Listening Diary 10/04/2017 Read the data that follow. There is a section on instruments of the orhestra as well as instruments generally, there is a section on the human voice, and there is a section on different genres of music. When you have read all the data, listen to the clip associated with each clue and complete the crossword puzzle. Section A: Instruments Classification of Musical Instruments Idiophones: Musical instruments in which a vibrating solid material is used to produce sound. Examples of solid materials used in such instruments are stone, wood and metal. Idiophones are differentiated according to how they are made to vibrate. Maracas, hollow gourds containing pebbles or dried beans, for example, are idiophones. Membranophones: Musical instruments that have vibrating stretched membranes or skin that produce sound. Membranophones are classified according to the shape of the instrument, the kettle drums or Timpani, for example. Aerophones: Music instruments which produce sound by a vibrating mass of air. These are more commonly known as wind instruments and there are three basic types: 1. Brasswinds: Made of metal, particularly brass, these instruments create sound through the vibration of a player's lips on the mouthpiece. The air that passes from the player's lips goes to the air column of the instrument and thus creates sound. Examples: trombone, trumpet, tuba 1. Woodwinds: Originally made of wood but now other materials have also been used. On reed instruments like the saxophone and the clarinet, a thin material is placed on the mouthpiece so that when the player blows into it the air is forced to go to a reed and sets it to vibrate. In double-reed instruments such as bassoons and oboes, the material placed on the opening of the mouthpiece is thicker. In woodwinds such as flutes, the player blows air into the edge of a mouthpiece, thus creating sound. 2. Free-reed: Refers to wind instruments that has a freely vibrating reed and the pitch depends on the size of the reed. A good example of this type of instrument is the accordion. Chordophones: Music instruments that produce sound by means of a stretched vibrating string. There are five basic types, based on the strings' relationship with the resonator. When a string vibrates, the resonator picks up that vibration and amplifies it, giving it a more appealing sound. Chordophones also have subcategories depending on how the strings are played. Examples of chordophones played by bowing are double bass, violin and viola. Examples of chordophones that are played by plucking are banJo, guitar, harp, mandolin and ukulele. The piano, dulcimer and the clavichord are examples of chordophones that are struck. Electrophones: Refers to music instruments that produce sound electronically or produce its initial sound traditionally and then amplified electronically. Some examples of instruments that produce sound electronically are electronic organs and electronic synthesizers. Electric guitars and electric pianos are examples of traditional instruments that are electronically amplified. In conclusion, when we speak of music instruments of the Western orchestra we refer to them as brass, percussion, strings and woodwinds. Section B: The human voice There are many sub-categories of human voice types, and effectively there are as many voice types as there are singers. However, to make matters easier, we differentiate between these: Soprano: This is the highest category of human voice and is normally a female voice, although there are men who can reach the same pitch. The soprano voice can be sweet and lyrical, dramatic and penetrating, very agile or less so. Different kinds of repertoire require different kinds of voices. Mezzo-soprano: The name means ‘middle soprano’ and the singers, usually female, cannot reach as high s does the soprano, but has a more substantial lower range. Again the voice can be large or lyrical, agile or dramatic, depending on what the singer chooses to sing. Alto: This is the lowest of the traditionally females voices. There are currently at least a dozen men on the professional circuit who classify themselves as eiher male altos or malemezzo-sopranos, and they have unbelievably well developed techniques. The true female alto is an exceptionally rare voice, and the repertoire for her, accordingly, is quite limited. Tenor: This is te highest male voice. There are women who can reach the low notes associated with the male voice, but significantly fewer women can sing in the male range than men who are capable of singing the female range. The tenor can be sweet and lyrical or heroic. In opera the male lead is mostly given to the tenor. Baritone: This is the middle male voice. Astonishingly, there are baritones who have almost the same range as the heroic tenor, but they prefer to develop the lower half of the voice and remain baritones rather than becoming tenors with a possibly strained top register. In opera, the baritone is sometimes the hero of the stoty, but more often the villain. Bass: The bass is the lowest male voice. The true bass has a sonorous, velvety quality. They normally portray roles such as that of the priest or father figure in opera, although the voice has been called upon to play sinister characters such as assassins. Section C: Different genres Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources. Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the nineteenth century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, and folk music. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove. Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late ninettenth and early twentieth centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a maJor form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African- American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of Jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed Jazz as "one of America's original art forms". Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms "popular music" and "pop music" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many styles. "Pop" and "rock" were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were increasingly used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as Just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other styles such as urban, dance, rock, Latin, and country; nonetheless, there are core elements that define pop music. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and hooks. Hip hop music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a music genre developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans in the 1970s which consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records (or synthesized beats and sounds), and rhythmic beatboxing. While often used to refer solely to rapping, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture, including DJing, turntablism, scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks. Psychedelic music (sometimes psychedelia) covers a wide range of popular music styles and genres influenced by 1960s psychedelia, a subculture of people who used psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline and DMT to experience visual and auditory hallucinations, synesthesia and altered states of consciousness.