Experimental study on Leachate movement control and treatment using High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) Sheets

Aravind TPA (  [email protected] ) Sri Krishna College of Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-3550 Pranesh K K Sri Krishna College of Technology Parameshwaran B Sri Krishna College of Technology

Research

Keywords: Landll, Leachate, HDPE, pH, Turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS

Posted Date: April 28th, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22373/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Experimental study on Leachate movement control and treatment 2 using High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) Sheets 3 4 Aravind T P A1, Pranesh K K2 and Parameshwaran B3 5 1 Assistant Professor, Sri Krishna College of Technology, [email protected] 6 2Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, [email protected] 7 3Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, [email protected]

8 ABSTRACT

9 Nowadays, in India, the incidents such as fire, groundwater contamination and 10 emission of methane due to the open dumping of municipal solid wastes have become very 11 common. To overcome these issues and also to reduce the foul smell emanating from the 12 yards due to rain drenching the piles of accumulated wastes, sanitary landfills with proper 13 leachate movement control facilities and recycling of leachates should be adapted. When 14 landfill squanders (Municipal solid waste) debases and downpour washes through the solid 15 wastes, the leachate is formed. The Leachate is a dark fluid containing organic and inorganic 16 chemicals, heavy metals and pathogens. Leachate may permeate through the landfill liners 17 and subsoil, causing contamination of surface water and sub - surface waters, which results to 18 several health hazards. The synthesis of waste changes drastically over the life of the landfill 19 because of the presence of organic and inorganic substances. This paper focuses towards the 20 control of leachate movement in a sanitary landfill and partial treatment 21 of leachate using HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene) sheets, such that the partially 22 treated leachate meets the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water. In this 23 paper, the characteristics of leachate were studied by filtering it through 1, 2 and 3 layers 24 of HDPE sheets respectively. When analyzed, the characteristics of leachate such as pH, 25 Turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS and TDS shows that the leachate collected from 3 layered HDPE 26 filtration system has better quality than the other two systems and it could be used for 27 irrigation purposes as a tool to ensure sustainability by contributing towards the reduction of 28 water scarcity issue.

29 Keywords: Landfill, Leachate, HDPE, pH, Turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS and TDS.

30 1. INTRODUCTION

31 Sanitary landfill is a method of disposing the Municipal Solid wastes. These sanitary 32 landfills prevent the contact between the wastes and the environment. It contains liners to 33 delineate the trash from permeating into the ground soil causing contamination of ground 34 water. At present the survey from waste management points out that Sanitary Landfill method 35 is the effective method to be considered in the Disposal process. Sanitary landfills with 36 proper lining and leachate collection systems are based on circular economy, as it reduces the 37 scarcity of natural resources by recycling the leachates into the water cycle without 38 contaminating the groundwater. As the municipal solid wastes disposed in landfills comes in 39 mere contact with storm water or any run offs, it results in the formation of leachate. The

1

40 Leachate is a dark fluid containing both organic and inorganic chemicals, heavy metals and 41 pathogens. A clay liner used as a boundary of landfill cell acts as a hydraulic barrier for the 42 fluids to flow in and it has been determined by finding the moisture content of the clay taken 43 from the sides of the landfill cell case and around the landfill cell case used in the lining 44 system. The gases released from landfill contain 92% to 95% of carbon dioxide and methane 45 while the rest is comprised of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia, sulphides and hydrogen. 46 The basic characteristics of leachate to be studied are pH, Turbidity, Chemical oxygen 47 demand, Biological oxygen demand, Turbidity, TDS and TSS.

48 2. MATERIALS

49 The materials used for setting up the Sanitary landfill Prototype are discussed here.

50 2.1 HDPE sheets

51 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-thickness (HDPE) is a 52 thermoplastic polymer created from the monomer ethylene. With a high solidarity to- 53 thickness proportion, HDPE is utilized in the creation of plastic containers, consumption safe 54 funnelling, geo films and plastic wood. It offers an amazing protection from most solvents 55 and also from alcohol, weaken acids, oil, oils, salts low temperature, etc., It has extremely 56 low water assimilation limit. The characteristics of HDPE sheets used are shown in Table 1.

57 2.2 Mesh

58 A mesh is an obstruction made of associated strands of metal, fibre, or other adaptable or 59 malleable materials. A mesh resembles a web or a net which has many added or woven 60 strands. The characteristics of mesh used are shown in Table 2.

61 2.3 PVC Pipe

62 PVC refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride, and it's become a common swap for metal piping. 63 It's the white plastic channel normally utilized for plumbing and collection of leachate from 64 the landfill. A PVC pipe with numerous perforations and wrapped with the mesh is supplied. 65 The characteristics of PVC pipe used are shown in Table 3.

66 2.4 Clay

67 Clay is a soil that contains an elevated level of fine particles and colloidal substance 68 and become tenacious when wet and decline as far as possible compared to various soils. The 69 dirt is utilized as a covering material in our clean landfill.

70 The moisture content of the clay used in the landfill lining is determined to be 9.5%.

71 2.5 Municipal Solid Wastes

2

72 The municipal solid wastes collected are analysed in order to determine the 73 composition and characteristics. The composition of solid wastes is found to be as shown in 74 Fig 1.

75 76 Fig 1 Composition of Solid Waste Sample

77 The characteristics of collected solid wastes to be used in landfills are as given in 78 Table 4.

79 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

80 3.1 Irrigation Water Quality

81 As per The Environmental Protection act - 1986, the water quality required for 82 Irrigation should satisfy the standards prescribed in Table 5. The partially treated leachate 83 characteristics are compared with these standards to identify the best treatment system among 84 1, 2 and 3 layered HDPE filtration of leachate from the landfills.

85 3.2 pH

86 The pH values of the leachate obtained from the landfills with 1, 2 and 3 layers of 87 HDPE sheet filtration systems shows that leachate from 2 and 3 layered filtration systems 88 meets with the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water as shown in Fig 2.

8 7.22 6.61 7

6 4.82 5

pH 4

3

2

1

0 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE 89

3

90 Fig 2 Comparison of pH values

91 3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

92 The COD values of the leachate obtained from the landfills with 1, 2 and 3 layers of 93 HDPE sheet filtration systems, shows that leachate from all the 3 filtration systems meets 94 with the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water as shown in the Fig 3.

1350 1316

1300

) ) 1250 1221

COD (mg/l COD 1200

1144 1150

1100

1050 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE 95

96 Fig 3 Comparison of COD values

97 3.4 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

98 The BOD values of the leachate obtained from the landfills with 1, 2 and 3 layers of 99 HDPE sheet filtration systems shows that only the leachate from 3 layered filtration systems 100 meets with the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water as shown in the Fig 4.

4

1600 1341.85 1400

1200

973.15 1000 BOD (mg/l) BOD 800

600 304.16 400

200

0 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE 101

102 Fig 4 Comparison of BOD values

103 3.5 Turbidity

104 The turbidity values of the leachate obtained from the landfills with 1, 2 and 3 layers 105 of HDPE sheet filtration systems, shows that leachate from all the 3 filtration systems layered 106 filtration systems meets with the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water as 107 shown in Fig 5.

3

2.51 2.5

2

1.8

Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity 1.5 1.27

1

0.5

0 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE 108

109 Fig 5 Comparison of Turbidity values

110 3.6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

5

111 The TDS values of the leachate obtained from the landfills with 1, 2 and 3 layers of 112 HDPE sheet filtration systems, shows that leachate from 3 layered filtration systems meets 113 with the standards prescribed for the quality of Irrigation water as shown in the Fig 6.

16000 14620 14000

12000

10000

7200 8000 TDS (mg/l) (mg/l) TDS 6000

4000

2000 400 0 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE 114

115 Fig 6 Comparison of TDS values

116 3.8 Discussion

117 From the various parameters which are studied and compared, it is clear that the 118 landfill setup developed with 3 layered filtration system satisfies all the criteria required to be 119 used for the Irrigation practices (Table 6).

120 The landfill developed with 2 layered filtration system does not satisfy the BOD, TDS 121 and TSS parameters required to be used for the Irrigation practices.

122 The landfill with 1 layered filtration system does not satisfy the pH, BOD, TDS and 123 TSS parameters required to be used for the Irrigation practices.

124

125 4. CONCLUSION

126 In general, the society is facing an unrivalled issue of water scarcity in India for the 127 Irrigation purposes. So our principle target is to contribute significantly towards the water 128 available for Irrigation purposes by partially treating the leachate from the Municipal Solid 129 Wastes (MSW) landfills. This experimental investigation has been carried out to partially 130 treat the leachate from the landfill with 1, 2 and 3 layers of HDPE filtration systems. The 131 analysis of collected leachate characteristics shows that the 3 layered HDPE filtration systems 132 is efficient when compared with the standards prescribed for the quality of irrigation water, 133 while 2 layered and 1 layered HDPE filtration systems had failed to meet with the standards.

6

134 The moisture content measured from the clay used for lining system also indicated that the 135 movement of leachate to the ground has been controlled to a greater extent both laterally and 136 longitudinally. Hence, the sanitary landfills with 3 layered HDPE filtration system can be 137 implemented in the society instead of open dumping to dispose the municipal solid wastes 138 collected from the cities as the process paves way for recycling and reusing the water (storm 139 water or surface water) that reaches the landfill sites. The system also eliminates certain risks 140 of groundwater contamination and fire in conventional landfills and open dump yards.

141 REFERENCE

142 1. Aquino, D.C. Stuckey, Soluble microbial products formation in anaerobic chemostats in 143 the presence of toxic compounds, J. Water Res. 38 (2003) 255–266. 144 2. Barjinder Bhalla, M.S. Saini, M.K. Jha, Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 145 Leachate Treatment Efficiency by Leachate Pollution Index, January 2014, (8447), 2319- 146 8753. 147 3. Barker, D.C. Stuckey, A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater 148 treatment systems, J. Water Res. 33 (1999) 3063–3082. 149 4. Goorany, I. Ozturk, Soluble microbial product formation during biological treatment of 150 fermentation during biological, treatment of fermentation industry effluent, J. Water Sci. 151 Technol. 42 (2000) 283–292. 152 5. Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Advanced Treatment of Landfill Leachate Effluent Using 153 Membrane Filtration International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental 154 Sciences (IJSRES), 1(3), pp. 36-43, 2013. 155 6. ry 156 landfill leachate in Istanbul, Water Sci. Technol. 41 (2000) 223–230. 157 7. Islam M. Rafizul., Yousaf Subbir., Muhammed Alamgir., Lysimeter studies for leachate 158 characterization generated from municipal solid waste in pilot scale landfill of 159 Bangladesh. November 2014. 160 8. Jenin Rajasingh, Impact Analysis Of Leachate Characteristics At Municipal Solid Waste 161 Landfill Site In Vellalore Town Panchayat, Coimbatore City, Tamilnadu, India, 162 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, 163 October 2017, pp. 454–460. 164 9. Naveen. B.P, Sivapullaiah. P.V, Characteristics of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 165 Leachate, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference IGC-2014 December 18-20, 166 2014, Kakinada, India 167 10. Renoua, J.G. Givaudana, S. Poulaina, F. Dirassouyanb, P. Moulin., Landfill leachate 168 treatment: Review and opportunity., July 2007, (470), 468–493. 169 11. Safaa M. Raghab, Treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill, 1687-4048 170 - 2013 Housing and Building National Research Center. 171 12. Senthamil Selvan K., Palanivel M., Jayakumar R., and Sherly Jennifer A., Environmental 172 impact analysis of physico chemical characterization of landfill leachate from Municipal 173 Solid Waste (MSW) dump yard in Dharapuram town, Tamil nadu, India, December 174 2015, (13), 2319-1414.

7

175 13. Shashikumar, Effect of Leachate on the Stability of Landfill Composite Liners (Thesis), 176 August 1992. 177 14. Shyamala D.C. and Belagali S.L., Studies on variations in physico-chemical and 178 biological characteristics at different maturity stages of municipal solid waste compost, 179 No4 (2012), 0976-4402. 180 15. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

181

182 Table 1 Characteristics of HDPE sheets S. No. Characteristics Remarks 1. Pore size 10 µ- 15 µ 2. Thickness 0.84 mm 3. Density 940 kg/m3

183

184 Table 2 Characteristics of Mesh S. No Characteristics Remarks 1. Pore size 1.2 mm 2. Thickness 0.6 mm

185

186 Table 3 Characteristics of PVC Pipe S.No Characteristics Remarks 1. Diameter 1.90 cm 2. Diameter of Perforations 5 mm

187

188 Table 4 Characteristics of Solid Waste Sample S. Characteristics Remarks No. Density (un compacted 1 200 kg/ m3 wastes) Density (compacted 2 400 kg/ m3 wastes) 3 Moisture Content 22%

189

190 191

8

192 Table 5 Quality of Irrigation Water [9] Standard S.No. Parameters Permissible limits for Irrigation Water 1. pH 5.5 - 9.1 2. COD 800 - 10500

3. BOD5 100 - 350 4. Turbidity 1 - 5 5. TDS 350 - 6800

193

194 Table 6 Analysis of treated leachate characteristics

Characteristics of leachate from Parameters Irrigation Water Quality 1-HDPE 2-HDPE 3-HDPE

pH 4.82 6.61 7.22 5.5 - 9.1

COD (mg/l) 1316 1221 1144 800 - 10500

BOD5 (mg/l) 1341.85 973.15 304.16 100 - 350

Turbidity (NTU) 2.51 1.80 1.27 1 - 5

TDS (mg/l) 14620 7200 400 350 - 6800 195

196 DECLARATIONS

197 1. Availability of Data and Materials 198 Not Applicable 199 2. Competing Interests 200 The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 201 3. Funding 202 Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore has funded the project by supporting 203 in the means of Laboratory and consumable facilities. 204 4. Authors Contributions 205 T.P.A.Aravind has guided the project work; K.K.Pranesh and B.Parameshwaran have 206 set up the prototype of a landfill cell, collected the leachate after filling out solid 207 wastes and then determined the characteristics of leachate from all three systems. All 208 authors analysed the results, discussed on the manuscript, read and finally approved 209 the manuscript.

9

210 5. Acknowledgement 211 Not Applicable 212 6. Authors’ information 213 a. Aravind T P A, Assistant Professor, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore. 214 e-mail : [email protected] Mobile : +91 - 9894963834 215 b. Pranesh K K, Student, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore. 216 e-mail : [email protected] 217 c. Parameshwaran B, Student, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore. 218 e-mail : [email protected]

219 Author Agreement Statement 220

221 We the undersigned declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before 222 and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. 223 224 We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that 225 there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We 226 further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all 227 of us. 228 229 We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process. 230 He is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions 231 of revisions and final approval of proofs 232 233 Signed by all authors as follows: 234

235

236

237

10

Figures

Figure 1

Composition of Solid Waste Sample Figure 2

Comparison of pH values Figure 3

Comparison of COD values Figure 4

Comparison of BOD values Figure 5

Comparison of Turbidity values Figure 6

Comparison of TDS values