Differential Role in Endothelial Cells and Platelets
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Syntaxin-binding protein 5 exocytosis regulation: differential role in endothelial cells and platelets David Lillicrap J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4231-4233. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI77511. Commentary Details of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie complex disorders, such as the thrombo-occlusive events associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism, are challenging to address. Recent advances have been made through the application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic loci associated with plasma levels of procoagulant proteins and risk of thrombotic disease. GWAS have consistently identified the gene encoding syntaxin-binding protein 5 (STXBP5) in this context. STXBP5 is expressed in both endothelium and platelets, and SNPs within the STXBP5 locus have been associated with plasma levels of vWF and increased venous thrombosis risk. In this issue of the JCI, two complementary reports from the laboratories of Charles Lowenstein and Sidney Whiteheart describe studies that highlight the complexity of the function of STXBP5 in control of storage granule development and exocytosis in platelets and endothelium. Together, these studies demonstrate that STXBP5 differentially regulates exocytosis in these two cell types. While STXBP5 facilitates granule release from platelets, it inhibits secretion from the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) of endothelial cells. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/77511/pdf The Journal of Clinical Investigation COMMENTARY Syntaxin-binding protein 5 exocytosis regulation: differential role in endothelial cells and platelets David Lillicrap Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. STXBP5 expression in Details of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie complex disorders, endothelium and platelets such as the thrombo-occlusive events associated with myocardial infarction, STXBP5 is expressed in both endothe- stroke, and venous thromboembolism, are challenging to address. Recent lial cells and platelets as an approximately advances have been made through the application of genome-wide 130-kDa protein. Multiple isoforms have association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic loci associated with plasma been identified that derive from differen- levels of procoagulant proteins and risk of thrombotic disease. GWAS tial splicing of the STXBP5 transcript. Ye have consistently identified the gene encoding syntaxin-binding protein et al. and Zhu et al. both report that the pat- tern of isoform expression appears similar 5 (STXBP5) in this context. STXBP5 is expressed in both endothelium in these two cell types. Ye and colleagues and platelets, and SNPs within the STXBP5 locus have been associated isolated STXBP5 as a t-SNARE–binding with plasma levels of vWF and increased venous thrombosis risk. In this protein from platelet extracts (7), whereas issue of the JCI, two complementary reports from the laboratories of Zhu and colleagues identified STXBP5 in Charles Lowenstein and Sidney Whiteheart describe studies that highlight endothelial cells through its interaction the complexity of the function of STXBP5 in control of storage granule with syntaxin-4, a component of SNARE development and exocytosis in platelets and endothelium. Together, these complexes, and synaptotagmin, the sensor studies demonstrate that STXBP5 differentially regulates exocytosis in these for mediating calcium-induced exocytosis two cell types. While STXBP5 facilitates granule release from platelets, it (8). These findings confirmed prior obser- inhibits secretion from the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) of endothelial cells. vations in neurons (14) and pancreatic β cells (15) that STXBP5 can form complexes with SNARE proteins and is thus well situ- ated to regulate the exocytic process. In Background um is regulated. Various agonists are known endothelial cells, STXBP5 was located in Thrombo-occlusive cardiovascular disease to promote the secretion of granular con- cytoplasmic granules, and colocalization remains a major cause of death globally. It tents from platelets (including thrombin, with vWF in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) is well documented that the mechanisms ADP, and collagen; ref. 5) and endothelial was minimal. Additionally, STXBP5 did that coordinate these pathologies are mul- cells (such as histamine and shear flow; ref. not appear to influence WPB number, size, tifactorial and involve both genetic and 6); however, it is not clear how these induc- or morphology. acquired risk factors (1). Key players in ers mediate exocytosis. Two studies in this thrombo-occlusive events are the vascular issue directly address the role of syntaxin- STXBP5 inhibits exocytosis endothelium and platelets, both of which binding protein 5 (STXBP5; also known as in endothelial cells are involved in maintaining vascular integ- Tomosyn-1) in this process. The studies by In neurons and pancreatic β cells, STXBP5 rity and normal hemostatic responses (2). Ye et al. (7) and Zhu et al. (8) build upon inhibits neurotransmitter release and However, under pathophysiologic circum- the consistent identification of STXBP5 as insulin secretion, respectively (14, 15). stances, activation of the endothelium and a contributor to the regulation of plasma Zhu and colleagues demonstrated that platelets can trigger the release of procoag- vWF levels (9–11) and as a risk factor for STXBP5 also inhibits exocytosis in endo- ulant and cellular-adhesive molecules that venous thrombosis (12), which suggests that thelial cells (8). STXBP5 knockdown in can interact to promote the development of STXBP5 function is important for maintain- endothelial cells resulted in increased his- thrombotic events (3, 4). ing normal hemostatic balance (Figure 1). tamine- and calcium ionophore–mediated In further support of this notion, a nonsyn- secretion of vWF and increased external- STXBP5 as a regulator of onymous STXBP5 SNP, N436S, is associ- ization of the adhesion molecule P-selec- cardiovascular homeostasis ated with a decreased incidence of venous tin. In contrast, STXBP5 knockdown It is not completely understood how the thromboembolism (9) and an increased did not affect constitutive vWF release. secretory status of platelets and endotheli- bleeding phenotype in females (13). Interestingly, the N436S STXBP5 variant, which is associated with reduced plasma vWF levels and increased bleeding ten- Related Articles: pp. 4503, 4517 dency in females (13), inhibited endothe- Conflict of interest: The author has declared that no conflict of interest exists. lial vWF secretion more efficiently than Reference information: J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4231–4233. doi:10.1172/JCI77511. did WT STXBP5. jci.org Volume 124 Number 10 October 2014 4231 COMMENTARY The Journal of Clinical Investigation Figure 1. STXBP5 differentially influences exocytosis in platelets and endothelial cells. (A) STXBP5 inhibits regulated exocytosis from endothelial cells, but promotes granule secre- tion from platelets. In both cell types, STXBP5 interacts with components of the SNARE machinery, but the details of these interactions appear distinct. In endothelial cells, there is no colocalization with WPBs, and the number, size, and morphology of these organelles is not influenced by STXBP5. In platelets, there is no colocalization of STXBP5 with α, dense, and lysosomal granules, but the granule cargo composition is altered. (B) Genetic associations and effects of STXBP5 deficiency. In humans, STXBP5 has consistently been identified in GWAS to be associated with the regulation the plasma levels of several coagulation factors, with bleeding, and with the risk of venous thrombosis. Stxbp5 KO mice exhibit a spectrum of hemostatic phenotypes that are consistent with the role of STXBP5 function in endothelial cells and platelets. FVIII, factor VIII; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator. In Stxbp5 KO mice, plasma levels of some constituents, including platelet fac- tinct in these two cell types, with STXBP5 vWF were increased, consistent with the tor 4 and factor V, but only modest changes inhibiting endothelial cell exocytosis, but demonstrated STXBP5-dependent inhibi- in other proteins, such as fibrinogen and promoting secretion from platelets. Why tion of endothelial vWF exocytosis. In this vWF. Numbers of α and dense granules the difference in effect? STXBP5 transcript Stxbp5 KO mouse model, calcium iono- in Stxbp5 KO mice were normal, as were variants are similarly expressed in the two phore–mediated WPB release also resulted platelet counts. cell types; however, the STXBP5 binding in increased platelet adhesion to the walls of Both Ye et al. and Zhu et al. observed partners within SNARE complexes appear venules and increased exposure of P-selec- an increase in tail bleeding and defec- to be cell type–specific and may provide tin. Despite these apparent signs of hyper- tive thrombus generation in Stxbp5 KO clues as to the differential functional out- coagulability resulting from uninhibited mice (7, 8). To test whether this defect comes. Overall, these studies demonstrate endothelial exocytosis, tail bleeding was was the result of a platelet-specific influ- the power of GWAS to identify previously increased in Stxbp5 KO mice. Moreover, ence, bone marrow transplant experi- unrecognized contributors to key cardio- Stxbp5 KO mice also exhibited delayed ments were performed. Transfer of Stxbp5 vascular functions. Furthermore, these thrombus development after mesenteric KO hematopoietic cells into WT animals reports