Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination (IDDE) Guidance Manual

APPENDIX K

SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF INAPPROPRIATE POLLUTANT ENTRIES TO THE STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM (Adapted from Pitt, 2001)

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-1 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

K-2 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Industrial Site Surveys This form only considers outside sources that would affect the storm drainage system Additional pollutants associated with local by entering through inlets or through commercial and industrial activities need to sheetflow runoff into drainage channels. be monitored during outfall screening This sheet does not include any information activities if these activities exist in the concerning indoor activities, or direct watersheds of interest. This monitoring will plumbing connections to the storm drainage assist in identifying the classes of system. However, the information included commercial or industrial activities on this sheet can be very helpful in devising responsible for the contamination. The first runoff control programs for industrial areas. step in this process is to identify which This information most likely affects wet- industrial and commercial activities may weather discharges much more than dry contribute non-storm water discharges to the weather discharges. Obvious dry weather drainage system. The review of industrial leaching or spillage problems are also noted user surveys or reports that are available on the form. needs to be done initially. It may be necessary to also send a questionnaire to Table K.1 presents the types of activities in industries in the watershed that are draining industrial areas that may contribute dry to the storm drainage system to identify the weather discharges to storm drainage specific activities that may affect runoff systems. This table can be used to rank the quality and dry weather discharges. Site most likely industries that may produce non- inspections will still be required because storm water discharges to a storm drainage questionnaires may not be returned or may system in an area. This table is used in give incorrect details (either deliberately or conjunction with the industrial site survey unknowingly). form to catalog specific activities in the watershed that may need correction. After a Industrial areas are known to contribute listing of the candidate activities is known in excessive wet-weather storm water the watersheds, additional tracer parameters discharges, along with contaminated dry may then be selected to add to the screening weather entries into the storm drainage efforts. system. Therefore, additional industrial site investigations are needed to identify Likely Dry Weather Discharge activities that most obviously contribute Characteristics for Different Industries these contaminants to the storm drainage system. Figure K.1 is an example industrial Chemical and Physical Properties site survey form prepared by the Non-Point Table K.1 summarizes possible chemical Source and Land Management Section of and physical characteristics of non-storm the Wisconsin Department of Natural water discharges, which could come from Resources (Bannerman, 2003). This form various industries. The properties considered has been used to help identify industrial are pH, total dissolved solids, odor, color, activities that contribute dry- and wet- clarity, floatable materials, vegetation, and weather non-storm water entries into the structural damage potential. The storm drainage system. descriptions in each of these categories contain the most likely conditions for a non- storm water discharge coming from a

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-3 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources particular industry. It should be noted that a complete watershed analysis describing the combination of just a few of these industrial and commercial facilities characteristics, or perhaps all of them, might operating in each outfall watershed will be occur at an outfall affected by a potential of great assistance in identifying which source. In addition, outfalls are likely to be industries may be contributing harmful dry affected by several sources simultaneously, weather discharges to the storm system. further confusing the situation. Again, a

K-4 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

City: ______Industry Name: ______Site Number: ______Photo # ______Street Address: ______Roll# ______Type of industry: ______Instructions: Fill in blanks or circle best answer in following (use back of sheet if necessary): Material/waste Storage Areas 1. Type of material/waste: ______2. Method of storage: pile tank dumpster other: ______3. Area occupied by material/waste (acres): ______4. Type of surface under material/waste: paved unpaved 5. Material/waste is disturbed: often sometimes never unsure 6. Description of spills (material, quantity & frequency): ______7. Nearest drainage (feet) and drainage type: ______8. Control practice: berm tarp buffer none other: ______9. Tributary drainage area, including roofs (acres): ______10. Does storage area drain to parking lot: yes no unsure

Heavy equipment storage 1. Type of equipment: ______2. Area covered by equipment (acres): ______3. Type of surface under equipment: paved unpaved 4. Nearest drainage (feet) and drainage type: ______5. Control practice: berm tarp buffer none other: ______6. Tributary drainage area, including roofs (acres): ______7. Does storage area drain to parking lot: yes no unsure

Air pollution 1. Description of settleable air pollutants (types & quantities): ______2. Description of particulate air pollutant controls: ______

Railroad yard 1. Size of yard (number of tracks): ______2. General condition of yard: ______3. Description of spills in yard (material, quantity & frequency): ______4. Type of surface in yard: paved unpaved 5. Nearest drainage (feet) and drainage type: ______6. Type of control practice: berm buffer other: ______7. Does yard drain to parking lot: yes no unsure 8. Tributary drainage area, including roofs (acres): ______

Loading Docks 1. Number of truck bays: ______2. Type of surface: paved unpaved 3. Description of spills in yard (material, quantity & frequency): ______4. Nearest drainage (feet) and drainage type: ______5. Type of control practice: berm buffer other: ______6. Does loading area drain to parking lot: yes no unsure 7. Tributary drainage area, including roofs (acres): ______

Figure K.1: Industrial Inventory Field Sheet Source: (Source: Bannerman, 2003)

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-5 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Industrial Non-Storm Water Discharges Industrial Categories Total Debris and Structural Major Classifications Odor Color Turbidity Floatables Vegetation pH Dissolved Stains Damage SIC Group Numbers Solids Primary Industries 20: Food and Kindred Products Brown to Animal Fats, Spoiled Meats, Rotten 201 Meat Products Reddish- High Byproducts, Pieces of Brown to Black High Flourish Normal High Eggs and Flesh Brown Processed Meats Spoiled Milk, Rancid Gray to Animal Fats, Spoiled Gray to Light 202 Dairy Products High High Flourish Acidic High Butter White Milk Products Brown Vegetable Waxes, 203 Canned and Preserved Decaying Products Wide Various High Seeds, Skins, Cores, Brown Low Normal High Fruits and Vegetables Compost Pile Range Leaves Brown to Grain Hulls and Skins, Slightly Sweet & 204 Grain Mill Products Reddish High Straw & Plant Light Brown Low Normal Normal High Musty, Grainy Brown Fragments Brown to Cooking Oils, Lard, Gray to Light 205 Bakery Products Sweet and or Spoiled High Low Normal Normal High Black Flour, Sugar Brown 206 Sugar and Confectionary NA NA Low Low Potential White Crystals Low Normal Normal High Products Spoiled Meats, Lard or Brown to Gray to Light 207 Fats and Oils High Animal Fats, Lard Low Normal Normal High Grease Black Brown Grains, Hops, Broken Flat Soda, Beer or Wide 208 Beverages Various Mod. Glass, Discarded Light Brown High Inhibited High Wine, Alcohol, Yeast Range Canning Items Tobacco Stems & Dried Tobacco, Brown to 21: Tobacco Manufactures Low Leaves, Papers and Brown Low Normal Normal Low Cigars, Cigarettes Black Fillers Wet Burlap, Bleach, 22: Textile Mill Products Various High Fibers, Oils, Grease Gray to Black Low Inhibited Basic High Soap, Detergents 23: Apparel and Other Finished NA Various Low Some Fabric Particles NA Low Normal Normal Low Products Material Manufacture 24: Lumber & Wood Products NA NA Low Some Sawdust Light Brown Low Normal Normal Low Some Sawdust, 25: Furniture & Fixtures Various Various Low Light Brown Low Normal Normal Low Solvents Bleach, Various Sawdust, Pulp Paper, Wide 26: Paper & Allied Products Various Mod. Light Brown Low Normal Low Chemicals Waxes, Oils Range 27: Printing, Publishing, and Brown to Gray to Light Ink, Solvents Mod. Paper Dust, Solvents Low Inhibited Normal High Allied Industries Black Brown Leather, Bleach, Animal Flesh & Hair, Gray to Black, Highly Wide 31: Leather & Leather Products Various High High High Rotten Eggs or Flesh Oils, Grease Salt Crystals Inhibited Range Ore, Coke, Brown to 33: Primary Metal Industries Various Mod. Limestone, Millscale, Gray to Black High Inhibited Acidic High Black Oils

K-6 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Industrial Non-Storm Water Discharges Industrial Categories Total Debris and Structural Major Classifications Odor Color Turbidity Floatables Vegetation pH Dissolved Stains Damage SIC Group Numbers Solids Detergents, Rotten Brown to Dirt, Grease, Oils, Wide 34: Fabricated Metal Products High Gray to Black Low Inhibited High Eggs Black Sand, Clay Dust Range Brown to Glass Particles 32: Stone, Clay, Glass, and Wet Clay, Mud, Gray to Light Reddish- Mod. Dust from Clay or Low Normal Basic Low Concrete Products Detergents Brown Brown Stone Chemical Manufacture 28: Chemicals & Allied Products Alkalies – Strong Halogen or Alkalies – White NA; Chlorine Highly 2812 Alkalies and Chlorine Chlorine, Pungent, Low NA Carbonate Scale High Basic High - Yellow to Inhibited Burning Chlorine - NA Green Highly Wide 2816 Inorganic Pigments NA Various High Low Potential Various Low High Inhibited Range Plastic Fragments, 282 Plastic Materials and Wide Pungent, Fishy Various High Pieces of Synthetic Various Low Inhibited High Synthetics Range Products Gelatin Byproducts for Highly 283 Drugs NA Various High Various Low Normal High Capsulating Drugs Inhibited 284 Soap, Detergents & Sweet or Flowery Various High Oils, Grease Gray to Black Low Inhibited Basic High Cleaning Preparations Latex - Ammonia Latex- 285 Paints, Varnishes, SB - Dependent Latex - NA Basic Lacquers, Enamels and Allied Upon Solvent (Paint Various High Gray to Black Low Inhibited High SB - All Solvents SB - Products (SB - Solvent Base) Thinner, Mineral Normal Spirits) 286 Indust. Organic Chemicals 2861 Gum and Wood Brown to Pine Spirits High Rosins and Pine Tars Gray to Black Low Inhibited Acidic High Chemicals Black 2865 Cyclic Crudes, & Cyclic Highly Intermediates Dyes, & Organic Sweet Organic Smell NA Low Translucent Sheen NA Low Normal Low Inhibited Pigments 287 Agricultural Chemicals White Crystalline 2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers NA NA Low NA High Inhibited Acidic High Powder White 2874 Phosphatic Fertilizers Pungent Sweet Milky White High NA Emorphous High Inhibited Acidic High Powder Brown Brown to 2875 Fertilizers, Mixing Only Various High Pelletized Fertilizers Emorphous Low Normal Normal High Black Powder 29: Petroleum Refining and Related Industries Rotten Eggs, Brown to Any Crude or Black Salt Wide 291 Petroleum Refining High Low Inhibited High Kerosene, Gasoline Black Processed Fuel Crystals Range

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-7 K-7 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

K-8 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Other Chemicals Indicative of for three hypothetical situations of outfall Manufacturing Industrial Activities contamination. Table K.2 lists the various chemicals that may be associated with a variety of different Case Example 1 industrial activities. It may be possible to The hypothetical results of the pollutant examine non-storm water outfall flow for analysis for the first situation found constant specific chemicals, such as shown on this dry weather flow at the outfall. The list to identify which specific manufacturing measurements indicated a normal pH (6) and industrial activities may be contributing the low total dissolved solids concentrations flows. (300 mg/L). Other outfall characteristics included a strong odor of bleach, no Example Problems for Locating an distinguishing color, moderate turbidity, Industrial Source sawdust floatables, a small amount of structural corrosion, and normal vegetation. Locating An Industrial Source Hypothetical examples have been created to The significant characteristic in this demonstrate how dry weather discharges can situation is the sawdust floatables (see be characterized so that their likely Figure K.2). The industries that could industrial sources can be identified. These produce sawdust and have dry weather flow examples show how observations of outfall drainage to this pipe are the cardboard box conditions and simple chemical analyses, company and the wood treatment company. combined with a basic knowledge of According to their SIC codes, these wastewater characteristics of industrial and companies would fall under the category of commercial operations located in the “Paper and Wood Products.” Looking up drainage area can be used to identify the these two industries by their corresponding possible pollutant sources. The initial SIC group numbers in Table K.1 and activities include pollutant analyses of comparing the listed properties indicates that outfalls being investigated. This requires the the paper industry has a strong potential for characterization on the non-storm water the odor of bleach. Wood products does not flows, the identification of the likely indicate any particular smell. industries responsible for the observed discharges, and finally, locating the possible Based upon these data, the most likely specific sources in the watershed. industrial source of the non-storm water discharge would be the cardboard box The industries identified in a hypothetical company. Table A.1 (Appendix A) indicates storm water drainage area (from the a high potential for direct connections at watershed analysis) included a vegetable paper and wood product facilities. At this cannery, general food store, fast food point, further testing should be conducted at restaurant, cheese factory, used car dealer, the cardboard box company to determine if cardboard box producer, and a wood the constant source of contamination is treatment company. The methods used to coming from cooling waters, process waters, determine the most likely industrial source or direct piping connections (process waters of the dry weather discharges are considered are the most likely source, given the bleach and sawdust characteristics).

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-9 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.2: Significant Chemicals in Industrial Wastewaters Chemical Industry Acetic acid Acetate rayon, pickle and beetroot manufacture Cotton and straw kiering, cotton manufacture, mercerizing, wool Alkalies scouring, laundries Ammonia Gas and coke manufacture, chemical manufacture Arsenic Sheep-dipping, fell mongering Chlorine Laundries, paper mills, textile bleaching Chromium Plating, chrome tanning, aluminum anodizing Cadmium Plating Citric acid Soft drinks and citrus fruit processing Copper Plating, pickling, rayon manufacture Cyanides Plating, metal cleaning, case-hardening, gas manufacture Fats, oils Wool scouring, laundries, textiles, oil refineries Gas and coke manufacture, chemical manufacture, fertilizer Fluorides plants, transistor manufacture, metal refining, ceramic plants, glass etching Formalin Manufacture of synthetic resins and penicillin Hydrocarbons Petrochemical and rubber factories Hydrogen peroxide Textile bleaching, rocket motor testing Battery manufacture, lead mining, paint manufacture, gasoline, Lead manufacture Mercaptans Oil refining, pulp mills Chemical manufacture, mines, Fe and Cu pickling, brewing, Mineral acids textiles, photo-engraving, battery manufacture Nickel Plating Nitro compounds Explosives and chemical works Organic acids Distilleries and fermentation plants Gas and coke manufacture; synthetic resin manufacture; Phenols textiles; tanneries; tar, chemical, and dye manufacture; sheep- dipping Silver Plating, photography Starch Food, textile, wallpaper manufacture Sugars Dairies, foods, sugar refining, preserves, wood process Sulfides Textiles, tanneries, gas manufacture, rayon manufacture Sulfites Wood process, viscose manufacture, bleaching Tannic acid Tanning, sawmills Tartaric acid Dyeing; wine, leather, and chemical manufacture Zinc Galvanizing, plating, viscose manufacture, rubber process Source: Klein (1962). River Pollution 2: Causes and Effects. Butterworth & Co. presented in The Water Encyclopedia, D. Todd, Water Information Center, Port Washington, N.Y., 1979.

K-10 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.1 Table K.1 Table A.1 Appendix A

Figure K.2: Flowsheet for Case Example 1

Case Example 2 Comparison of the properties listed in Table Pollutant analysis for the second situation K.1 for these SIC codes indicates that found intermittent dry weather discharges at elevated plant life is common to industrial the outfall. The test measurements indicated wastes for the “Dairy Products” and “Food an acidic pH (3) and high total dissolved Stores” categories. However, the deciding solids concentrations (approximately 6,000 factor is the acidic pH, which is only listed mg/L). Other characteristics included a for “Dairy Products”. Thus, the white rancid-sour odor, grayish color, high gelatin-like floatables are most likely turbidity, gray deposits containing white spoiled cheese byproducts from the cheese gelatin-like floatable material, structural factory, which are also the probable cause of damage in the form of spalling concrete, and the sour-rancid smell. an unusually large amount of plant life. Since dry weather entry to the storm The rancid-sour smell and the presence of drainage system occurs intermittently, flow floatable substances at this outfall indicate could be caused by either a direct or indirect that some type of food product is probably connection. To locate the ultimate source of spoiling. This narrows the possible suspect this discharge coming from the cheese industries to the fast food restaurant, cheese factory, both direct and indirect industrial factory, vegetable cannery, and food store situations are considered under the category (see Figure K.3). The corresponding SIC of “Food Processing” with SIC code of 2020 categories for each of these industries are in Table A1 (see Appendix A). Thus, further “Eating and Drinking Places” (SIC# 58), examination of the loading dock procedures, “Dairy Products” (SIC# 202), “Canned and water usage, and direct piping connections Preserved Fruits and Vegetables” (SIC# should be conducted since these categories 203), and “Food Stores” (SIC# 54). all exhibit some potential for pollution in dairy production.

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-11 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.1 Table K.1 Table K.1 Table A.1

Figure K.3: Flowsheet for Case Example 2

Case Example 3 “Automotive Dealers” (SIC# 55). The results of the test measurements for the Comparison of the properties shown in final situation found a normal pH (6) and Table K.1 indicates inhibited vegetation low total dissolved solids (about 500 mg/L). only for the second category. Thus, the most Signs of contaminated discharges were likely source of the discharge is the used car found at the outfall only during and dealer. immediately following rainfalls. Other outfall properties observed included an odor Furthermore, the source of contamination of oil, deep brown to black color, a floating must likely be indirect, since the discharge oil film, no structural damage, and inhibited occurs only during wet weather. Reference plant growth (see Figure K.4). to Table A.1 (see Appendix A) under the category of “Car Dealers,” indicates a According to Table K.1, the fast food medium potential for indirect contamination. restaurant and the used car dealer are the This fact, plus the knowledge that most used only two industrial sources in this cars are displayed outdoors, makes it clear hypothetical drainage area with a high that surface runoff is probably carrying potential for causing oily discharges. Their spilled automotive oil into the storm drain respective SIC categories are “Eating and during rains. Drinking Places” (SIC# 58) and

K-12 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

Table K.1 Table K.1 Table A.1 Appendix A

Figure K.4: Flowsheet for Case Example 3

Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices K-13 Appendix K: Specific Considerations for Industrial Sources

References

Bannerman, R. 2003. Personal Pitt, R. 2001. Methods for Detection of communication with Dr. Robert Pitt, Inappropriate Discharges to Storm University of Alabama. Drainage Systems: Background Literature and Summary of Findings. IDDE Project Klein, L. 1962. “River Pollution 2: Causes Support Material. and Effects.” in D. Todd. 1979. The Water Encyclopedia. Water Information Center. Port Washington, N.Y.

K-14 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: Technical Appendices