1 The lowest string voice 3 A genre and musical form originated by African Americans 5 Chordophone, second lowest member of in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the the string family nineteenth century 6 A genre of United States popular music 4 Middle female voice, also found in male singers that originated in the southern United States 8 Electrophone and leader of Rock band in the 1920s 10 Aerophone and second highest member of woodwinds 7 The most extravagant of dramatic arts: a 11 Highest male voice sung play 12 Chordophone and forerunner of piano 9 Beethoven wrote nine of these; this is the 15 Aerophone and third from the top in the woodwinds last movement 16 The bottom of the human voice barrel 13 Middle male voice 17 King of the instruments and aerophone 14 Possibly the most sophisticated pop 20 Electrophone with alien sound music 21 Tuned membranophones 18 Highest female voice 22 Highest brass voice 19 A band of idiophones made from old oil 23 Lowest brass voice drums 24 Highest chordophone in symphony orchestra 25 Idiophone made of wood s