2019-2020 Telangana State

Home , Karimnagar, Nalgonda, Sriram Sagar Project, Warangal

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Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Govt. of India

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK 2019-2020 TELANGANA STATE

NOVEMBER 2019 WATER LEVEL MAY 2019 WATER LEVEL

Southern Region, Hyderabad

June 2020

Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Jal Shakti Departmernt of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Govt. of India

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK 2019-2020 TELANGANA STATE

CONTRIBUTORS

Principal Authors

G Praveen Kumar , Scientist-C Caroline Louis, Scientist-B

Ground Water Quality

M. Bhaskar Reddy, Scientist-B Y SatyaKumar, Asst.chemist

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK (2019–2020) TELANGANA STATE

CONTENTS

Foreword Executive Summary

S. No. Chapter Name Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1-2 1.1 Location and Extent 1 2. PHYSIOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE, SOILS 3-4 2.1 Physiography 3 2.2 Drainage 3 2.3 Soils 3 3. HYDROMETEOROLOGY 5-15 3.1 Climate 5 3.2 Rainfall Analysis-2019 5 3.2.1 May, 2019 8 3.2.2 August, 2019 10 3.2.3 November, 2019 12 3.3.4 January, 2020 14 4. GEOLOGY 16-18 4.1 Archaean and Lower Protorozoic 17 4.2 Middle to Upper protorozoic 17 4.3 Gondwana Super Group 18 4.4 Deccan Traps (Basalt) 18 4.5 Quaternary Deposits 18 5. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2017) 19 6. GROUND WATER REGIME MONITORING 20-23 6.1 Consolidated formations 20 6.2 Semi-consolidated formations 20 6.3 Unconsolidated formations 21 6.4 Monitoring Methodology 21 6.4.1 Participatory Ground water Monitoring 21 6.4.2 Chemical Quality Monitoring 21 6.5 Maintenance of Database on Ground Water Monitoring Wells 22 6.6 Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells 22 6.6.1 District-Wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells 22 6.6.2 Basin-wise distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells 23 6.6.3 Aquifer-Wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells 23 7. ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVELS 24-57 7.1 Depth To Water Levels 25 7.1.1 Depth to Water Levels (May-2019-Pre-Monsoon Season) 25 7.1.2 Depth to Water Levels (August-2019-Mid-Monsoon Season) 26 7.1.3 Depth to Water Levels (November-2019-Post-Monsoon Season) 27 7.1.4 Depth to Water Levels (January-2020) 28

7.2 Integrated Depth To Water Level Maps (GWD and CGWB) 29 7.2.1 Integrated Depth To Water Level Maps (GWD and CGWB) in 29 May 2019 7.2.2 Integrated Depth To Water Level Maps (GWD and CGWB) in 30 November 2019 7.3 Water Level Fluctuation with pre-monsoon water level 32 7.3.1 Water Level Fluctuation from May 2019 to Aug 2019 32 7.3.2 Water Level Fluctuation from May, 2019 to Nov 2019 33 7.3.3 Water Level Fluctuation from May 2019 to Jan 2020 34 7.4 Annual Water Level Fluctuations 36 7.4.1 Water Level Fluctuations from May-2018 to May-2019 36 7.4.2 Water Level Fluctuation from August-2018 to August-2019 37 7.4.3 Water Level Fluctuations from Nov-2018 to Nov-2019 39 7.4.4 Water Level Fluctuations from January-2019 to January-2020 40 7.5 Decadal Water Level Fluctuations 42 7.5.1 Water Level Fluctuations from Decadal mean of May 42 (2009-18) to May-2019 7.5.2 Water Level Fluctuations from Decadal Mean of August 43 (2009-18) to August-2019 7.5.3 Water Level Fluctuations from Decadal Mean of 45 November(2009-18) to Novemeber-2019 7.5.4 Water Level Fluctuations from Decadal Mean of January 46 (2010-19) to January-2020 7.6 Aquifer wise water levels 48 7.7 Long-term Water Level Trends-Hydrographs 48-60 7.7.1 Long term water level trends 49 7.7.2 Long term water level scenario 51

8. GROUND WATER QUALITY 61-75 8.1 Distribution of Physico-Chemical Parameters 61 8.1.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) 62 8.1.2 Electrical Conductivty (EC) 62 8.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 62 8.1.4 Total Hardness (TH) 63 8.1.5 Calcium (Ca2+) 63 8.1.6 Magnesium (Mg2+) 64 8.1.7 Sodium (Na+) 64 8.1.8 Potassium (K+) 64 - 8.1.9 Carbonate and Bicarbonate (CO3 and HCO3) 65 8.1.10 Chloride (Cl-) 65 2- 8.1.11 Sulphate (SO4 ) 66 - 8.1.12 Nitrate (NO3 ) 66 8.1.13 Fluoride (F-) 67 8.2 Quality of ground water for drinking purpose 68 8.3 Quality of Ground Water for Irrigation Purposes 69 8.3.1 US Salinity Laboratory Classification (USSL) 70 8.3.2 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) 71 8.4 Ground water Facies 72 8.5 Water quality for livestock and poultry 73

Figures

Figure Page No. Fig.1.1 Location of GWMS in Telangana State (as on 31st March, 2018). 2 Fig.2.1 Drainage and River sub-basin map of Telangana State. 4 Fig.3.1 Isohytel map of Telangana state (Normal annual rainfall in mm). 6 Fig.3.2 District-wise Departure of Annual Rainfall (2017) from Normal 6 Rainfall. Fig.3.3 Rainfall Departure of Jun’18- May’19 from Normal of same Period. 9 Fig.3.4 Rainfall Departure of Jun’18 to May’19 from Jun ‘17 to May’18 9 Fig.3.5 Rainfall Departure (June19-Aug-19 with June 2018-Aug 2018.) 11 Fig.3.6 Rainfall Departure (June19-Aug-19 with normal of the same 11 period). Fig.3.7 Rainfall Departure (June-October’19) from Normal of same Period. 13 Fig.3.8 Rainfall Departure of June-October’19 from June -October’18. 13 Fig.3.9 Rainfall Departure (June-Dec’19) from Normal of same Period. 15 Fig.3.10 Rainfall Departure of June-Dec’19 from June -Dec’18. 15 Fig.4.1 Geology of Telangana State. 16 Fig.4.2 Principal Aquifers of Telangana State. 17 Fig.5.1 Categorization of Mandals (as on 2017), Telangana State. 19 Fig.7.1 Depth to Water Levels of water levels,-Premonsoon-2019(May) 25 Fig.7.2 Depth to Water Levels-Aug, 2019. 26 Fig.7.3 Depth to Water Levels-Nov, 2019. 27 Fig.7.4 Depth to Water Levels-January, 2020. 28 Fig.7.5 Depth To Water Level Map of May 2019 (Integrated data) 29 Fig.7.6 Depth To Water Level Map of November 2019 (Integrated data) 31 Fig.7.7 Water level Fluctuation from May,2019 to Aug, 2019. 33 Fig.7.8 Water Level Fluctuations from May, 2019 to Nov, 2019. 34 Fig.7.9 Water Level Fluctuations from May, 2019 to Jan, 2020. 35 Fig.7.10 Water level Fluctuation from May, 2018 to May, 2019. 37 Fig.7.11 Water Level Fluctuations from August, 2018 to August, 2019. 38 Fig.7.12 Water Level Fluctuations from November, 2018 to November, 40 2019. Fig.7.13 Water Level Fluctuations from January, 2019 to January, 2020. 41 Fig.7.14 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal mean of May (2009-18) to 43 May, 2019. Fig.7.15 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of Aug(2009-18) to 44 Aug, 2019 Fig.7.16 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of Nov (2009-18) to 46 Nov, 2019 Fig.7.17 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of Jan(2010-2019) to 47 Jan, 2020 Fig.7.18 Long term water level trend - Pre-monsoon (10 Years) 50 Fig.7.19 Long term water level trend – Post-monsoon (10 Years) 50 Fig.7.20 Schematic representation of water level trend scenario 51 Fig.7.21 Pre monsoon Water Level Trend Scenario 52 Fig.7.22 Post-monsoon Water Level Trend Scenario 53 Fig.7.23 Representative Hydrographs from Telengana State 54-60

(a-t) Fig.8.1 Location of Ground water sample sites, in Telangana sites 61 Fig.8.2 Distribution of TDS (May,2019). 63 Fig.8.3 Distribution of Chloride in ground water (May,2019). 66 Fig.8.4 Distribution of Nitrate in ground water (May,2019). 67 Fig.8.5 Distribution of Fluoride in ground water (May-2019). 68 Fig.8.6 U.S. Salinity diagram for classification of irrigation waters 71 for shallow aquifers of Telangana State -2019 Fig.8.7 Ground water facies (Piper Plot)-May-2019. 73

Tables Table Description Page No. Table-3.1 Monthly actual and normal rainfall (mm) during 2019. 7 Table-3.2 District-wise rainfall (June’18-May’19) and its departure from normal 8 and June’17-May’18 Table-3.3 District-wise rainfall (June’19-Aug’19) and its departure from normal 10 and June’18-May’18 Table-3.4 District-wise rainfall (June’19-Oct’19) and its departure from normal 12 and June’18-Oct’18 Table-3.5 District-wise rainfall (June’19-Dec’19) and its departure from normal 14 and June’18-Dec’18 Table-6.1 Distribution of GWMS, Telangana State (As on March, 2019). 22 Table-6.2 Basin-wise distribution of GWMS, Telangana State. 23 Table-6.3 District –wise and Principal Aquifer-wise, Distribution of monitoring 23 stations- Telangana state (as on March, 2019). Table-7.1 Depth to water levels and percentage of wells, May 2019 30 Table-7.2 Depth to water levels and percentage of wells, November 2019 31 Table-7.3 Aquifer wise distribution of water levels, Telangana State. 48 Table-7.4 Representative Hydrographs stations showing rising and falling 48 trends. Table-7.5 Categorization of Water Level Scenario 51 Table-7.6 District wise Water Level Trend Scenario 53 Table-8.1 District wise collection of samples (May, 2019). 62 Table-8.2 Suitabilityof Samples with respect to different constituents for drinking 69 purpose (IS-10500: 2012) Table-8.3 Classification of groundwater based on RSC. 72 Table-8.4 Use of ground water for livestock and poultry 74 Table-8.5 75 Guide to use of waters containing nitrates for livestock.

Annexures:

Annexure Title I. District-wise Status of Monitoring wells in May, 2019 II. District-wise Status of Monitoring wells in Aug, 2019 III. District-wise Status of Monitoring wells in Nov, 2019 IV. District-wise Status of Monitoring wells in Jan, 2020 V. Depth to water levels and percentage of wells in different depth ranges, Telangana state May-19. VI. Depth to water levels and percentage of wells in different depth ranges, Telangana state Aug-19. VII. Depth to water levels and percentage of wells in different depth ranges, Telangana state

Nov-19. VIII. Distribution Of Percentage Of observations Wells –DTWL in Jan, 2020 IX. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From May, 2019 to Aug, 2019). X. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From May, 2019 to Nov, 2019). XI. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From May, 2018 to Jan, 2019). XII. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From May, 2017 to May, 2018). XIII. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From Aug, 2017 to Aug, 2018). XIV. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From Nov, 2017 to Nov, 2018 ). XV. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other (From Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2019). XVI. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other from Decadal mean (2008-17) to May,2018, XVII. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other from Decadal mean of August( 2008-2017) to August,2018. XVIII. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other from Decadal mean of November(2008-2017) to November 2018. XIX. Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution from Different Ranges from One Period to other from Decadal mean (January-2009-2018) to January-2019. XX. District-wise summarized chemical composition of ground water during Pre- monsoon season-2019 (May), Telangana State

FOREWORD

The historical ground water level monitoring data is useful in understanding changes in ground water regime in time and space and for preparation of sustainable development plan for the state. Central Ground Water Board has been monitoring ground water regime since 1969. As on March 2020, total 748 operational ground water monitoring wells (GWMS) (DW: 306, Pz: 442) are in operations. These stations are being monitored four times a year viz., May, August, November and January to study the seasonal and long term changes. The water samples are collected during May for chemical analysis.

The ground water level monitoring carried out by Central Ground Water Board, Southern Region, Hyderabad during 2019-20 is compiled in the form of Ground Water Year Book. It outlines the ground water level behavior in the current year with reference to the corresponding periods of previous year and also with last decadal mean. It also elaborates the chemical quality of ground water.

The sincere efforts made by Sri G.Praveen Kumar, Scientist-C, Ms. Caroline Louis, Scientist-B and T.Sabna, Scientist-B (HM) in preparation of the report are commendable. The effort from officers of chemical laboratory namely Shri K. Bhaskar Reddy, Shri Y. Satyakumar and Shri Punith Raj TS who analyzed the samples and contributed ground water quality chapter is note worthy.

It is hoped that the Ground Water Year Book will be quite useful as baseline information for planners, administrators and researchers involved in ground water development and management in the state of Telangana.

Hyderabad (D Subba Rao) Dated: 29.06.2020 Regional Director

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Telangana State covering 1.12 lakh sq.km lies between NL 15° 48´ and 19° 54´ and EL 77° 12´and 81° 50´ and is governed administratively by 10 erstwhile districts (33 new districts). The total population of the State is 3.5 crores with a decadal growth of 13.6%. The State is drained by Godavari and Krishna rivers and 60% of the area is covered by loamy soils. A major part of the State is underlain by gneissic complex while the balance area is underlain by structural fill of sedimentary formations and meta-sedimentary formations. During the year 2018, State received annual rainfall in the range of 478 mm (Mahabubnagar district) and 1215 mm (Adilabad district).

As part of National ground water monitoring programme, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) is carrying out ground water regime monitoring 4 times a year (January, May, August and November) and ground water quality 1 time (May). As on 31.03.2020, total of 748 Ground Water Monitoring Wells are in existence while 119 observers are observing water levels on participatory mode. Ground water levels data base help in groundwater management particularly in the context of large scale contemplated surface water command areas in the state. Ground Water Year Book is compiled based on integrated data generated by CGWB and Ground Water Department, Govt. of Telangana in order to have realistic ground water scenario. Aquifer- wise water level analysis shows that during pre-monsoon season, water levels are shallow in sandstone, deep in Banded Gneiss and basalt area.

During May 2019, Deeper water levels of more than 20 m covers about 9% (52 wells) of the state noticed mostly in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, and Nizamabad districts, where ground water is the main source for irrigation. Shallow water levels of less than 2 m bgl are noticed as small scattered patches covering an area of 6% (36 wells) in Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad and Nalgonda districts, which is attributed to low ground water development, high rainfall and canal command area. During November, 2019, Water levels between 2 to 5 m bgl are covered in 36% of area (170 wells) are noticed in Warangal, Adilabad, Khammam, Nalgonda districts and 46% of the area is covered by depth to water level of 5 to 10 m bgl (156 wells). Water level 10 to 20 m bgl is covered in 31% of the area (150 wells). Deeper water levels of more than 20 m covers about 9% (52wells) of the area.

Season water level fluctuation of May 2019 vs November 2019 shows rise in water levels in 99% of the area. Fall in water level noticed as small patches in Mahbubnagar, and Khammam districts.

Annual water level fluctuation of May 2018 vs May 2019 shows rise in water levels in only 29% of the area, where November-18 vs November-19 shows rise in water levels in 88% of the area The northern districts show predominantly rise in water levels in comparison with last year same period.

Ground water quality is assessed during pre-monsoon season of 2019 by collecting 343 samples from both dug wells and piezometers and major constituents were analyzed. Nitrate contamination owing to its origin to anthropogenic is seen all over the State. Fluoride contamination of geogenic origin is observed in all the districts, except in Nizamabad and 14% of samples are unfit for consumption.

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Govt. of India

Southern Region NH – IV, Faridabad GSI Post, Bandlaguda Haryana Hyderabad – 500 068 Tel: 0129-2419105 Telangana State Website: www.cgwb.gov.in Tel: 040-24225200

Email: [email protected]

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK (2019-2020) TELANGANA STATE

1. INTRODUCTION Central Ground Water Board has taken up the task of ground water development, augmentation, management, protection and regime monitoring both in terms of quality and quantity. In order to arrive at proper parametric indices of evaluation and judicious development of ground water resources, the Board is monitoring National Hydrograph Stations (NHS) on long term basis since 1969 through a network of wells (Dug wells and Piezometers) for studying its long term behaviour due to influence of rainfall and ground water development. A historical database on the ground water levels and water quality has been developed over a period of time since 1969. The ground water regime monitoring mainly comprises measurement of water levels and temperature, four times in a year viz., in the months of May (pre-monsoon), August (mid- monsoon), November (post-monsoon) and January and collection of water samples during May every year, for chemical analysis. As on 31-03-2019, there were 762 operational Ground Water Monitoring Wells (GWMS) (320 dug wells and 442 piezometers). During the year (2019-20), 14 Ground water monitoring wells (14 Dug wells) were abandoned. As on March 2020, the status of monitoring stations is 748 wells, out of which, 306 are Dug wells and 442 Piezometers (Annexure- I to IV). The dug wells tapping unconfined aquifers are mostly confined to village limits, which are used for domestic purpose. Some of these are community wells and the rest belongs to private individuals.The piezometers tapping unconfined and confined aquifers are constructed under various projects and exploration programmes by the department and are monitored manually four times a year.The location of network of monitoring wells is presented in the Fig.1.1.

1.1 Location and Extent Telangana State is the 29th State (Act, 2014) formed in India covering geographical area of 1,12,077 Km2 (after transferring 107 villages from Khammam district to residual Andhra Pradesh). It lies between NL 15° 48’ and 19° 54’and EL 77° 12’ and 81° 50’ . The state is bordered by the states of Maharashtra, Chattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south, east and north-east.

Administratively, the State comprises 33 districts covering an area of 1,12,077 sq. km (44,273 sq. mi). The largest district is Bhadradri Kothagudem whereas Hyderabad is the smallest and governed by 585 revenue mandals (blocks/tahsils) with 10,434 revenue villages. Total population of the state is ~3.5 Crores with sex ratio of 988 (2011 census), of which 61 % lives in rural area and 39% in urban area. The density of population is 312 per Sq. Km. The decadal growth in population is ~13.6 % (2001 to 2011 census). The present ground water year book (2019-2020) depicts the ground water level scenario in the state and describes the behaviour of water levels during the period. Piezometer data of State Ground Water Department is also integrated with CGWB data in order to have holistic Ground water scenario in the state.

Fig.1.1: Location of GWMS in Telangana State (as on March, 2020).

2. PHYSIOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE AND SOILS

2.1 Physiography Physiographically, Telangana state is occupied by western pediplains except a fringe of Eastern Ghats in the northeastern part of Khammam district.The pediplains depict rolling topography with flat to undulating tracts. The state extends largely between elevations of 150 to 600 m amsl except at places where it is overlain by basaltic lava flows, the elevation of which ranges from 600 to 900 m a msl.

2.2 Drainage The state is drained by two major rivers namely, Godavari and Krishna and their tributaries before entering into the state of Andhra Pradesh and finally to Bay of Bengal. There are 2 major basins and 13 sub basins in the state. The major river basins are Godavari basin with 8 sub-basins namely, lower Godavari, Maneru, Manjira, middle Godavari, Penganga, Pranhita, Sabari and Wardha and Krishna basin with 5 sub basins namely, lower Bhima, lower Krishna, Munneru, Musi and Paleru (Fig.2.1). Apart from these, there are 2 other basins namely Tammileru and Yerrakalva lying between Godavari and Krishna covering very small area. The River Godavari with its tributaries viz., Pranahita, Pedda Vagu, Manjira, Maner, Kinnerasani, Sileru and Pamuleru drain whole of northern Telangana. The Tungabhadra, Musi, Paleru and Maneru rivers drain southern part of the state. The pattern of drainage is generally dendritic with wide valleys in western pediplain. Drainage of the Eastern Ghat is coarse and dendritic with steep and narrow valleys. Most of the smaller streams feed innumerable tanks.

2.3 Soils The state has a wide variety of soils viz., red soil, lateritic soils and black cotton soils. ~ 60 % of the state is occupied by red soils with loamy sub-soils covering entire Nalgonda district, a major part of Mahabubnagar, Waranagal, Karimnagar and Nizamabad districts. Black cotton soil commonly occurs in Adilabad and Nizamabad districts. Laterite soil occurs in western part of Ranga Reddy and Medak districts.

Fig.2.1: Drainage and River sub-basin map of Telangana state.

3. HYDROMETEOROLOGY

3.1 Climate Telangana state is geographically located in semi-arid region and has predominantly hot and dry climate. Summer starts in March and high temperature is observed in May with average temperature of 42° C. Monsoon starts in the month of June and lasts until September. As per agricultural department (Govt of Telangna), state can be divided into following 4 sub zones.  North Telangana Zone  Southern Telengana Zone  High Altitude and  Tribal Zone

3.2 Rainfall Analysis-2019 District-wise monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall of both normal and actual of the year 2019 is compiled from daily and weekly weather reports of India Meteorological Department (IMD) and presented in Table-3.1 . The salient features are given below.  The normal annual rainfall of the state is 939 mm of which SW monsoon (June- September) contributes 80% (749 mm), NE monsoon (Oct-Dec) contributes 13% (120 mm), winter contributes 1% (12 mm) and summer contributes 6 % (58 mm) of the rainfall.  During the year 2019, state received 8 % more rainfall (1015 mm) than normal rainfall. The seasonal distribution is as follows: SW monsoon (June-September) contributed 78% (791 mm), NE monsoon (Oct-Dec) contributed 17% (172 mm), winter (jan-Feb) contributed 2 % (23 mm) and summer contributed 3% (30 mm) of the rainfall. Departure of annual rainfall 2019 from normal is depicted in (Fig 3.2).  Annual rainfall in 2019 ranges from 683 mm (7 % below normal) in Mahabubnagar district to 1307 mm (32 % above normal) in Warangal district.  Southwest monsoon performance: Southwest monsoon was normal in Telangana (5 % above normal). Karimnagar & Warangal districts received excess rainfall and remaining districts received normal rainfall.  Monthly mean rainfall ranged from 1.7 mm in February to 260 mm (50 % above normal) in September.

The rainfall received during the period Jan 2019 to Dec 2019 is compiled and analysed for correlating with water levels monitored during the period May 2019, Aug 2019, Nov 2019 and Jan 2020. The data is presented in Table-3.2 to 3.5 and depicted in the Fig. 3.3 to 3.10.

Fig.3.1: Isohytel map of Telangana state (Normal annual rainfall in mm).

Fig.3.2: District-wise Departure of Annual (2019) rainfall from Normal 6

Table-3.1: Monthly Actual and Normal rainfall (mm) during 2019.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY S No DISTRICT ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR 1 ADILABAD 9.0 7.4 1.3 7.1 6.8 9.7 5.4 14.2 1.5 18.2 114.0 178.4 342.9 317.4 2 HYDERABAD 8.4 5.9 1.7 7.3 0.0 12.6 36.1 22.7 16.1 33.8 116.9 110.7 86.4 176.8 3 KARIMNAGAR 46.0 10.7 7.3 5.5 2.3 10.2 5.1 17.2 2.9 24.0 110.2 153.2 275.0 257.3 4 KHAMMAM 27.0 4.2 0.0 7.4 8.0 8.8 11.4 26.4 35.2 52.6 45.0 150.3 241.2 282.8 5 MAHBUBNAGAR 28.0 1.8 0.0 2.8 0.0 4.9 10.5 17.9 12.2 34.1 63.8 91.1 131.7 161.6 6 MEDAK 24.0 6.5 0.4 4.4 0.5 8.9 12.4 20.1 7.0 28.0 96.8 138.2 148.6 229.4 7 NALGONDA 23.0 3.9 0.7 4.5 0.0 8.4 23.6 16.4 9.3 28.7 51.9 103.2 124.6 154.7 8 NIZAMABAD 3.0 7.9 2.1 4.1 0.1 7.1 1.2 14.4 4.4 24.5 118.5 161.3 290.1 289.4 9 RANGAREDDY 8.0 3.1 1.0 4.0 0.2 6.6 19.8 22.6 17.7 34.6 86.5 109.4 110.5 190.6 10 WARANGAL 32.0 8.3 3.0 7.8 0.5 10.2 32.4 17.3 16.0 28.7 94.2 147.6 267.9 271.2 STATE MEAN 20.8 6.0 1.7 5.5 1.8 8.7 15.8 18.9 12.2 30.7 89.8 134.3 201.9 233.1

AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

S No DISTRICT ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR ACT NOR DEP(%) 1 ADILABAD 341.3 291.7 246 171.4 113.6 83.0 11.8 14.8 0.7 7.3 1194 1121 7% 2 HYDERABAD 157.4 190.5 340 165.5 132.3 95.6 1.0 23.7 4.7 6.4 901 852 6% 3 KARIMNAGAR 283.0 226.7 328 163.1 205.7 85.9 9.0 20.8 0.4 5.9 1275 981 30% 4 KHAMMAM 344.7 256.4 260 170.9 155.9 106.9 14.0 24.5 5.0 4.5 1147 1096 5% 5 MAHBUBNAGAR 119.5 158.2 187 148.8 120.8 85.4 7.6 21.2 2.1 3.8 683 732 -7% 6 MEDAK 200.3 211.1 234 165.2 148.5 86.6 5.8 19.3 0.5 4.8 879 923 -5% 7 NALGONDA 138.7 147.2 221 149.6 170.9 105.8 0.2 32.0 6.7 6.6 770 761 1% 8 NIZAMABAD 289.2 296.5 356 172.9 176.4 91.3 17.3 17.1 0.1 5.5 1259 1092 15% 9 RANGAREDDY 169.5 176.5 182 177.2 139.3 94.5 3.6 19.1 1.8 4.3 740 843 -12% 10 WARANGAL 356.1 222.3 244 155.5 240.9 88.9 14.6 22.9 5.1 7.2 1307 988 32% STATE MEAN 240.0 217.7 260 164.0 160.4 92.4 160.4 21.5 160.4 5.6 1015 939 8%

3.2.1 May-2019 The rainfall data collected and compiled from weekly weather reports from India Meteorological Department has been used to analyze the rainfall for the period Jun 2017 to May 2019. Table 3.2 gives the district-wise rainfall data for the period Jun’17-May’18, Jun’18- May’19 and normal of June – May and the departure of Jun’18- May’19 rainfall with other periods.The data is depicted in Fig 3.3 and Fig 3.4.

Table-3.2: District-wise rainfall (June’18-May’19) and its departure from normal and June’17- May’18

Rainfall Rainfall Normal Departure Departure S (mm) (mm) Rainfall (%) DISTRICT (%) from Remarks NO (June'18- (June'17- (mm) from june 17 Normal May'19) May'18) (June- May) – May 18.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Adilabad 1149 960 1119 19.7% 2.7% Normal

2 Hyderabad 556 1053 821 -47.2% -32.3% Deficit

3 Karimnagar 936 886 980 5.6% -4.4% Normal

4 Khammam 1202 1065 1076 12.8% 11.6% Normal

5 Mahbubnagar 472 727 721 -35.1% -34.6% Deficit

6 Medak 603 879 925 -31.4% -34.8% Deficit

7 Nalgonda 595 713 768 -16.5% -22.5% Deficit

8 Nizamabad 853 952 1093 -10.4% -21.9% Deficit

9 Rangareddy 495 847 839 -41.6% -41.0% Deficit

10 Warangal 1010 951 988 6.2% 2.3% Normal

STATE MEAN 787 903 933 -12.9% -15.6% Normal

Source: India Meteorological Department, GOI

2.1 Rainfall Departure of Jun’18- May’19 from Normal Rainfall of Same Period : Fig.3.3 gives departure of Jun’18- May’19 rainfall from normal of the same period. It is prepared to correlate with depth to water level map of May 2019. During the period Jun’18- May’19, the state has received -15.6 % (787 mm) less rainfall than normal rainfall (933 mm). It ranges from –41.0% in

Rangareddy district to 11.6% in Hyderabad. Adilabad, Karimnagar, Khammam and Warangal districts received normal rainfall and remaining districts received deficit rainfall.

Fig.3.3: Rainfall Departure of Jun’18- May’19 from Normal of same Period.

2.2 Rainfall Departure of Jun’18- May’19 from June’17-May’18. Fig.3.4 gives departure of Jun’18 to May’19 rainfall from Jun ‘17 to May’18 rainfall. It is prepared to correlate with water level fluctuation map of May 2019 to May 2018. Table 1 indicates that state has received 787 mm of rainfall during the period Jun’18- May’19, which is 12.9 % less than the rainfall received during Jun ‘17 to May’18. The departure in percentage ranges from -47.2% in Nizamabad district to 19.7 % in Mahbubnagar district.

Fig.3.4: Rainfall Departure of Jun’18 to May’19 from Jun ‘17 to May’18

3.2.2 August, 2019

Table 3.3 gives the district-wise rainfall data for the period June-August 2018, June- August 2019 and normal of June-August and the departure of June- August 2019 rainfall with other periods. The departure values are used to prepare the graphs and presented in Fig. 3.5 and Fig. 3.6. Table-3.3: District-wise rainfall (June, 2019-Aug, 2019) and its departure from normal and June, 2018-Aug, 2018 Normal Departure Rainfall Rainfall Departure Rainfall (%) S (mm) (mm) (%) DISTRICT (mm) from Jun’18 - Remarks NO (June'19- (June'18- from (June- Aug’18 Aug'19) Aug'18) Normal (%) Aug) (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Adilabad 798 993 788 -19.6% 1.3% Normal

2 Hyderabad 360 337 478 6.8% -24.7% Deficit

3 Karimnagar 668 737 637 -9.4% 4.9% Normal

4 Khammam 631 951 690 -33.6% -8.6% Normal

5 Mahbubnagar 315 307 411 2.6% -23.4% Deficit

6 Medak 445 458 579 -2.8% -23.1% Deficit

7 Nalgonda 315 423 405 -25.5% -22.2% Deficit

8 Nizamabad 697 727 747 -4.1% -6.7% Normal

9 Rangareddy 366 336 477 8.9% -23.3% Deficit

10 Warangal 718 803 641 -10.6% 12.0% Normal STATE MEAN 531 607 585 -12.5% -9.3% Normal Source: India Meteorological Department, GOI

3.2.2.1 Departure of rainfall during June to Aug 2019 from June to Aug 2018

Fig 3.5 gives departure of Jun’19- August’19 rainfall from normal of the same period. It is prepared to correlate with depth to water level map of August 2019. During the period Jun’19- August’19, the state has received 9.3 % (531 mm) less rainfall than normal rainfall (585 mm). It ranges from -24.7 % in Hyderabad district to 12 % in Warangal.

Fig.3.5 Rainfall Departure (June19-Aug-19 with June 2018-Aug 2018.) 3.2.2.2 Departure of rainfall during June to August 2019 with normal rainfall of the Same period

Fig 3.6 gives departure of Jun’19- Aug’19 rainfall from Jun ‘18 to Aug’18 rainfall. Table 3.3 indicates that state has received 531 mm of rainfall during the period Jun’19- Aug’19, which is 12.5 % less than the rainfall received during Jun ‘18 to Aug’18. The departure in percentage ranges from -33.6 % in Khammam district to 8.9 % in Rangareddy district.

Fig. 3.6 Rainfall Departure (June19-Aug-19 with normal of the same period).

3.2.2 November, 2019 Table 3.4 gives the district-wise rainfall data for the period June-October 2019, June-October 2018, normal for June-October and the departure of June- October 2019 rainfall from normal and previous year (2018) for same period. The departure values are used to prepare the graphs as shown in Fig-3.7 & 3.8.

Table-3.4: District-wise rainfall (June’19-Oct’19) and its departure from normal and June’18- Oct’18 Normal Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall Departure Departure S (mm) (mm) District (mm) (%)from (%) from Remarks NO (June – (June - (June- 2018 Normal Oct 19) Oct 18) Oct) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Adilabad 1158 1104 1042 4.9% 11.1% Normal 2 Hyderabad 833 475 739 75.4% 12.7% Normal 3 Karimnagar 1202 855 886 40.6% 35.7% Excess 4 Khammam 1047 1034 967 1.3% 8.3% Normal 5 Mahbubnagar 623 420 645 48.3% -3.4% Normal 6 Medak 828 544 831 52.2% -0.4% Normal 7 Nalgonda 707 529 661 33.6% 7.0% Normal 8 Nizamabad 1230 811 1011 51.7% 21.7% Excess 9 Rangareddy 687 426 748 61.3% -8.2% Normal 10 Warangal 1203 886 886 35.8% 35.8% Excess STATE MEAN 952 708 842 34.5% 13.1% Normal Source: India Meteorological Department, GOI

2.1 Rainfall Departure (June to October 2019) from Normal Rainfall of Same Period: Fig.3.7: gives departure of June to October 2019 rainfall from normal rainfall of the same period. During this period the state has received 13.1% more rainfall than normal rainfall. It ranges from –8.2% in Rangareddy to 35.8% in Warangal district. The state has received excess rainfall in Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Warangal districts and normal rainfall in the remaining districts.

Fig.3.7: Rainfall Departure (June-October’19) from Normal of same Period.

2.2 Rainfall Departure June 2019 to October 2019 from June 2018 to October 2018: Fig.3.8: gives departure of June - October 2019 rainfall from June - October 2018 rainfall. Table 1 indicates that state has received 952 mm of rainfall during the period, which is 34.5 % more than the rainfall received during the same period last year. The departure in percentage ranges from 1.3% in Khammam district to 75.4 % in Hyderabad district.

Fig.3.8: Rainfall Departure of June-October’19 from June -October’18.

3.2.4 January 2020 The district wise rainfall for the period June 2019 –Dec 2019 and June 2018 –Dec 2018, normal and the departure of June 2019 –Dec 2019 from June 2018 –Dec 2018 and normal is given in Table-3.5 and figures are presented in Fig.3.9, and 3.10.

Table-3.5: District-wise rainfall (June19-Dec19) and its departure from normal and June18-Dec18

Rainfall Rainfall Normal Departure (mm) (mm) Rainfall Departure (%) S NO (June'19- (June'18- (mm) (%) from Remarks District from December'19) December'18) (June- 2018 Normal December)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1 Adilabad 1170 1125 1064 4.0% 10.0% Normal

2 Hyderabad 838 494 769 69.6% 9.0% Normal

3 Karimnagar 1211 873 913 38.7% 32.6% Excess

4 Khammam 1066 1120 996 -4.8% 7.0% Normal

5 Mahbubnagar 632 421 670 50.1% -5.7% Normal

6 Medak 835 559 855 49.4% -2.3% Normal

7 Nalgonda 714 539 699 32.5% 2.1% Normal

8 Nizamabad 1248 843 1034 48.0% 20.7% Excess

9 Rangareddy 693 448 772 54.7% -10.2% Normal

10 Warangal 1223 926 916 32.1% 33.5% Excess

STATE MEAN 963 735 869 31.0% 10.8% Normal

Source: India Meteorological Department, GOI

3.2.4.1 Departure of rainfall during June to December 2019 from Normal of same period Fig.3.9 gives departure of June - December 2019 rainfall from normal rainfall of the same period. During this period the state has received 10.8 % more rainfall than normal rainfall. It ranges from –10.2 % in Rangareddy to 33.5 % in Warangal district. The state has received

14 excess rainfall in Karimnagar, Warangal and Nizamabad districts and normal rainfall in remaining districts during the period. Southwest Monsoon was normal in the state.

Fig.3.9 Rainfall Departure (June-Dec’19) from Normal of same Period.

3.2.4.2 Rainfall Departure of June -December 2019 from June - December 2018 (Annual Variation): Fig.3.10 gives departure of June - December 2019 rainfall from June - December 2018 rainfall. Table 3.10 indicates that state has received 963 mm rainfall during the period, which is 31% more than the rainfall received during the same period in last year. The departure in percentage ranges from -4.8 % in Khammam district to 69.6 % in Hyderabad district.

Fig.3.10: Rainfall Departure of June-Dec’19 from June -Dec’18.

4. GEOLOGY A wide variety of geological formations occur in Telangana state, ranging from the oldest Archaean crystalline formations to recent alluvium. The geological set up and principal aquifer system are presented in Fig.4.1 and 4.2 respectively. A major part of the area is underlain by gneissic complex with a structural fill of sedimentary formations and basin-fill of metasedimentary formations. The gneissic complex is overlain by basaltic lava flows in the northwestern part and is intruded by several younger rocks namely granites, dolerites, pegmatites and quartzites etc.

Fig.4.1: Geology of Telangana state.

Fig.4.2: Principal Aquifers of Telangana state.

4.1 Archaean and Lower Protorozoic Peninsular gneisses of Archaean age are dominant rock types in Telangana state. These are intruded by closepet granite and dolerite dykes. Dharwars, comprising amphibolites, gneisses, schists, and quartzites occur as narrow isolated bands within granites in Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad districts.

4.2 Middle to Upper protorozoic The group includes Cuddapahs, Pakhals, Pengangas, Kurnools and Sullavais comprising shales, limestones, dolomites, sandstones and conglomerates. The Cuddapah Super Group of rocks and Kurnool group of rocks occur in parts of Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar districts. The Pengangas, which are considered as equivalent of Pakhals, are exposed in Adilabad district. Bheema group of rocks consisting of flaggy massive and argillaceous limestones occur along western border of Rangareddy district. Sullavais sandstones overlie Pakhals and Penganga rocks consisting shales, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates occur in Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warangal districts.

4.3 Gondwana Super Group Fresh water fluvial sediments of Gondwana Super group rocks (Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous), comprising lower group of rocks occur along NW-SE trending Pranhita- Godavari valley extending in Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warnagal districts. Lower Gondwanas are well developed in Godavari valley and sub-divided into Talchirs, Barakars, Barren measures and Kamthis consisting mainly conglomerates, sandstones, shales occassionaly clays in parts of Khammam district. The upper Gondwana is sub-divided into Maleru, Kota, Gangapur and Chikiala formations consisting of sandstones, conglomerates and clays.

4.4 Deccan Traps (Basalt) Horizontal to sub-horizontal disposed lava flows of the Deccan traps covering ~8210 Km2 occur in parts of Adilabad (4187 Km2), Nizamabad(701 Km2), Medak (1513 Km2), Ranga Reddy (1680 Km2)and Mahbubnagar districts (128 Km2). The thickness of individual flow varies between a few metres to as much as 30 m with total thickness to more than 200 m at places. They overlie Archaean group of rocks except in Ranga reddy district where they overlie Bhima Group of rocks. Inter-trappean beds comprising limestone, chert and sandstone occur between trap flows near Vikarabad and Adilabad.

4.5 Quaternary Depostis Sub-recent deposits represented by laterite capping occur in Medak and Rangareddy districts at places with thickness up to 30 m. They cover about 916 Km2 area in the state (Medak: 609 Km2 and Rangareddy 307 Km2).

5. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2017) The dynamic ground water resource potential of the state has been estimated as per the methodology given by the Ground Water Estimation Committee 1997 (GEC 1997). As per the estimates (March 2017), the net annual ground water availability is about 12361 MCM (436.5 TMC) (Command Area: 3486 MCM (123.1 TMC) and non-command area: 8875 MCM (313.4TMC)). The current annual round water extraction for all uses is 8072 MCM (284.5 TMC) (Domestic and Industrial extraction: 978 MCM (34 TMC) & Irrigation extractions: 7094 MCM (250.5 TMC)). The Annual Extractable Groundwater Resource for future needs is 4317 MCM (152 TMC). The overall Stage of Groundwater Extraction ranges from 23% to 94% (excluding Hyderabad with averages of 65%) (Command-58% & and Non-Command- 68%). Out of 584 mandals, 70 mandals fall under over exploited, 67 mandals under critical, 169 mandals under semi-critical and 278 mandals under safe category. The categorization of mandals is depicted in Fig.5.1.

Fig.5.1: Categorization of mandals (as on 2017), Telangana state.

6. GROUND WATER REGIME MONITORING

Ground water level monitoring is a scientific surveillance system to establish the periodic and long-term changes in ground water regime. The water level data over a period of time provides information on changes in ground water levels with progressive ground water development. Monitoring of a network of ground water monitoring wells provides periodical information on ground water regime scenario in different hydrogeological environments in the area. Ground water occurrence point of view, litho units of the state are grouped into following 3 groups. i) Consolidated formation ii) Semi-consolidated formation iii) Unconsolidated formation

6.1 Consolidated formations Crystalline rocks of Archaean age, metasedimentary rocks of Cuddapahs, Kurnools and basaltic lava flows of Deccan traps are included in these formations. The crystalline rocks which occupy ~83 % of area, generally lack primary porosity and secondary porosity is developed due to weathering, fracturing, development of solution cavities and channels and interconnection of vesicles. In these rocks, depth of weathering varies from 3 to 20 m bgl and majority of fractures occur within 100 m depth. In these rocks dug wells/ dug cum bore wells and bore wells are the most prevalent abstraction structures. Ground water yield from these rocks varies from 0.1 lps to 5 lps. Pakhals, Penganga and Sullavais are relatively poor to moderate potential aquifers and basalts are hard and compact and possess meagre primary porosity (by virtue of interconnected vesicles). Fractures in basalts are developed due to columnar joints and tectonic activities. Yield of ground water in these rocks varies from 0.1 to 3 lps and potential zones exist down to 38-200 m depth. 6.2 Semi-consolidated formations Semi-consolidated formations are represented by rocks belonging to Gondwana formations. The Talchirs, Barakaras and Kamthis formations yield more ground water (up to 60 lps). At some place auto flows are encountered.

6.3 Unconsolidated formations Unconsolidated formations represented by river alluvium occur along the major rivers Godavari and Krishna and their tributaries in the state.

6.4 Monitoring Methodology Ground water regime is monitored through a network of dug wells and piezometers known as Ground Water Monitoring Stations (GWMS). The dug wells, which are owned by government and non-government agencies and individual users, tap shallow aquifers. Piezometers (basically bore wells/tube wells) constructed exclusively for ground water regime monitoring under Hydrology Project tap both shallow and deeper aquifers. Some of the exploratory wells/ observatory wells drilled under exploratory drilling programme of CGWB tapping deeper aquifers are converted to piezometers for regular monitoring. The network of observation wells are monitored 4 times a year by the officials of Central Ground Water Board during the following periods. Period Date January 1st to 10th of the month May (Pre-monsoon) 21st to 30th of the month August (Mid-monsoon) 21st to 30th of the month November (Post-monsoon) 1st to 10th of the month

6.4.1 Participatory Ground water Monitoring To observe micro-level changes in ground water regime, weekly measurements are initiated in phases involving local people as observers under participatory ground water monitoring programme. Participatory observers are engaged since May, 2005, from the local area where GWMS are existing and as on 31st March 2020, 115 nos of GWMS are monitored though participatory approach (Table-6.1).

6.4.2 Chemical Quality Monitoring The chemical quality of ground water is monitored (dug wells/Piezometers) once in the month of May (pre-monsoon season) of every year to observe the effect of geogenic, anthropogenic contamination on ground water in different hydrogeological environments over a period of time.

6.5 Maintenance of Database on Ground Water Monitoring Wells The database on water levels and chemical quality is entered over a period of time since 1969. The database is maintained in Oracle database using GEMS (Ground water Estimation and Management System) software, which is adopted by all ground water agencies in the country. 6.6 Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells The distribution and density of monitoring wells district wise, basin wise and aquifer system wise are summarized below. 6.6.1 District-Wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells Total 748 GWMS are monitored in the state (Dug wells: 306 (41%) and Piezometer wells: 442(59%)) and density varies from one well for 9 Km2/well (Hyderabad) to one well for 233 Km2/well in Adilabad district (Table-6.1 and Fig.1.1). Table-6.1: Distribution of GWMS, Telangana State (As on March, 2020).

S. District Area No of GWMS No of Density of Net work No. (Km2) Participatory observers DW Pz Total Nos Km2/well 1 Adilabad 16105 44 25 69 12 233 2 Hyderabad 217 6 19 25 5 9 3 Karimnagar 11823 28 53 81 8 146 4 Khammam 13266 45 13 58 21 229 5 Mahabubnagar 18432 19 72 91 12 203 6 Medak 9699 17 53 70 10 139 7 Nalgonda 14240 42 75 117 15 122 8 Nizamabad 7956 18 26 44 8 181 9 Ranga reddy 7493 43 54 97 15 77 10 Warangal 12846 44 52 96 13 134 Total 112077 306 442 748 119 147

6.6.2 Basin-wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells

Out of 748 monitoring wells 336 wells are falling in Godavari basin (45%) and 412 wells are falling in Krishna basin (55%).

Table-6.2: Basin-wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells

DISTRICT GODAVARI BASIN KRISHNA BASIN TOTAL Adilabad 69 69 Hyderabad 25 25 Karimnagar 81 81 Khammam 26 32 58 Mahabubnagar 91 91 Medak 68 2 70 Nalgonda 117 117 Nizamabad 43 1 44 Rangareddy 7 90 97 Warangal 42 54 96 TOTAL 336 412 748

6.6.3 Aquifer-Wise Distribution of Ground Water Monitoring Wells District-wise and aquifer-wise distribution of Dug wells and Piezometers (GWMS) is given in Table-6.3. Majority of GWMS (68% Dugwells and 79% Piezometers) are located in Granitic rocks followed by Sandstone (11%), and basalt rocks (10%). Table-6.3: District-wise and Principal Aquifer-wise Distribution of monitoring stations, Telangana state (as on March, 2020).

Dug wells Piezometers DW Pz District G G AL BG BS GR LS LT QZ SH ST Total BG BS LS LT SH ST Total N R Adilabad 5 11 15 1 2 10 44 4 5 12 1 3 25 Hyderabad 6 6 19 19 Karimnagar 22 6 28 41 12 53 Khammam 2 28 3 2 10 45 4 2 7 13 Mahabubnagar 16 1 1 1 19 63 3 1 4 1 72 Medak 11 4 2 17 39 10 4 53 Nalgonda 41 1 42 75 75 Nizamabad 15 3 18 15 11 26 Rangareddy 24 13 6 43 43 5 6 54 Warangal 34 2 8 44 47 1 4 52 35 Grand Total 2 211 31 21 2 8 2 6 36 306 20 3 24 7 10 2 26 442 0 (Note: Al-Alluvium, BGC-Banded Gneissic complex, BS-Basalt, CK-Charnokite, Gn-Gneiss, Gr-Granite, LS-Limestone, Qz-Quartzite, SH-Shale, ST-Sandstone).

7. ANALYSIS OF WATER LEVELS The ground water levels observed over a period of time provide valuable information on behaviour of the ground water regime, which is constantly subjected to changes due to recharge and discharge phenomena. Balance between recharge and discharge results in decline or rise in the ground water storage. When the recharge exceeds discharge there will be a rise in the ground water storage and vice versa. The decline in water level may be due to increase in draft (for different purposes) or decrease in precipitation (less recharge to ground water). On the other hand a rise in water level may be due to an increase in rainfall and/or due to changes in irrigation practices. The dug wells are tapping the phreatic aquifer, mostly limited to a depth of 20 m. The depth of piezometers which are tapping both the phreatic and deeper aquifers varies from 20 to 100 m. Hence the water level recorded in the piezometers may not be the same as that of dug wells for a particular period though both the structures are in the same place. In this report the water level data collected from shallow aquifers (tapping weathered zone and first fracture zone) are presented in detail. Water levels tapping deeper fractures are discussed separately. The data from GWMS for the year 2019-20 was analysed and for every set of measurements, write up and maps were prepared and are presented here under various paragraphs. The purpose of water level data analysis is i) Four measurements of depth to water level give an overall idea regarding the ground water level in the state during the year of measurement. ii) The fluctuation in comparison to the same month in the previous year gives an idea about the change in the ground water level for a particular period with respect to that of the level during the same month in the previous year. This gives an idea about the change in the amount of draft and rainfall between the two years. iii) The water level fluctuation during the pre-monsoon period in comparison to previous year gives an idea about the seasonal fluctuation, which ultimately reflects the change in dynamic ground water resources. iv) The water level fluctuation during a particular month of measurement with reference to the decadal mean for the same months gives an idea of the behaviour of the ground water level on long-term basis.

7.1 Depth to Water Levels 7.1.1 Depth to Water Levels (May-2019– Pre-monsoon season) Analysis of depth to water level data of 577 wells (Annexure - V) shows water levels vary between 0.05 m.bgl (Khammam district) and 69.40 m.bgl (Mababoobnagar). The average water levels of the state is 14.8m bgl ranging from 7.84 m bgl in Adilabad to 16.06 m bgl Medak district. Water level of less than 2 m bgl is recorded in 6 % of wells, between 2-5 m bgl in 27% of wells, between 5-10 m bgl in 32% of wells, between 10-20 m bgl in 26% of wells, between 20-40 m bgl in 8% of wells and in the rest. 1 % of wells with depth to water level more than 40 m bgl. Depth to water level map of May 2019 (Fig.7.1) shows that shallow water levels of less than 2 m bgl is noticed as small scattered patches covering an area of 0.4 % (36 wells) in all districts of the state. Water levels between 2 to 5 m bgl is covered in 12% of area (156 wells) and 46% of the area covered by depth to water level of 5 to 10 m bgl (183 wells). Water level 10 to 20 m bgl covered in 31% of the area (150 wells). Deeper water levels of more than 20 m to 40 m covers area of about 9% (46 wells) of the state and greater than 40m covers 1% (6 wells) of the area, noticed mostly in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Warangal and Nizamabad districts.

Fig.7.1: Depth to water levels, Premonsoon – May 2019

7.1.2 Depth to Water Levels (August-2019-Mid-monsoon Season) Based on the analysis of 567 monitoring wells(Annexure - VI) the average water levels of the state is 9.71 m bgl ranging from -0.47 m.bgl in Khammam district and 67.30 m.bgl in Medak district.Water level of less than 2 m bgl is recorded in 18 % of wells, between 2-5 m bgl in 27% of wells, between 5-10 m bgl in 26% of wells, between 10-20 m bgl in 20% of wells, between 20-40 m bgl in 8% of wells and in the rest 1 % of wells with depth to water level more than 40 m bgl. Depth to water level map of August-2019 (Fig.7.2) shows that shallow water levels of less than 2 m bgl are noticed as small scattered patches covering an area of 15 % (104 wells) in all districts of the state. Water levels between 2 to 5 m bgl is covered in 29% of area (151 wells) and 28% of the area covered by depth to water level of 5 to 10 m bgl (146 wells). Water level 10 to 20 m bgl covered in 21% of the area (114 wells). Deeper water level between 20 m to 40 m covers area of about 6% (44 wells) of the state and greater than 40m covers 1% (8 wells) of the area, noticed in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Warangal and Nizamabad districts.

Fig.7.2: Depth to Water Levels-August 2019.

7.1.3 Depth to Water Levels (November-2019-Post-Monsoon) Based on analysis of water level data of 568 wells (Annexure - VII) the average water levels of the state is 6.01 m.bgl ranging from -0.35 m.bgl in Khammam district and 69.35 m.bgl in Mahbubnagar district. Water level of less than 2 m bgl is recorded in 32 % of wells, between 2-5 m bgl in 29% of wells, between 5-10 m bgl in 20% of wells, between 10-20 m bgl in 15% of wells, between 20-40 m bgl in 4% of wells and in the rest 1 % of wells with depth to water level more than 40 m bgl. Depth to water level map of November-2019 (Fig.7.3) shows that shallow water levels of less than 2 m.bgl are noticed in major parts covering an area of 24 % (179 wells) in Warangal, Khammam, Adilabad, Karimnagar and small parts in all other districts. Water levels between 2 to 5 m.bgl is covered in 38 % of area (165 wells) and 25% of the area covered by depth to water level of 5 to 10 m bgl (114 wells). Water level 10 to 20 m bgl covered in 11% of the area (114 wells). Deeper water level between 20 m to 40 m covers area of about 2% (22 wells) of the state and greater than 40m covers 0.2 % (4 wells) of the area, noticed in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Warangal and Nizamabad districts

Fig.7.3: Depth to Water Levels-November 2019

7.1.4 Depth to Water Levels (January-2020) Analysis of depth to water level data of 577 wells (Annexure -VIII) shows water levels vary between 0.05 m.bgl (Khammam district) and 69.50 m.bgl (Ranga Reddy district). Water level of less than 2 m bgl is recorded in 6 % of wells, between 2-5 m bgl in 27% of wells, between 5-10 m bgl in 32 % of wells, between 10-20 m bgl in 26% of wells , between 20-40 m bgl in 8% of wells and in the rest 1% of wells depth to water level is more than 40 m bgl. Depth to water level map of January 2019 (Fig.7.4) shows that shallow water levels of less than 2 m bgl are noticed in major parts of Mahbubnagar, Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad districts covering an area of 4 % (36 wells) in the state. Water levels between 2 to 5 m bgl is covered in 29% of area (156 wells) and 37% of the area is covered by depth to water level of 5 to 10 m bgl (183 wells). Water level 10 to 20 m bgl is covered in 23% of the area (150 wells). Deeper water levels of more than 20 m covers about 7% ( 52 wells) of the area noticed mostly in Western part of the state falling in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Nizamabad and Warangal districts.

Fig.7.4: Depth to Water Levels-January 2020.

7.2 Integrated Depth to Water Level Maps (GWD and CGWB) 7.2.1 May 2019 The water level data of monitoring stations ( Piezometers only) of Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Board are considered together to analyze the water level data of the monitoring stations in the state. A total of 1155 station were considered for the analysis, out of which 898 stations of State GWD and 255 of CGWB are utilized for preparing the depth to water level map (Fig-7.5.) and the depth to water levels and percentage of wells in different depth ranges in May 2019. Based on the (Table 7.1) results, it is inferred that, out of 1153 stations, depth to water level of 8 stations (1%) are in the range of 0 to 2 m bgl, 107 stations (9%) are in the range of 2 to 5 m bgl, 292 stations (25%) are in the range of 5 to 10 m bgl, 449 stations (39%) are in the range of 10 to 20 m bgl, 278 stations (24%) are in the range of 20 to 40 m bgl and depth to water level of 19 stations (2%) are more than 40 m bgl.

Fig 7.5. : Depth To Water Level Map of May 2019 (Integrated data)

Table-7.1: Depth to water levels and percentage of wells, May 2019

N DISTRICT

MIN MAX

O >m 40

2 TO 2 m 5

0 TO 0 m 2

5 TO 5 m 10

AVERAGE

10 TO 10 m 20 TO 20 m 40

% OF WELLS OF % WELLS OF % WELLS OF % WELLS OF % WELLS OF % WELLS OF % NO OF WELLS OF NO

1 Adilabad 76 0.13 48.00 10.94 4 11 6 8 36 47 23 30 6 8 0 0 2 Hyderabad 2 17.16 23.71 20.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50 1 50 0 0 3 Karimnagar 156 2.15 36.00 13.42 0 0 12 8 50 32 68 44 25 16 0 0 4 Khammam 117 1.56 41.40 9.81 3 3 21 18 54 46 30 26 8 7 1 1 5 Mahabubnagar 172 2.29 43.99 16.41 0 0 13 8 30 17 80 47 46 27 3 2 6 Medak 92 3.91 69.50 25.90 0 0 1 1 5 5 17 18 62 67 7 8 7 Nalgonda 167 2.03 54.24 13.15 0 0 31 19 37 22 69 41 29 17 1 1 8 Nizamabad 98 3.74 46.32 18.07 0 0 4 4 20 20 38 39 34 35 2 2 9 Rangareddy 124 2.09 99.50 19.00 0 0 10 8 13 10 56 45 40 32 5 4 10 Warangal 149 1.45 37.95 13.30 1 1 9 6 47 32 67 45 27 18 0 0

STATE FIGIURES 1153 0.13 99.5 15.29 8 1 107 9 292 25 449 39 278 24 19 2

7.2.2 November 2019 The water level data of monitoring stations ( Piezometers only) of Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Board are considered together to analyze the water level data of the monitoring stations in the state. Water level data of 928 stations of State GWD and 366 of CGWB are utilized for preparing the depth to water level map (Fig-7.6 ) and the depth to water levels and percentage of wells in different depth ranges in Nov 2019. Based on the (Table 7.2) results, it is inferred that, out of 1182 stations, depth to water level of 187stations (16%) are in the range of 0 to 2 m bgl, 331 stations (28%) are in the range of 2 to 5 m bgl, 326 stations (28%) are in the range of 5 to 10 m bgl, 249 stations (21%) are in the range of 10 to 20 m bgl, 83 stations (7%) are in the range of 20 to 40 m bgl and depth to water level of 9 stations (1%) are more than 40 m bgl. From pre-monsoon to post-monsoon, there is drop from 26% to 14% in the deeper water level range and there is an increases from 10% to 44% in shallow water levels due to monsoon rains.

Fig 7.6 : Depth To Water Level Map of November 2019 (Integrated data)

Table-7.2 : Depth to water levels and percentage of wells, November 2019

S.NO DISTRICT

NO OF WELLS OF NO MIN MAX AVERAGE TO 0 m 2 WELLS OF % TO 2 m 5 WELLS OF % TO 5 m 10 WELLS OF % TO 10 m 20 WELLS OF % TO 20 m 40 WELLS OF % >m 40 WELLS OF % 1 Adilabad 81 0.6 17.8 5.3 15 19 30 37 28 35 8 10 0 0 0 0

2 Hyderabad 1 18.7 18.7 18.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 0 0

3 Karimnagar 157 0.3 29.0 5.9 36 23 57 36 35 22 24 15 5 3 0 0

4 Khammam 118 0.2 38.9 5.6 24 20 55 47 25 21 9 8 5 4 0 0

5 Mahabubnagar 171 0.5 69.4 10.3 14 8 30 18 47 27 63 37 16 9 1 1

6 Medak 98 0.8 57.6 16.3 3 3 7 7 21 21 34 35 31 32 2 2

7 Nalgonda 182 0.3 52.1 7.2 40 22 45 25 54 30 36 20 6 3 1 1

8 Nizamabad 99 0.1 25.3 6.8 15 15 34 34 30 30 17 17 3 3 0 0

9 Rangareddy 126 0.0 40.2 11.5 7 6 15 12 40 32 47 37 16 13 1 1

10 Warangal 148 0.2 21.1 4.8 33 22 58 39 46 31 10 7 1 1 0 0

STATE FIGIURES 1181 0.6 17.8 5.3 187 16% 331 28 326 28 249 21 83 7 5 1 31

7.3 Water Level Fluctuations with pre-monsoon water levels

7.3.1 Water Level Fluctuation from May, 2019 to August, 2019 Water level fluctuation of May-2019 with August-2019 is presented in Annexure-IX. Analysis of data of 542 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 88% of wells (476), water level fall is recorded in 9% of wells (48).The average rise in water levels is 4.43 m and the average fall in water levels 2.07 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 26% of the wells. Rise in water levels in some districts is mainly due to good monsoon rainfall. Spatial distribution of fluctuation of water level in Fig 7.7

In the state about 88% of the area (476 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared to the pre-monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 476 wells that have registered rise in water level, 27% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise. 33% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while the rest 40% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is noticeable in Southern and Southwestern part of the state and observed as patches in all the districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in all the districts of the state. Rise of Water level of more than 4 m is observed in all the districts and most predominant in Adilabad, Nizamabad and Warangal district.

In the state about 9% of the area (48 wells) experienced fall in water levels compared to the pre-monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 48 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 79% of wells have recorded less than 2 m fall, 8% of wells in the range of 2-4 m and the rest 13% wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Fall in water level is mostly insignificant throughout the state. Fall of more than 4 m is observed as patches in Mahbubnagar, Medak, and Adilabad district.

Fig. 7.7: Water Level Fluctuation from May 2019 to Aug 2019

7.3.2 Water Level Fluctuation from May 2019 to November 2019 Water level fluctuation of May-2019 with November-2019 is presented in Annexure-X. An analysis of data of 530 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 96% of wells (514), water level fall is recorded in 2% of wells (12).The average rise in water levels is 6.6 m and the average fall in water levels 2.31 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of 0 to 4 m in about 97% of the wells.Map representing water level fluctuations from May-2019 to November-2019 is given in Fig.7.8. In the state about 99% of the area (514 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared to the pre-monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 514 wells that have registered rise in water level, 13% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise. 23% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while 65% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is noticed as small patchs in all districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in major parts of all the districts of the state. Rise of Water level of more than 4 m is observed in significant parts in all the districts.

In the state about 1% of the area (12 wells) experienced fall in water levels compared to the pre- monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 12 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 6 wells have recorded less than 2 m fall, 2 wells in the range of 2-4 m and the rest 4 wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. fall in water level is as small patches in Mahbubnagar, and Khammam districts

. Fig 7.8: Water Level Fluctuation from May, 2019 to Nov 2019

7.3.3 Water Level Fluctuation from May 2019 to January 2020 Water level fluctuation of May2019 with January 2020 is presented in Annexure-XI. An analysis of data of 530 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 94% of wells (497), water level fall is recorded in 4% of wells (23). The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of 0 to 4 m in about 94% of the wells. Map representing water level fluctuations from May-2019 to January -2020 is given in Fig.7.9. In the state about 98% of the area (497 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared to the pre-monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 497 wells that have registered rise in water level, 23% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise. 27% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while 34

51% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is noticed in Adilabad, Khammam, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar and small areas in all other districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in major parts of all the districts. Rise of Water level of more than 4 m is observed in significant parts in all the districts In the state about 2% of the area (23wells) experienced fall in water levels compared to the pre-monsoon period (May-2019). Out of the 23 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 14 wells have recorded less than 2 m fall, 4 wells in the range of 2-4 m and the rest 5 wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Fall in water level is as small patches in Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Adilabad, Nalgonda and Warangal districts.

Fig 7.9: Water Level Fluctuation from May, 2019 to Jan 2020

7.4 Annual Water Level Fluctuation 7.4.1 Water Level Fluctuation from May 2018 to May 2019

Water level fluctuation of May 2018 with May 2019 is presented in Annexure- XII. Analysis of data of 537 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 29% of wells (144), water level fall is recorded in 71% of wells (353). The average rise in water levels is 1.80 m and the average fall in water levels 3.26 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 63% of the wells. Map representing water level fluctuations from May 2018 to May 2019 is given in Fig.7.10

In the state about 29% of the area (144wells) experienced rise in water levels compared with last year same period. Out of the 144 wells that have registered rise in water level, 83% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise. 10% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while the rest 7% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed as small patches in all the districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in all the districts of the state except in Nalgonda and Medak district, where it is insignificant. Rise of Water level more than 4 m is significant and predominant in Nizamabad Mahabubnagar, and Adilabad districts.

In the state about 71% of the area (353 wells) experienced fall in water levels compared with last year same period (May-2018). Out of the 353 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 51% of wells have recorded less than 2 m fall, 22% of wells in the range of 2-4 m and the rest 2% wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Western districts have more prominently recorded fall in water levels in comparison with last year same period. . Fall in water level range of 0 to 2 m observed in all the districts of Telangana state. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed in all the districts of Telangana state except Hyderabad. Fall of more than 4 m is observed significantly as patches in parts of Rangareddy, Nizamabad, Medak, Nalgonda and South western part of Warangal districts.

Fig.7.10: Water level Fluctuation from May 2018 to May 2019.

7.4.2 Water Level Fluctuation from August 2018 to August 2019

Water level fluctuation of August-2018 with August-2019 is presented Annexure-XIII. Analysis of data of 535 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 36% of wells (195), water level fall is recorded in 61% of wells (330).The average rise in water levels is 2.12 m and the average fall in water levels 2.70 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 72% of the wells.Map representing water level fluctuations from August-2018 to August-2019 is given in Fig.7.11.

In the state about 36% of the area (195 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared with the last year same period (August-2018). Out of the 195 wells that have registered rise in water level, 68% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise, 20% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while the rest 12% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in parts of Mahbubnagar, Karimnagar, Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy and Nizamabad district. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed as small patches in Mahbubnagar, Karimnagar,

Adilabad, and Medak district. Rise of Water level more than 4 m occurs as patches in Mahbubnagar Nalgonda and Warangal district In the state about 62% of the area (330 wells) experienced fall in water levels level compared with the last year same period (August-2018). Out of the 330 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 62% of wells have recorded less than 2 m fall, 20% of wells in the range of 2-4 m and the rest 18% wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Western districts have more prominently recorded fall in water levels in comparison with last year same period. Fall of more than 4 m is observed significantly as patches in parts of Medak, Mahbubnagar, Rangaredy, Nalgonda and Khamam district. Fall in water level range of 0 to 2 m observed in all the districts of Telangana state. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed in parts of Khammam, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Mahbubnagar and small parts of all other districts.

Fig. 7.11: Water Level Fluctuation- August 2018 to August 2019

7.4.3 Water Level Fluctuations from November-2018 to November-2019

Water level fluctuation of November-2018 with November-2019 is presented in Annexure -XIV. Analysis of data of 533 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 86% of wells (461), water level fall is recorded in 13% of wells (70).The average rise in water levels is 3.77 m and the average fall in water levels 1.83 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of 0 to 4 m in about 86% of the wells.Map representing water level fluctuations from November-2018 to November-2019 is given in Fig.7.12. In the state about 88% of the area (461 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared with the last year same period (November-2018). Out of the 461 wells that have registered rise in water level, 42% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise, 27% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while 31% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in major parts of Adilabad, Khammam, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar and small parts in all other districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed as in Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Karimnagar, Warangal and small parts in all other districts. Rise of Water level more than 4 m occurs as patches in Mahbubnagar, Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Warangal district. In the state about 12% of the area (70 wells) experienced fall in water levels level compared with the last year same period (November-2018). Out of the 70 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 73% of wells have recorded less than 2 m. fall, 13% of wells in the range of 2-4 m. and the rest 14% wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Isolated small patches in all the district shows water levels fall of < 2m. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed in parts of Nalgonda and Karimnagar districts, Fall of > 4 m. is observed in small parts of Khammam, Karimnagar, Medak and Mahbubnagar districts.

Fig. 7.12: Water Level Fluctuation from November-2018 to November-2019

7.4.4 Water Level Fluctuation from January-2019 to January-2020 Water level fluctuation of Jan-2019 with Jan-2020 is presented in Annexure -XV. Analysis of data of 542 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 82% of wells (444), water level fall is recorded in 17% of wells (92). The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of 0 to 4 m in about 82% of the wells. Map representing water level fluctuations from January -2019 to January -2020 is given in Fig.7.13. In the state about 86% of the area (444 wells) experienced rise in water levels compared with the last year same period (January -2019). Out of the 444 wells that have registered rise in water level, 48% of wells have recorded less than 2m rise, 25% of wells in the range of 2 to 4 m while 27% of wells recorded water level rise of more than 4 m. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in major parts of Adilabad, Khammam, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar and small parts in all other districts. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in small parts of all the districts. Rise of Water level more than 4 m is observed in central part of the state covering all the districts except Khammam and Adilabad districts. 40

In the state about 14% of the area (92 wells) experienced fall in water levels compared with the last year same period (January -2019). Out of the 92 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 76% of wells have recorded less than 2 m. fall, 17% of wells in the range of 2-4 m. and the rest 7% wells registered water level fall more than 4 m. Isolated small patches in all the district shows water levels fall of < 2m. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed in parts of Khammam, Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar, Medak and Nizamabad districts, Fall of > 4 m. is observed in small parts of Nalgonda, Medak and Mahbubnagar districts.

Fig. 7.13: Water Level Fluctuation from January-2019 to January-2020

7.5 Decadal Water Level Fluctuation

7.5.1 Water Level Fluctuations from decadal mean of May (2009-18) to May, 2019 Water level fluctuation of May 2019 from Decadal Mean of May (2009-2018) is presented in Annexure – XVI. Water level fluctuations, of May-2019 from Decadal Mean of May (2009-2018) is depicted as map in Fig.7.14. The average rise in water levels is 3.18 m and the average fall in water levels 1.56 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 59% of the wells. An analysis of data of 559 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 33% wells (187 no of wells), water level fall is recorded in 66% wells (370 no of wells) and 1%wells (2 nos of wells) shows no change In the state about 35% of the area experienced rise in water levels compared with decadal mean. Out of 187 wells, water level rise of less than 2 m is recorded in 78% wells, in the range of 2-4 m in 13% wells and rise of more than 4 m is recorded in 9% wells. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in all the districts of the state. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in all the districts and most prominent in Warangal district. Rise of water level more than 4 m is observed 9% of the wells in rise category, covering 2% of the area in Warangal, Mahabubnagar, and Adilabad districts of Telangana State.

In the state about 65% of the area experienced fall in water levels compared with decadal mean (2009-2018). Out of the 370 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 50% have recorded less than 2 m fall, 23% in the range of 2-4 m and 27% wells registered water level fall of more than 4 m. Fall of more than 4 m is mainly observed in all the districts except Khammam district.

Fig.7.14: Water level Fluctuation from decadal mean of May (2009-18) to May, 2019.

7.5.2 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of August (2009-18) to August, 2019 Water level fluctuation of August 2019 from Decadal Mean of August (2009-2018) is presented in Annexure–XVII. Water level fluctuation of August 2019 from Decadal Mean (August 2009-18) is depicted as map in Fig. 7.15. The average rise in water levels is 1.79 m and the average fall in water levels 3.40 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 73% of the wells. Analysis of data of 563 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 52% wells (295 no of wells), water level fall is recorded in 48% wells (268 no of wells). In the state about 52% of the area experienced rise in water levels compared with decadal mean. Out of 295 wells, water level rise of less than 2 m is recorded in 72% wells, in the range of 2-4 m in 20% wells and rise of more than 4 m is recorded in 8% wells. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in all the districts of the state and most prominent in Adilabad and its neighboring district. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in parts Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar and Nizamabad district. Rise of water level of more than 4 m is observed in parts of Mahbubnagar, and Nizamabad districts. 43

In the state about 48% of the area experienced fall in water levels compared with decadal mean (2009-2018). Out of the 268 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 52% have recorded less than 2 m fall, 21% in the range of 2-4 m and 27% wells registered water level fall of more than 4 m. Western districts have more prominently recorded fall in water levels .Fall of more than 4 m is significantly observed in Medak and Rangareddy district. Fall in water level range of 0 to 2 m observed in all the districts of Telangana state, except in Adilabad. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed as small patches in all the district.

Fig. 7.15: Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of August (2009-18) to August, 2019

7.5.3 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of November (2009-2018) to November, 2019 Water level fluctuation of November 2019 from Decadal Mean of November (2009- 2018) is presented in Annexure–XVIII. Water level fluctuation of November-2019 from Decadal Mean of November (2009-2018) is depicted as map in Fig. 7.16. The average rise in water levels is 2.76 m and the average fall in water levels 3.09 m. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 2 m in about 53% of the wells. An analysis of data of 563 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 79% wells (446 no of wells), water level fall is recorded in 21% wells (116 no of wells). In the state about 82% of the area experienced rise in water levels compared with decadal mean. Out of 446 wells, water level rise of less than 2 m is recorded in 53% wells, in the range of 2-4 m in 24% wells and rise of more than 4 m is recorded in 22% wells. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in all the districts of the state and most prominent in Adilabad, Khammam and its neighboring district. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in parts Karimnagar, Warangal, Nizamabad and Mahbubnagar district. Rise of water level of more than 4 m is observed in parts of Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Warangal districts. In the state about 18% of the area experienced fall in water levels compared with decadal mean (2009-2018). Out of the 116 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 52% have recorded less than 2 m fall, 26% in the range of 2-4 m and 22% wells registered water level fall of more than 4 m. Western districts have more prominently recorded fall in water levels .Fall of more than 4 m is significantly observed in Medak and Rangareddy district. Fall in water level range of 0 to 2 m observed in small parts in all the districts of Telangana state. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed as small patches in Medak and Rangareddy district. .

Fig. 7.16: Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of November (2009-2018) to November, 2019

7.5.4 Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of January (2010-19) to January 2020

Water level fluctuation of January 2020 from Decadal Mean of January (2010-2019) is presented in Annexure–XIX. Water level fluctuation of January -2020 from Decadal Mean of January (2010-2019) is depicted as map in Fig. 7.17. The state has experienced fluctuation in the range of -2 to 4 m in about 77% of the wells. Analysis of 563 wells shows that water level rise is recorded in 77% wells (432 no of wells), water level fall is recorded in 23% wells (131 no of wells). In the state about 81% of the area experienced rise in water levels compared with decadal mean. Out of 432 wells, water level rise of less than 2 m is recorded in 59% wells, in the range of 2-4 m in 23% wells and rise of more than 4 m is recorded in 18% wells. Rise in water level of less than 2 m is observed in all the districts of the state and most prominent in Adilabad, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda. Water level rise of 2-4 m is observed in parts Karimnagar, Warangal, 46

Nizamabad, Medak and Mahbubnagar district. Rise of water level more than 4 m is observed in parts of Medak, Mahbubnagar, and Rangareddy and Karimnagar districts. In the state about 19% of the area experienced fall in water levels compared with decadal mean (2010-2019). Out of the 131 wells that have registered fall in water levels, 53% have recorded less than 2 m fall, 26% in the range of 2-4 m and 21% wells registered water level fall of more than 4 m. Western districts are prominently recorded fall in water levels .Fall of more than 4 m is significantly observed in Medak, Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar districts. Fall in water level range of 0 to 2 m observed in small parts in all the districts of Telangana state. Fall in water level range of 2 to 4 m observed as small parts in all the districts except Khammam.

Fig. 7.17: Water Level Fluctuation from Decadal Mean of January (2010-19) to January 2020

7.6 Aquifer wise water levels Aquifer wise water level analysis shows that during pre-monsoon season, in Banded Gneissic Complex, which has the largest number of monitoring wells, minimum, maximum and average are 0.85 m, 99.5 m and 14.8 m respectively. During the post-monsoon season, minimum, maximum and average are 0.10 m, 69.35 m and 6.1 m respectively. During pre-monsoon season, Deepest water level (99.5mbgl) is noticed in Banded Gneissic Complex formation. During post- monsoon season also, the deepest water level is in BGC (69.35 mbgl). Aquifer wise water level scenario is presented in Table-7.3.

Table-7.3: Aquifer wise distribution of water levels, Telangana State.

Principal May 2019 DTWL Nov 2019 DTWL Aquifer Min Max Average Min Max Average Banded Gneiss 1.8 99.5 12.7 0.1 69.35 6.2 Basalt 2.63 69.5 16.3 0.1 57.6 8.6 Granite 2.4 27.75 10.1 0.7 11.47 3.2 Limestone 1.45 30.49 10.6 0.2 11.05 4.3 Laterite 11.5 59.2 22.9 6.57 24.46 13.9 Quartzite 16.89 16.89 16.9 7.05 7.05 7.1 Shale 6.4 13.84 9.1 0.37 5.61 2.8 Sandstone 0.85 16.9 7.3 0.1 13.8 3.0 0.85 99.5 14.8 0.1 69.35 6.1

7.7 Long-term Water Level trends- Hydrographs: A total 20 hydrographs are generated (2 from each district) by using the existing long term data and the summary is presented in Table- 7.4 and the hydrographs are presented in Fig.7.23 (a to t). Out of 20 hydrograph, 9 hydrographs show rising trend in both seasons, 7 wells show falling trend in both seasons and 2 wells show rising trend during pre-monsoon season and falling trend in post-monsoon season and 3 wells show falling trend during pre-monsoon and rising trend during post-monsoon season.

Table-7.4: Representative Hydrograph Stations showing rising and falling trends S. No. Location District Pre (m/yr) Post (m/yr) Rise Fall Rise Fall 1 Bhimavaram Adilabad 0.002 0.003 2 Gudihatnur Adilabad 0.005 0.003 3 Bahadurpura Hyderabad 0.006 0.004 4 Khudubshahi Tombs Hyderabad 0.008 0.006 5 Chigurumamidi Karimnagar 0.007 0.009 6 Dharmapuri Karimnagar 0.006 0.004 48

7 Bhadrachalam Khammam 0.005 0.007 8 Kesavapuram Khammam 0.002 0.005 9 Alampur Mahabubnagar 0.004 0.001 10 Bandrapal Mahabubnagar 0.01 0.006 11 Nacharam Medak 0.005 0.0003 12 Narayankhed Medak 0.004 0.009 13 Devarakonda Nalgonda 0.004 0.005 14 Miryalaguda Nalgonda 0.003 0.0008 15 Chinnakodapgol Nizamabad 0.039 0.012 16 Dudgaon Nizamabad 0.0008 0.003 17 Vanasthalipuram Rangareddy 0.03 0.001 18 Bandlaguda Rangareddy 0.05 0.038 19 Govindaraopet Warangal 0.002 0.0001 20 Katapuram Warangal 0.02 0.004

7.7.1 Long term water level trends Long term water level trend map have been prepared based on level data from 2010-2019 for, pre-monsoon (Fig 7.18) and post-monsoon (Fig 7.19) periods. During the pre-monsoon period, about 78% of the area recorded falling trend in the range of 0-2.0 m/yr, high magnitude of fall is seen (1-2m) is seen in parts of Medak, Karimnagar and Mahbubnagar districts. 22% of the area recorded rising trend in the range of 0-2.0 m/yr. During the post-monsoon period, about 43% of the area recorded falling trend in the range of 0-2.0 m/yr and 57% of the area rising trend in the range of 0-2.0 m/yr.Rise is more predominant in parts of Warangal, Adilabad, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Karimnagar and Medak districts.

Fig 7.18 Long term water level trend - Pre-monsoon (10 years)

Fig 7.19: Long term water level trend – Post-monsoon (10 years)

7.7.2 Long term water level scenario To study the change in Ground water scenario, the pre and post monsoon long term water level trend data of 10 years (2010 – 2019) is compared with pre and post monsoon water level trend data of last five years (2015-2019). The change in water level trends in last five years is categorized into 4 categories, represented in Table-7.5 and Fig-7.20 Table-7.5: Categorization of Water Level Scenario

Water level Category Description Trend 1 Areas with rising trend showing further improvement (increase in

Rising rising rate) in water level trends in last five years (Upward trend) 2 Areas with falling trend, showing improvement (fall in declining rate) in water level trends in last five years 3 Areas with rising trends, showing decline (fall in rising rate) in water Declining level trends in last five years. (Downward 4 Areas with falling trend showing further decline (increase in falling trend) rate) in water level trends in last five years

Fig:-7.20 Schematic representation of water level trend scenario

During pre-monsoon 52% area of the state shows rise in water level trends and 48% of the area shows decline in water level trends. Significant Improvement in water level trends in last five years is observed in Mahbubnagar (68%), Nizamabad (60%), Karimnagar (60%), Khammam (60%) whereas Decline in water level trend is observed in major parts of Rangareddy (61%), Warangal (61%), Medak (57%) and Adilabad (52%) districts. It is further observed that, long term 10 years falling trend further declined in last 5 years in 33% of the area in the State ranging from 46% in Rangareddy to 21% in Mahabubnagar district (Fig-7:21 & Table-7:6).

Fig- 7:21: Pre monsoon Water Level Trend Scenario During post-monsoon, 51% area of the state show rise in water level trends and 49 % of the area shows decline in water level trends. Significant Improvement in last five years is observed in Mahbubnagar (60%), Rangareddy (60%), Karimnagar (53%), whereas decline in water level trend is observed in major parts of Nizamabad (60%) Adilabad (59%), Warangal (56%), Nalgonda (54%) and Khammam (53%) districts. It is further observed that long term 10 years falling trend further declined in last 5 years in 27% area of the State ranging from 33% in Khammam to 23% in Mahabubnagar district (Fig-7:22 & Table-7:6). 52

Table7:6: District wise Water Level Trend Scenario

District Category-1 Category-2 Category-3 Category-4 Rise Fall Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

Adilabad 3% 4% 45% 37% 16% 28% 36% 31% 48% 41% 52% 59% Karimnagar 5% 14% 55% 39% 11% 24% 29% 23% 60% 53% 40% 47% Khammam 1% 5% 59% 42% 7% 20% 33% 33% 60% 47% 40% 53% Mahabubnagar 2% 5% 66% 55% 11% 17% 21% 23% 68% 60% 32% 40% Medak 3% 8% 40% 42% 17% 21% 40% 29% 43% 50% 57% 50% Nalgonda 2% 17% 50% 29% 20% 25% 27% 29% 52% 46% 48% 54% Nizamabad 1% 8% 60% 32% 13% 36% 27% 23% 60% 40% 40% 60% Rangareddy 1% 5% 38% 56% 15% 16% 46% 24% 39% 60% 61% 40% Warangal 3% 12% 37% 31% 22% 25% 38% 32% 40% 44% 60% 56% Total 2% 7% 50% 44% 15% 22% 33% 27% 52% 51% 48% 49%

Fig:-7:22 Post monsoon Water Level Trend Scenario The improvement in water level trends in last five years can be attributed to improvement in minor and major irrigation projects. The rehabilitation of MI tanks under Mission Kakatiya, lift irrigation projects and sustenance of command area under major irrigation projects have 53 increased availability of surface water for irrigation. Major and medium irrigation projects like Priyadarshini Jurala Project, Koilsagar, Kalwakurthi LIS, Rajoli banda diversion schemes improved the availability of surface water in Mahbubnagar district where good improvement in water level trends are observed, Similarly Sriram Sagar Project, Alisagar LIS, Nizam Sagar Project, Arugula Rajaram-Gutpa LIS in Nizamabad district, Upper and Lower Manair, Shanigaram Projects in Karimnagar and Battayram, Wyra, Lankasagar Projects etc. in Khammam district increased the availability of surface water, which in turn reduced the stress on ground water system and resultant rise in ground water levels.

Fig 7.23-a

Fig 7.23-b

Fig 7.23-c

Fig 7.23-d

Fig 7.23-e

Fig 7.23-f

Fig 7.23-g

Fig 7.23-h

Fig 7.23-i

Fig 7.23-j

Fig 7.23-k

Fig 7.23-l

Fig 7.23-m

Fig 7.23-n

Fig 7.23-o

Fig 7.23-p

Fig 7.23-q

Fig 7.23-r

Fig 7.23-s

Fig 7.23- t

Fig-7.22 a-t: Representative Hydrographs from Telengana State 60

8. GROUND WATER QUALITY

Water is a universal solvent and therefore, chemical nature of groundwater forms the basis for interpretation of quality in relation to source, geology, climate and usage.

8.1 Distribution of physico-chemical parameters A total of 343 groundwater samples from shallow GWMS (both Dug wells and Piezometers) were collected during pre-monsoon season of 2019 (May) for basic constituents (Fig.8.1 and Table-8.1). Samples are analyzed in the Regional Chemical Laboratory (NABL Accredited), CGWB, SR, Hyderabad. Sampling, preservation, and storage of groundwater have been carried out by following the standard guidelines (APHA 2017, 23rd Edition). Fourteen major parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Carbonate 2- - - 2- - - (CO3 ), Bicarbonate (HCO3 ),Chloride (Cl ), Sulphate (SO4 ), Nitrate (NO3 ) and Fluoride (F ), were determined. District wise collection of samples during May-2019 is given in Table- 8.1.

Fig.8.1: Location of Ground water sample sites (2019) in Telangana state 61

Table-8.1: District wise collection of samples (May-2019)

S.No. District No. of Samples S.No. District Samples 1 Adilabad 28 6 Medak 43 2 Hyderabad 11 7 Nalgonda 61 3 Karimnagar 23 8 Nizamabad 11 4 Khammam 36 9 Rangareddy 33 5 Mahabubnagar 55 10 Warangal 42

8.1.1 pH- Hydrogen Ion Concentration

The hydrogen ion activity is a main variable of groundwater system because the hydrogen ion participates in most of the chemical reactions that affect water composition. In most natural waters pH value is dependent on the carbon dioxide-carbonate-bicarbonate equilibrium. The pH value of a solution is the negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in moles/liter. Pure water at 7 pH (at 25º C), contains equal proportion of H+ and OH- (hydroxyl) ions. The pH value is less than 7 if the H+ ions exceed the OH- ions, and it is more than 7 when OH- ions exceed H+ ions. In the ground waters of State, pH ranges from 6.2 – 8.65. (Avg:7.57) In sample from Akannagudem of Khammam district (8.65) is beyond permissible limit of BIS.

8.1.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductance (EC) of an electrolyte is the reciprocal of specific resistance and is expressed in µS/cm. Electrical conductivity normally, increases with flow and residence time in the aquifer and its determination shows, to what extent mineralization has taken place in the groundwater. In the study area, the EC value (µS/cm at 25°C) ranges from 210 - 11250. Highest EC is noticed at Medaram in Adilabad district. Overall (87% sample’s) EC is in the best range of 500-3000 µ S/cm and high EC values are recorded in parts of Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Medak and Nalgonda districts.

8.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

The concentration of TDS in groundwater depends upon nature of rock formation, depth through which water is traverse, climate, geo-morphology of the area at which water is moving, porosity and permeability of rocks. Contamination of water by human and animal

62 activities including sewage disposal, agricultural practices and mixing of different types of water also affects TDS. Distribution of TDS is presented in Fig.8.2.

Fig.8.2: Distribution of TDS in the Telangana State (May-2019).

In the state, TDS of waters ranges from 126-6888 mg/L (average: 936) and it is found that 18 samples are beyond permissible limit (2000 mg/L).

8.1.4 Total Hardness (TH)

Total hardness is the capacity of water to neutralize soap and is the sum of Ca2+and Mg2+. Hardness is of two types, namely primary and secondary. In the state, Total Hardness ranges from 70-1560 mg/L and it is found that 74 samples are beyond permissible limits of BIS (600 mg/L).

8.1.5 Calcium (Ca2+)

In most of the naturally occurring groundwater, calcium is the main cation due to its abundance in earth’s crust and high mobility (Hem, 1991). The principal sources of calcium in groundwater are minerals present in igneous rock, especially silicates, like pyroxenes, amphiboles, feldspars and sedimentary rocks like limestone, dolomite and gypsum. It is also available in the form of adsorbed ions on negatively charged mineral surfaces in soils and rocks. The concentration of calcium ranges from 6.0 - 489 mg/L and it is found that 25 samples are beyond permissible limit (200 mg/L). Highest Calcium was noticed at Mylaram in Warangal district.

8.1.6 Magnesium (Mg2+)

Weathering of basic igneous rocks such as dunites, pyroxenites; volcanic rocks such as basalts; metamorphic rocks like amphibolites, talc and tremolite-schists; sedimentary rocks such as dolomite, gypsum etc., are the main sources of Mg2+ in the groundwater (Karanth, 1987) and use of surface water for irrigation is another source of Mg2+ in the groundwater (Hem, 1991). In the state, as in most natural water, the magnesium concentration is much lower than the calcium concentration (Hem, 1991). It ranges from 2.4-292 mg/L with an average of 52 mg/L. Except in Mahabubnagar & Nalgonda, in all other districts Mg is within the permissible limits. Maximum concentration is detected in Sitarampuram of Khammam district.

8.1.7 Sodium (Na+)

Silicate minerals such as albite, nepheline, sodalite, glaucophane, aegerine and other Na+ bearing minerals present in rocks are the main source of Na+ in the groundwater. The other sources are rainwater, dissolution of evaporate minerals, sodium disposal through sewage and industrial wastes (Handa, 1975). Certain clay minerals and zeolites can increase the sodium concentration in groundwater by Base Exchange reaction (Karanth, 1987). The concentration of Na+ ranges from 6.0 to 2266 mg/L with an average concentration of 137 mg/L and highest is detected in Medaram of Adilabad district.

8.1.8 Potassium (K+)

The common source of K+ in groundwater is due to weathering of silicate minerals like orthoclase, microcline, nepheline, biotite, leucite etc. Dissolution of evaporates containing highly soluble sylvite and nitre in sedimentary rocks are the other sources of K+ in the ground waters 64

(Handa, 1975; Karanth, 1987). Anthropogenic sources such as fertilizers, manure, human and animal wastes and intrusion of saline waters due to over pumping are some of the other sources of K+ in ground waters. The concentration of K+ ranges from below detectable limits to 406 mg/L. The average concentration is 17 mg/L and the highest is detected in Kudakuda village of Nalgonda district.

2- - 8.1.9 Carbonate and Bicarbonate (CO3 and HCO3 )

2- - The main sources of CO3 and HCO3 ion in the groundwater is dissolved CO2 present in rainwater. When this rainwater enters soil, it dissolves more CO2 from decaying organic matter present in soil (Karanth, 1987). An increase in temperature or decrease in pressure causes reduction in the solubility CO2 in groundwater. Carbon dioxide mixed water, while passing through soil dissolves carbonate minerals and give bicarbonate. The occurrence of carbonates in groundwater is mainly dependent on its pH. In groundwater, carbonates are generally present when pH of groundwater is above 8.3 and it is in traces or absent when pH of water is less than 8.3 (Handa, 1975; Hem, 1991; Karanth, 1987). Under normal conditions the bicarbonate concentration in groundwater ranges between 100 to 800 mg/L. In the ground waters of State, the concentrations of bicarbonate ranges from 31 to 1830 mg/L, with an average concentration of 396 mg/L and highest is detected in Medaram (Adilabad district).

8.1.10 Chloride (Cl-)

Chloride in the form of chloride (Cl-) is one of the major in-organic anion in water and wastewater (APHA, 2017). Hydrolysis of halite and related minerals, rainwater, irrigation and industrial effluents are the main sources of Cl- in groundwater (Handa, 1975). Minerals like sodalite, mica, chlorapatite, hornblende, etc., are the other minor sources of chloride in groundwater (Karanth, 1987). Abnormal concentration of Cl- in groundwater may results due to pollution of sewage wastes, planting of coconut trees (Karanth, 1987). In the ground waters of State, chloride concentration ranges from 7.1 to 1879 mg/L with an average of 396 and found that 8 samples are unsuitable for drinking purposes. Maximum concentration was detected in Medaram in Adilabad district.Distribution of Chloride is presented in Fig.8.3.

Figure 8.3 Distribution of Chloride in ground water (May-2019).

2- 8.1.11 Sulphate (SO4 )

2- Sulphate (SO4 ) is widely distributed in native and may be present in natural waters in concentration ranging from a few to several thousand mg/L (APHA, 2017). The main sources of 2- SO4 in groundwater are sulphide minerals like pyrite, gypsum and anhydrite minerals found in sedimentary rocks (Karanth, 1987). In the ground waters of the state, the concentrations of sulphate range from 1.2 - 1378 mg/L. Maximum concentration detected in Medaram of Adilabad district.

- 8.1.12 Nitrate (NO3 )

Nitrogen is present in atmosphere reacts with rainwater and forms nitrate and ammonium ions. The incidence of high nitrate in groundwater has been observed due to pollution from anthropogenic sources, specially leaching from sewage/septic tanks (Walker, 1973; Dudley, 1990) and indiscriminate usage of fertilizers in the agriculture fields.

In the ground waters of State, the concentrations of Nitrate range from 0.4 - 434 mg/L. Maximum concentration noticed in Thimmajipet-pz of Mahabubnagar district. It is found that out of 343 samples, 150 samples (43.7%) are unfit for human consumption. Point source distribution of Nitrate is depicted in Fig.8.4.

Fig.8.4: Distribution of Nitrate in ground water (May-2019).

8.1.13 Fluoride (F-)

The main sources of Fluoride in ground waters are Fluoride bearing minerals present in rocks like Fluorite (CaF2), Apophyllite (KFCa4[Si4O20]8H2O), Fluoroapatite (Ca3(PO4)3F),

Cryolite (Na3AlF6), Villuanite as well as Fluoride replacing hydroxyl ion in the Ferromagnesium Silicates (Amphiboles, Micas) and soil consisting of clay minerals. Dissolution of F- bearing minerals, ion exchange and evaporative concentration can locally account for high F- concentration in ground water. Weathering of rock and leachable Fluoride in an area are more important in deciding the presence of Fluoride in groundwater rather than presence of Fluoride bearing minerals in bulk rocks/soils (Ramesham and Rajagopalan 1985).

In the ground waters of State, the concentrations of fluoride range from 0.11-4.16 mg/L and maximum concentration is detected in Beerishettigudem of Warangal district. Over all 60 samples (17.5%) are unfit for human consumption. Higher concentration of F (>1.5 mg/L) are detected in major parts of the state (Fig.8.5).

Fig.8.5: Distribution of Fluoride in ground water (May-2019).

8.2 Quality of ground water for drinking purpose

The hydro chemical data is compared with the drinking water quality standards set by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to assess the suitability of ground water from shallow aquifers in Telangana, for drinking purposes. The suitability of the ground water samples collected from shallow aquifers for drinking purposes with reference to chemical parameters is presented in Table 8.2. 5.2 % of samples in the state are beyond permissible limit of BIS with respect to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Highest percent of samples in Nalgonda (9.8%), Khammam (8.3%) and Medak (7.0%) districts are unsuitable for drinking with respect to TDS. Chloride Content in 2.3% of samples in the state exceeds the BIS permissibility. The Nitrate content in 43.7% of samples in the state is exceeding the BIS permissible value indicating the anthropogenic 68 contamination. Highest percent of samples in Karimnagar (56.5%), Rangareddy (54.5%) and Adilabad (51.5%) districts are unfit for drinking. Fluoride content in the state varies from 0.11-4.16 mg/L. 17.8% of samples in the state exceed BIS permissible limit. Highest percent of samples in Warangal (31%), Nalgonda (24.6%), Adilabad (21.4%), Khammam (16.7%), and followed by Karimnagar (13%) district are unfit for drinking. Table- 8.2 : Suitability of Samples with respect to different constituents for drinking purpose (IS-10500: 2012)

TH Ca Mg HCO Cl SO NO F TDS District 3 4 3 (600) (200) (100) (600) (1000) (400) (45) (1.5) (2000) % Samples Exceeding BIS permissible limit Telangana State 21.6 7.3 10.2 9.9 2.3 1.7 43.7 17.8 5.2 Adilabad 21.4 3.6 7.1 10.7 3.6 3.6 46.4 21.4 3.6 Hyderabad 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.2 0 0 Karimnagar 21.7 0 13 4.3 0 0 56.5 13 0 Khammam 25 8.3 11.1 22.2 2.8 5.6 38.9 16.7 8.3 Mahabubnagar 25.5 3.6 10.9 3.6 0 1.8 52.7 12.7 3.6 Medak 20.9 9.3 9.3 7 4.7 2.3 32.6 11.6 7 Nalgonda 27.9 13.1 19.7 14.8 4.9 0 49.2 24.6 9.8 Nizamabad 9.1 9.1 0 9.1 0 0 27.3 9.1 0 Ranga Reddy 15.2 12.1 0 9.1 0 3 54.5 15.2 3 Warangal 19 4.8 9.5 9.5 2.4 0 33.3 31 4.8

8.3 Quality of ground water for irrigation Purposes The most extensive use of ground water in the world is for the irrigation consumption. The chemical quality of ground water is an important factor to be considered in evaluating its usefulness for irrigation as poor quality ground water may cause salinity, specific ion toxicity or infiltration problem in soils. Such effect may adversely affect crop production. Water quality constraints in irrigation can be examined using a number of empirical indices that have been established on the basis of field experience and experiments.

8.3.1 US salinity laboratory classification

The laboratory has constructed a diagram and described 16 classes with reference to Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) as an index for sodium hazard and electrical conductivity as an index for salinity hazard. SAR is defined as

Where concentrations are in meq/L. The samples collected from the monitoring wells in Telangana fall in to 9 classes as described below.

C1S1: Low salinity and low sodium waters are good for irrigation and can be used with most of the crops with no restriction on use on most of the soils.

C2S1: Medium salinity and low sodium waters are good for irrigation and can be used on all most all soils with a little danger of development of harmful levels of exchangeable sodium if moderate amount of leaching occurs. Crops can be grown without any special consideration for salinity control.

C3S1: The high salinity and low sodium waters require good drainage. Crops with good salt tolerance should be selected.

C3S2: The high salinity and medium sodium waters require good drainage and can be used on coarse textured or organic soils having good permeability.

C3S3: These high salinity and high sodium waters require special soil management, good drainage, high leaching and organic matter additions. Gypsum amendments make feasible the use of these waters.

C4S1: Very high salinity and low sodium waters are not suitable for irrigation unless the soil must be permeable and drainage must be adequate. Irrigation waters must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching. Salt tolerant crops must be selected.

C4S2: Very high salinity and medium sodium waters are not suitable for irrigation on fine textured soils and low leaching conditions and can be used for irrigation on coarse textured or organic soils having good permeability.

C4S3: Very high salinity and high sodium waters produce harmful levels of exchangeable sodium in most soils and will require special soil management, good drainage, high leaching and organic matter additions. Gypsum amendment makes feasible the use of these waters.

C4S4: Very high salinity and very high sodium waters are generally unsuitable for irrigation purpose. These are sodium chloride type of waters and can cause sodium hazard. It can be used on coarse textured soils with very good drainage for very high salt tolerant crops. Gypsum amendments make feasible the use of these waters. Fig. 8.6 shows the US salinity diagram of all water samples of the state. It is observed that 73.2% of water samples are falling in C3S1 class, 9.9% in C2S1 class, and 4.7% of samples falling in C3S2 class.

4.1%, 3.8%, 2.0% and 1.5%, samples falling in C4S2, C4S1, C4S3 and C1S1 respectively and remaining samples falls in C3S3 and C4S4 classes.

Fig. 8.6 U.S. Salinity diagram for classification of irrigation waters for shallow aquifers of Telangana State -2019

8.3.2 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)

The RSC is defined as the excess of carbonate and bicarbonate amount over the alkaline earths (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Use of RSC beyond permissible limit (>2.5) adversely affects irrigation. The tendency of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to precipitate, as the water in the soil becomes more concentrated, as a result of evaporation and plant transpiration, and gets fixed in the soil by the process of base exchange, thereby decreasing the soil permeability. 2- - 2+ 2+ RSC = (CO3 + HCO3 )-(Ca +Mg ) Where concentrations are in meq/L. Distribution of ground water in the state as per RSC given in Table 8.3 reveals, majority of samples (89.8%) fall in Safe category (RSC < 1.25), 4.4 % samples in the Marginal category and remaining 5.8% samples in the Unsuitable category. Table 8.3: Classification of groundwater based on RSC.

RSC Category No of samples % of samples <1.25 Safe 306 89.2 1.25 - 2.50 Marginal 14 4.1 > 2.50 Unsuitable 23 6.7

8.4 Groundwater faecies

For identification of different water faecies of groundwater, Piper diagram is widely used as it gives best graphical representation (Hill, 1940; Piper 1944) for finding out type of water. Groundwater can be grouped broadly into 10 types (Fig.8.7). Ground water from the state is mainly of Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl and Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl type followed by Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl, Na-Ca-Mg-

HCO3-Cl and Mg-Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl type.

Fig.8.7: Ground water faecies (Piper Plot)-May-2019. 8.5 Water quality for livestock and poultry

Though there are no livestock standards regulated in India, basing on FAO and other international organizations standards, the water quality was classified for livestock and Poultry. One of the important parameter is Salinity/Electrical Conductivity, which moderately shows the suitability of most of the samples in usable. Magnesium and Nitrate are other important parameters to be considered for the usage of ground water for the livestock. Tables 8.4 and 8.5 indicate water quality with respect to salinity and nitrate for livestock respectively.

Table-8.4 Use of ground water for livestock and poultry

Soluble salt content No of (TDS) [Electrical Rating samples in Uses Conductivity(EC)] the range < 1000 mg/L Excellent for all classes of livestock and Excellent 233 [<1.5 dS/m] poultry Satisfactory for all classes of livestock. May cause temporary mild diarrhea in livestock not 1000-3000 mg/L Very 105 accustomed to them. Those waters [1.5-5 dS/m] satisfactory approaching the upper limits may cause some watery droppings in poultry. Satisfactory for livestock but may be refused by animals not accustomed to it. If Sulphate Satisfactory salts predominate, animals may show 3000-5000 mg/L for livestock 4 temporary diarrhea. Poor waters for poultry, [5-8 dS/m] Unfit for often causing watery faeces, increased poultry mortality and decreased growth especially in turkeys. This water can be used for livestock except Limited use for 1 for those that are pregnant or lactating. It may 5000-7000 mg/L livestock have some laxative effect and may be refused [8-11 dS/m] Unfit for by animals until they become accustomed to poultry it. It is unsatisfactory for poultry Considerable risk for pregnant and lactating cows, horses, sheep and for the young of these 7000-10000 mg/L Very limited 0 species. It may be used for older ruminants [11-16 dS/m] use or horses. Unfit for poultry and probably swine. > 10000 mg/L Not This water is unsatisfactory for all classes of 0 [> 16 dS/m] recommended livestock and poultry.

Source: FAO, 1985b, and Guyer, 1996.

Table-8.5: Guide to use of waters containing Nitrates for livestock.

Nitrate- No. of samples Comments NO3 in the range (mg/L) Experimental evidence indicates this water should not harm <440 343 livestock or poultry. This water by itself should not harm livestock or poultry. If hays 440 – 0 or silages contain high levels of nitrate this water may contribute 1320 significantly to a nitrate problem in cattle, sheep, or horses. This water could cause typical nitrate poisoning in cattle, sheep, or horses, and its use for these animals is not recommended. > 1320 0 Because this level of nitrate contributes to the salts content in a significant amount, use of this water for swine or poultry should be avoided.

Source: Water Quality for Livestock and Poultry, FO-1864-GO. University of Minnesota Extension Division, 1990.

Annexure-I DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS- MAY, 2019, TELANGANA STATE

S. District No of Stations to No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations as No. be monitored where WL data Monitored as not Monitored Abandoned Established on May 2019 Recorded Dry due to Various

Reasons

DW Pz Total DW Pz Total DW Pz Total DW Pz Total DW Pz Tot DW Pz Total DW Pz Total 1 Adilabad 47 25 72 35 23 58 10 0 10 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 25 72 2 Hyderabad 6 19 25 5 15 20 1 1 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 25 3 Karimnagar 28 53 81 28 51 79 12 0 12 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 53 81 4 Khammam 50 13 63 41 7 48 7 0 7 2 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 13 63 5 Mahbubnagar 19 72 91 12 65 77 6 1 7 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 72 91 6 Medak 17 53 70 8 44 52 9 4 13 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 53 70 7 Nalgonda 45 75 120 32 51 83 12 4 16 1 20 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 75 120 8 Nizamabad 21 26 47 8 26 34 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 26 47 9 Ranga Reddy 43 54 97 25 35 63 14 5 19 1 14 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 54 97 10 Warangal 44 52 96 43 51 94 7 1 8 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 52 96 Total 320 442 762 237 368 608 88 16 104 5 60 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 442 762

Annexure -II

DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS- AUGUST, 2019, TELANGANA STATE DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS, TELANGANA STATE – AUGUST 2019 No of Stations No of Stations not No of Stations to No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations as where WL data Monitored due to S. be monitored Monitored as Dry Abandoned Established on August 2019 District Recorded Various Reasons

No.

Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz

DW DW DW DW DW DW DW

Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 1 Adilabad 47 25 72 46 20 66 0 0 0 1 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 25 72

2 Hyderabad 6 19 25 6 16 22 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 25

3 Karimnagar 28 53 81 27 50 77 1 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 53 81

4 Khammam 50 13 63 45 9 54 1 0 1 4 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 13 63

5 Mahbubnagar 19 72 91 15 66 81 1 0 1 3 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 72 91

6 Medak 17 53 70 17 51 68 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 53 70

7 Nalgonda 45 75 120 36 54 90 3 0 3 6 21 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 75 120

8 Nizamabad 21 26 47 15 21 36 4 0 4 2 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 26 47

9 Ranga Reddy 43 54 97 42 44 86 5 1 6 1 10 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 54 97

10 Warangal 44 52 96 41 48 89 2 0 2 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 52 96 Total 320 442 762 290 379 669 19 1 20 12 63 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 442 762

Annexure -III

DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS, TELANGANA STATE – NOVEMBER 2019 No of Stations No of Stations not No of Stations as No of Stations to No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations where WL data Monitored due to on November S. be monitored Monitored as Dry Abandoned Established District Recorded Various Reasons 2019

No.

Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz

DW DW DW DW DW DW DW

Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 1 Adilabad 47 25 72 44 19 63 0 0 0 0 6 6 3 0 3 0 0 0 44 25 69

2 Hyderabad 6 19 25 6 14 20 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 25

3 Karimnagar 28 53 81 26 52 78 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 53 81

4 Khammam 50 13 63 45 11 56 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 0 5 0 0 0 45 13 58

5 Mahbubnagar 19 72 91 15 65 80 0 1 1 4 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 72 91

6 Medak 17 53 70 15 51 66 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 53 70

7 Nalgonda 45 75 120 41 64 105 1 0 1 1 10 11 3 0 3 0 0 0 42 75 117

8 Nizamabad 21 26 47 17 22 39 1 0 1 1 3 4 3 0 3 0 0 0 18 26 44

9 Ranga Reddy 43 54 97 39 43 82 0 0 0 5 10 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 54 97

10 Warangal 44 52 96 43 44 87 0 0 0 2 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 52 96 Total 320 442 762 291 385 676 4 1 5 15 52 67 14 0 14 0 0 0 306 442 748

Annexure -IV DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS, TELANGANA STATE – JANUARY 2020 No of Stations No of Stations not No of Stations to No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations No of Stations as where WL data Monitored due to S. be monitored Monitored as Dry Abandoned Established on January 2020 District Recorded Various Reasons

No.

Pz Pz Pz Pz Pz P Pz

DW DW DW DW DW DW DW

Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 1 Adilabad 44 25 69 42 21 63 2 0 2 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 25 69

2 Hyderabad 6 19 25 6 16 22 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 25

3 Karimnagar 28 53 81 25 52 77 1 0 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 53 81

4 Khammam 45 13 58 41 12 53 0 0 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 13 58

5 Mahbubnagar 19 72 91 15 61 76 0 3 3 4 8 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 72 91

6 Medak 17 53 70 13 49 62 4 0 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 53 70

7 Nalgonda 42 75 117 38 60 98 1 1 2 3 14 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 75 117

8 Nizamabad 18 26 44 16 23 39 1 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 26 44

9 Ranga Reddy 43 54 97 39 46 85 0 0 0 2 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 54 97

10 Warangal 44 52 96 43 44 87 1 0 1 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 52 96 Total 306 442 748 278 384 662 10 4 14 14 55 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 306 442 748

Annexure V DEPTH TO WATER TABLE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVATION WELLS (MAY, 2019) No and Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (m bgl) in Depth to Water Table Range of No of Wells Sl. No District (m bgl) Analysed 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0- 10.0 10.0 - 20.0 20.0 - 40.0 > 40.0

Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 59 0.82 11.80 4 7 33 56 17 29 5 8 0 0 0 0 2 Hyderabad 10 2.02 17.70 0 0 4 40 1 10 5 50 0 0 0 0 3 Karimnagar 63 1.55 17.60 2 3 15 24 29 46 17 27 0 0 0 0 4 Khammam 54 0.05 14.10 9 17 23 43 18 33 4 8 0 0 0 0 5 Mababoobnagar 71 0.88 69.40 5 7 10 14 15 21 23 33 16 23 2 3 6 Medak 45 2.65 57.57 0 0 5 11 9 20 13 29 16 36 2 5 7 Nalgonda 85 0.73 19.90 9 11 31 36 28 33 17 20 0 0 0 0 8 Nizamabad 39 1.05 26.10 2 5 9 23 16 41 10 26 2 5 0 0 9 Ranga Reddy 69 1.15 69.50 2 3 2 3 22 32 32 46 9 13 2 3 10 Warangal 82 0.55 34.06 3 3 24 29 28 34 24 29 3 4 0 0 Total State 577 0.05 69.50 36 6 156 27 183 32 150 26 46 8 6 1

Annexure -VI DEPTH TO WATER TABLE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVATION WELLS (AUGUST-2019) No and Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (m bgl) in Depth to Water Table Range of No of Wells Sl. No District (m bgl) Analysed 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0- 10.0 10.0-20.0 20.0 - 40.0 > 40.0

Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 59 0 16.11 27 46 22 37 9 15 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 Hyderabad 9 2.45 22.90 0 0 4 44 2 22 2 22 1 11 0 0 3 Karimnagar 61 0.05 16.12 11 18 21 34 19 31 10 16 0 0 0 0 4 Khammam 50 0 16.24 18 36 19 38 12 24 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 Mababubnagar 71 0.77 48.42 7 10 12 17 18 25 19 27 13 18 2 3 6 Medak 53 0.53 67.30 2 4 5 9 14 26 12 23 16 30 4 8 7 Nalgonda 75 0.50 19.60 13 17 23 31 25 33 14 19 0 0 0 0 8 Nizamabad 37 0.48 22.45 6 16 11 30 9 24 10 27 1 3 0 0 9 Ranga Reddy 71 0.20 49.84 6 8 8 11 20 28 26 37 9 13 2 3 10 Warangal 81 0.32 25.70 14 17 26 32 18 22 19 23 4 4.94 0 0 Total State 567 -0.47 67.30 104 18 151 27 146 26 114 20 44 8 8 1

Annexure -VII DEPTH TO WATER TABLE DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVATION WELLS (NOVEMBER-2019) No and Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (m bgl) in Range of Depth to Water Table (m No of Wells Sl. No District bgl) 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0- 10.0 10.0-20.0 20.0 - 40.0 > 40.0 Analysed Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 58 -0.17 10.18 23 40% 23 40% 11 19% 1 2% 0 0% 0 0% 2 Hyderabad 9 0.03 14.68 1 11% 3 33% 2 22% 3 33% 0 0% 0 0% 3 Karimnagar 62 0.15 13.80 24 39% 25 40% 11 18% 2 3% 0 0% 0 0% 4 Khammam 48 -0.35 11.20 26 54% 16 33% 5 10% 1 2% 0 0% 0 0% 5 Mababubnagar 70 0.37 69.35 9 13% 12 17% 18 26% 26 37% 4 6% 1 1% 6 Medak 52 0.72 57.60 4 8% 10 19% 11 21% 12 23% 13 25% 2 4% 7 Nalgonda 88 0.23 26.10 32 36% 30 34% 14 16% 11 13% 1 1% 0 0% 8 Nizamabad 34 0.75 15.90 12 35% 12 35% 7 21% 3 9% 0 0% 0 0% 9 Ranga Reddy 68 0.33 40.17 8 12% 14 21% 20 29% 21 31% 4 6% 1 1% 10 Warangal 79 0.20 18.10 40 51% 20 25% 15 19% 4 5% 0 0% 0 0% Total State 568 -0.37 69.35 179 32% 165 29% 114 20% 84 15% 22 4% 4 1%

Annexure -VIII

DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL DISTRIBUTION OF PERCENTAGE OF OBSERVATION WELLS (JANUARY -2020) No and Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (m bgl) in Range of Depth to Water Table No of Wells Sl. No District (m bgl) 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0- 10.0 10.0-20.0 20.0 - 40.0 > 40.0 Analysed Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 61 0.15 11.64 7 11 36 59 16 26 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 Hyderabad 9 2.80 15.30 0 0 3 33 2 22 4 44 0 0 0 0 3 Karimnagar 62 1.20 14.40 8 13 28 45 20 32 6 10 0 0 0 0 4 Khammam 46 -0.15 11.12 8 17 22 48 14 30 2 4 0 0 0 0 5 Mababubnagar 68 0.35 49.50 9 13 11 16 18 26 22 32 7 10 1 1 6 Medak 49 1.46 60.17 1 2 6 12 14 29 9 18 17 35 4 4 7 Nalgonda 85 0.12 27.11 10 12 38 45 26 31 10 12 1 1 0 0 8 Nizamabad 35 1.50 14.10 3 9 13 37 13 37 6 17 0 0 0 0 9 Ranga Reddy 73 0.74 50.13 4 5 12 16 23 32 27 37 5 7 3 3 10 Warangal 81 0.60 16.35 12 15 38 47 25 31 6 7 0 0 0 0 Total State 569 -0.15 60.17 62 11% 207 36% 171 30% 94 17% 30 5% 5 1%

Annexure -IX DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER May-2019 to August-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Rise Fall Total No. Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 of Wells Analysed Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % Rise Fall 1 Adilabad 54 0.55 13.01 - - 5 9 22 41 27 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 2 Hyderabad 9 0.25 1.11 5.74 5.74 8 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 8 1 3 Karimnagar 60 0.88 12.62 - - 5 8 25 42 29 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 0 4 Khammam 48 0.28 11.10 0.58 0.58 13 27 15 31 18 38 1 2 0 0 0 0 46 1 5 Mahabubnagar 69 0.13 22.52 0.07 14.72 19 28 18 26 20 29 8 12 1 1 2 3 57 11 6 Medak 50 0.15 45.30 0.42 5.74 11 22 16 32 10 20 5 10 2 4 2 4 37 9 7 Nalgonda 72 0.12 28.95 0.02 2.16 30 42 13 18 12 17 14 19 1 1 0 0 55 15 8 Nizamabad 35 0.95 22.39 - - 4 11 5 14 22 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 9 Ranga Reddy 65 0.17 61.50 0.04 6.49 18 28 22 34 17 26 3 5 0 0 1 2 57 4 10 Warangal 80 0.10 18.50 0.10 0.80 17 21 22 28 33 41 7 9 0 0 0 0 72 7 Total State 542 0.10 61.50 0.02 14.72 130 27% 158 33% 188 40% 38 79% 4 8% 6 13% 476 48

Annexure -X DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER May-2019 to November-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Sl. Rise Fall Total No. District Wells Rise Fall No 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 of Wells Analysed Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % Rise Fall 1 Adilabad 51 0.57 14.70 - - 7 14% 20 39% 24 47% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 51 0 2 Hyderabad 9 0.60 54.92 0.98 6.83 2 29% 3 43% 2 29% 1 50% 0 0% 1 50% 7 2 3 Karimnagar 59 1.25 15.75 1.91 1.91 1 2% 11 19% 46 79% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 58 1 4 Khammam 45 0.99 10.60 2.60 2.60 6 14% 12 27% 26 59% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 44 1 5 Mahabubnagar 67 0.29 34.41 0.41 8.38 9 15% 13 21% 40 65% 2 40% 1 20% 2 40% 62 5 6 Medak 49 0.40 43.82 1.81 1.81 9 20% 6 13% 31 67% 1 100% 0 0% 0 0% 46 1 7 Nalgonda 76 0.50 30.40 - - 20 27% 24 32% 31 41% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 75 0 8 Nizamabad 33 1.60 23.72 - - 1 3% 4 13% 27 84% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 32 0 9 Ranga Reddy 63 0.47 79.41 0.05 6.12 7 11% 11 18% 43 70% 1 50% 0 0% 1 50% 61 2 10 Warangal 78 0.60 32.05 - - 3 4% 13 17% 62 79% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 78 0 Total State 530 0.29 79.41 0.05 8.38 65 13% 117 23% 332 65% 6 50% 2 17% 4 33% 514 12

Annexure -XI DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER May-2019 to January -2020 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Sl. Rise Fall Total No. District Wells Rise Fall No 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 of Wells Analysed Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % Rise Fall 1 Adilabad 53 0.50 13.43 0.21 0.50 15 28 19 36 15 28 2 4 0 0 0 0 49 2 2 Hyderabad 9 0.40 5.85 0.68 6.87 2 22 2 22 3 33 1 11 0 0 1 11 7 2 3 Karimnagar 60 0.69 12.92 - - 9 15 11 18 39 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 0 4 Khammam 43 0.17 7.50 - - 16 37 16 37 11 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 5 Mahabubnagar 67 0.19 28.94 0.23 15.80 14 21 11 16 36 54 2 3 2 3 2 3 61 6 6 Medak 46 0.26 29.23 0.58 17.02 9 20 8 17 20 43 3 7 2 4 1 2 37 6 7 Nalgonda 72 0.11 29.73 0.13 0.92 25 35 16 22 26 36 4 6 0 0 0 0 67 4 8 Nizamabad 34 0.90 17.74 - - 1 3 7 21 25 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 9 Ranga Reddy 66 0.14 41.46 0.04 6.09 14 21 16 24 33 50 1 2 0 0 1 2 63 2 10 Warangal 80 0.35 29.35 1.35 1.35 8 10 26 33 44 55 1 1 0 0 0 0 78 1 Total State 530 0.11 41.46 0.04 17.02 113 23% 132 27% 252 51% 14 61% 4 17% 5 22% 497 23

Annexure -XII DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER May 2018/ May 2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Wells Rise Fall Wells Analys Rise Fall 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Sl. No District ed Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % Rise Fall

1 Adilabad 45 0.06 10.55 0.06 3.08 22 40.74 2 3.7 2 3.7 16 29.63 3 5.56 26 19

2 Hyderabad 10 0.06 4.53 1.01 53.41 3 30 1 10 1 10 4 40 0 1 10 5 5

3 Karimnagar 56 0.05 3.41 0.09 6.62 15 25 1 1.67 0 21 35 16 26.67 3 5 16 40

4 Khammam 47 0.05 4.83 0.04 6.87 17 34 2 4 1 2 24 48 2 4 1 2 20 27

5 Mababoobnagar 69 0.04 12.99 0.02 17.37 17 24.29 2 2.86 3 4.29 21 30 6 8.57 20 28.5 22 47

6 Medak 40 0.48 0.87 0.18 29.39 2 4.44 0 0 0 0 11 24.44 8 17.78 19 42.2 2 38

7 Nalgonda 68 0.03 5.18 0.12 26.63 12 16.22 1 1.35 1 1.35 28 37.8 13 17.57 13 17.57 14 54

8 Nizamabad 28 1.74 20.15 0.32 8.67 3 8.82 2 5.88 1 2.9 7 20.59 9 26.47 6 17.6 6 22

9 Ranga Reddy 60 0.08 7.71 0.06 77.55 4 6.5 0 0 1 1.64 24 39.3 13 21.3 18 29.5 5 55

10 Warangal 74 0.07 5.55 0.05 20.35 24 30.38 3 3.8 1 1.2 23 29.1 9 11.39 14 17.72 28 46 State Figures 497 0.03 20.15 0.02 77.55 119 83% 14 10% 11 8% 179 51% 79 22% 95 27% 144 353

Annexure -XIII DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER August-2018 to August-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Rise Fall Total No. of Wells Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Analysed Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 44 0.13 7.33 0.01 5.61 14 32 3 7 3 7 20 45 1 2 3 7 20 24 2 Hyderabad 9 0.06 2.18 0.10 8.55 3 33 1 11 0 0 4 44 0 0 1 11 4 5 3 Karimnagar 60 0.07 3.90 0.09 5.08 12 20 5 8 0 0 24 40 14 23 1 2 17 39 4 Khammam 50 0.13 0.80 0.10 7.18 9 18 0 0 0 0 26 52 9 18 6 12 9 41 5 Mahbubnagar 70 0.20 26.08 0.02 24.39 17 24 13 19 8 11 18 26 7 10 7 10 38 32 6 Medak 48 0.07 3.24 0.05 45.03 10 21 3 6 0 0 14 29 3 6 17 35 13 34 7 Nalgonda 73 0.01 6.58 0.03 7.40 19 26 3 4 5 7 32 44 7 10 5 7 27 44 8 Nizamabad 34 0.22 5.08 0.32 13.45 4 12 2 6 2 6 13 38 7 21 5 15 8 25 9 Ranga Reddy 71 0.01 12.70 0.13 26.85 27 38 7 10 3 4 16 23 10 14 6 8 37 32 10 Warangal 76 0.07 10.90 0.05 16.75 17 22 2 3 3 4 38 50 9 12 7 9 22 54 Total State 535 0.01 26.08 0.01 45.03 132 68 39 20 24 12 205 62 67 20 58 18 195 330

Annexure –XIV DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER November-2018 to November-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Sl. Rise Fall District Wells Rise Fall Wells No Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 57 0.10 6.68 0.11 2.52 38 81% 4 9% 5 11% 9 90% 1 10% 0 0% 47 10 2 Hyderabad 9 0.14 5.92 3.88 3.88 5 63% 2 25% 1 13% 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% 8 1 3 Karimnagar 59 0.05 10.45 0.05 5.61 19 35% 19 35% 17 31% 3 75% 0 0% 1 25% 55 4 4 Khammam 48 0.07 9.78 0.29 5.43 22 56% 13 33% 4 10% 8 89% 0 0% 1 11% 39 9 5 Mahbubnagar 67 0.06 24.64 0.22 10.53 20 35% 9 16% 28 49% 5 50% 2 20% 3 30% 57 10 6 Medak 48 0.17 12.82 0.03 10.03 11 31% 8 23% 16 46% 8 67% 2 17% 2 17% 35 12 7 Nalgonda 69 0.04 13.20 0.03 5.10 33 60% 10 18% 12 22% 11 79% 2 14% 1 7% 55 14 8 Nizamabad 34 0.42 20.65 0.41 5.54 8 28% 11 38% 10 34% 3 75% 0 0% 1 25% 29 4 9 Ranga Reddy 66 0.10 90.77 1.02 8.29 16 26% 20 32% 26 42% 3 75% 0 0% 1 25% 62 4 10 Warangal 76 0.40 25.05 1.10 2.87 21 28% 27 36% 26 35% 1 50% 1 50% 0 0% 74 2 Total State 533 0.04 90.77 0.03 10.53 193 42% 123 27% 145 31% 51 73% 9 13% 10 14% 461 70

Annexure -XV DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT RANGES FROM ONE PERIOD TO OTHER January -2019 to January -2020 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Sl. Rise Fall District Wells Rise Fall Wells No Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 57 0.05 3.94 0.03 2.90 40 70 4 7 0 0 12 21 1 2 0 0 44 13 2 Hyderabad 9 0.23 4.07 0.21 1.11 3 3 3 3 1 11 2 22 0 0 0 0 7 2 3 Karimnagar 61 0.20 10.47 0.15 1.05 28 46 16 26 14 23 2 3 0 0 0 0 58 2 4 Khammam 46 0.09 3.64 0.15 3.00 26 57 5 11 0 0 14 30 1 2 0 0 31 15 5 Mahbubnagar 67 0.03 22.90 0.05 5.93 20 30 10 15 28 42 6 9 2 3 1 1 58 9 6 Medak 43 0.40 23.08 0.16 17.59 11 26 7 16 10 23 7 16 4 9 3 7 28 14 7 Nalgonda 77 0.03 9.78 0.07 16.76 35 45 11 14 13 17 14 18 2 3 1 1 59 17 8 Nizamabad 35 0.05 12.90 1.45 3.35 10 29 9 26 10 29 2 6 3 9 0 0 29 5 9 Ranga Reddy 67 0.01 55.22 0.03 26.59 15 22 22 33 20 30 6 9 2 3 1 1 57 9 10 Warangal 80 0.10 23.57 0.50 2.62 25 31 24 30 24 30 5 6 1 1 0 0 73 6 Total State 542 0.01 55.22 0.03 26.59 213 48% 111 25% 120 27% 70 76% 16 17% 6 7% 444 92

Annexure -XVI DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION OF WATER LEVEL WITH MEAN AND SELECTED PERIOD 10YEARS Mean( 2009 May-2018 May) -2019/May Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. Rise Fall Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall of Wells Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No %

1 Adilabad 55 0.11 10.15 0.04 6.91 22 40 2 3.64 1 1.82 23 41.82 4 7.27 2 3.64 25 29

2 Hyderabad 10 0.66 4.93 0.97 48.06 4 40 0 0 1 10 2 20 1 10 2 20 5 5

3 Karimnagar 61 0.01 2.54 0.2 11.66 16 26.23 3 4.92 0 0 21 34.43 14 22.95 7 11.48 19 42

4 Khammam 51 0.06 8.35 0.01 5.11 17 33.33 1 1.96 1 1.96 28 54.9 2 3.92 2 3.92 19 32

5 Mahaboobnagar 71 0.03 18.27 0.39 13.97 17 23.94 6 8.45 9 12.68 15 21.13 15 21.13 9 12.68 32 39

6 Medak 46 0.07 1.48 0.12 29.39 2 4.35 0 0 0 0 14 30.43 13 28.26 17 36.96 2 44

7 Nalgonda 80 0.03 4.44 0.05 24.51 25 31.25 4 5 1 1.25 30 37.5 11 13.75 8 10 30 49

8 Nizamabad 36 0.2 6.86 0.21 9.37 6 16.67 0 0 0 0 12 33.33 6 16.67 11 30.56 7 29

9 Ranga Reddy 68 0.03 6.04 0.06 83.34 11 16.18 5 7.35 1 1.47 17 25 10 14.71 24 35.29 17 51

10 Warangal 81 0.01 4.56 0.13 20.25 25 30.86 4 4.94 2 2.47 23 28.4 10 12.35 17 20.99 31 50 State Figure 559 0.01 18.27 0.01 83.34 145 78% 25 13% 16 9% 185 50% 86 23% 99 27% 187 370

Annexure -XVII DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION OF WATER LEVEL WITH MEAN AND SELECTED PERIOD Decadal Mean (August 2009- August 2018) to August-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Rise Fall Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall Wells Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 60 0.04 3.8 0.18 7.13 42 70 7 12 0 0 8 13 2 3 1 2 49 11 2 Hyderabad 9 0.26 4.13 0.08 11.48 2 22 0 0 1 11 2 22 2 22 2 22 3 6 3 Karimnagar 62 0.03 5.33 0.23 5.27 32 52 11 18 1 2 13 21 3 5 2 3 44 18 4 Khammam 50 0.04 7.4 0.03 4.46 26 52 1 2 1 2 16 32 5 10 1 2 28 22 5 Mahbubnagar 71 0.02 20.23 0.07 16.32 24 34 8 11 13 18 14 20 7 10 5 7 45 26 6 Medak 48 0.03 3.17 0.32 32.46 5 10 1 2 0 0 13 27 7 15 22 46 6 42 7 Nalgonda 74 0.03 4.23 0.06 5.12 27 36 10 14 1 1 24 32 10 14 2 3 38 36 8 Nizamabad 37 0.35 14.78 0.22 6.25 10 27 7 19 4 11 8 22 1 3 7 83 21 16 9 Ranga Reddy 71 0.11 3.44 0.01 26.11 15 21 6 8 0 0 18 25 11 15 21 30 21 50 10 Warangal 81 0.19 10.05 0.03 16.24 31 38 7 9 2 2 25 31 7 9 9 11 40 41 Total State 563 0.02 20.23 0.01 32.46 214 72% 58 20% 23 8% 141 52% 55 21% 72 27% 295 268

Annexure -XVIII DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION OF WATER LEVEL WITH MEAN AND SELECTED PERIOD Decadal Mean (November 2009- November 2018) to November-2019 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Rise Fall Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall Wells Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 58 0.05 4.09 0.14 1.5 42 86% 5 10% 2 4% 9 100% 0 0% 0 0% 49 9 2 Hyderabad 9 0.07 2.21 0.53 4.69 5 83% 1 17% 0 0% 1 33% 1 33% 1 33% 6 3 3 Karimnagar 62 0.7 7.64 0.54 5.01 21 36% 26 44% 12 20% 1 33% 1 33% 1 33% 59 3 4 Khammam 48 0.01 5.36 0.1 1.32 30 68% 11 25% 3 7% 4 100% 0 0% 0 0% 44 4 5 Mahbubnagar 70 0.03 25.06 0.01 31.64 20 38% 6 11% 27 51% 10 63% 1 6% 5 31% 53 16 6 Medak 48 0 8.28 0.62 26.69 12 63% 4 21% 3 16% 5 17% 11 38% 13 45% 19 29 7 Nalgonda 87 0.11 9.4 0.09 6.01 44 60% 15 21% 14 19% 12 86% 1 7% 1 7% 73 14 8 Nizamabad 34 0.11 17.92 1.85 2.55 13 41% 9 28% 10 31% 1 50% 1 50% 0 0% 32 2 9 Ranga Reddy 68 0.04 19.71 0.16 14.64 25 60% 8 19% 9 21% 9 35% 12 46% 5 19% 42 26 10 Warangal 79 0.08 14.51 0.15 3.74 26 38% 24 35% 19 28% 8 80% 2 20% 0 0% 69 10 Total State 563 0 25.06 0.01 31.64 238 53% 109 24% 99 22% 60 52% 30 26% 26 22% 446 116

Annexure -XIX DISTRICT WISE FLUCTUATION OF WATER LEVEL WITH MEAN AND SELECTED PERIOD Decadal Mean (January 2010- January 2019) to January -2020 Range of Fluctuation (m ) No of Wells / Percentage Showing Fluctuation No of Total No. of Rise Fall Sl. No District Wells Rise Fall Wells Analysed 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Min Max Min Max No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Adilabad 61 0.09 4.55 0.05 2.4 48 79 2 3 2 3 7 11 2 3 0 0 52 9 2 Hyderabad 9 0.04 1.18 0.01 3.64 5 56 0 0 0 0 2 22 2 22 0 0 5 4 3 Karimnagar 62 0.28 7.42 1.19 4.85 30 48 19 31 8 13 2 3 2 3 1 2 57 5 4 Khammam 46 0.15 7.74 0.1 1.82 30 65 4 9 1 2 11 24 0 0 0 0 35 11 5 Mahbubnagar 68 0.01 21.64 0.02 17.48 20 29 15 22 19 28 7 10 4 6 3 4 54 14 6 Medak 44 0.09 4.67 0.12 23.38 7 16 4 9 3 7 7 16 11 25 12 27 14 30 7 Nalgonda 84 0.01 6.08 0.02 15.25 44 52 14 17 8 10 15 18 1 1 2 2 66 18 8 Nizamabad 35 0.1 10.94 0.52 4.39 13 39 8 23 9 26 3 9 1 3 1 3 30 5 9 Ranga Reddy 73 0.13 6.8 0.14 30.37 22 30 19 26 7 10 8 11 8 11 9 12 48 25 10 Warangal 81 0.06 10.16 0.32 3.39 37 46 15 19 19 53 7 9 3 4 0 0 71 10 Total State 563 0.01 21.64 0.01 30.37 256 59% 100 23% 76 18% 69 53% 34 26% 28 21% 432 131

Annexure XX: District -wise summarized chemical composition of ground water during Pre-monsoon season-2019 (May), Telangana State

DISTRICT STATISTIC pH EC TH Ca Mg Na K CO3 HCO3 Cl NO3 SO4 F TDS Total alkalinity Maximum: 8.14 11250 1060 281 119 2266 40 0 1830 1879 1378 372 3.08 6888 1500 ADILABAD Minimum: 7.00 620 240 40 12 9 0 0 207 14 4 6 0.17 393 170 Average: 7.57 1596 498 106 57 134 6 0 491 183 74 75 1.01 935 402 Maximum: 8.02 1298 480 146 53 143 33 0 488 234 120 76 1.50 818 400 HYDERABAD Minimum: 7.52 648 240 26 16 48 1 0 201 85 7 2 0.45 425 165 Average: 7.81 1021 355 96 28 86 9 0 365 114 69 22 0.83 648 300 Maximum: 7.83 2300 970 172 136 177 56 0 634 298 280 209 2.06 1378 520 KARIMNAGAR Minimum: 7.06 240 105 18 15 10 1 0 31 32 15 3 0.32 169 25 Average: 7.53 1262 463 98 53 80 8 0 365 155 89 62 0.90 768 299 Maximum: 8.65 6680 1410 377 292 920 262 0 848 1588 475 379 4.09 3842 695 KHAMMAM Minimum: 7.27 210 70 6 2 8 1 0 43 21 4 2 0.11 126 35 Average: 7.79 1823 481 102 57 193 30 0 448 258 136 80 0.97 1131 367 Maximum: 8.10 4060 1480 441 190 589 276 0 909 851 456 434 2.90 2329 745 MAHABUBNAGAR Minimum: 6.20 447 85 24 6 20 0 0 85 7 7 1 0.24 300 70 Average: 7.44 1484 475 98 56 129 12 0 361 221 92 74 1.00 904 296 Maximum: 8.17 5000 1240 257 170 593 122 0 726 1305 486 283.9 2.69 2945 595 MEDAK Minimum: 2.20 330 115 28 2.4 13 0.0 0 73 14 8 0.40 0.13 188 60 Average: 7.47 1323 442 83 57 97 4 0 318 190 89 52 0.86 767 261 Maximum: 8.22 5724 1560 345 190 998 406 0 891 1234 400 286 4.00 3413 730 NALGONDA Minimum: 6.50 460 90 10 12 30 1 0 37 35 1 1 0.17 282 30 Average: 7.64 2012 540 119 59 207 27 0 426 360 102 71 1.08 1207 349 Maximum: 7.99 1630 690 204 47 188 115 0 641 238 162 247 3.15 1104 525 NIZAMABAD Minimum: 6.64 780 150 8 23 16 1 0 244 50 20 4 0.17 483 200 Average: 7.31 1087 365 92 33 89 22 0 382 123 68 54 0.77 714 313 Maximum: 8.06 3380 870 240 97 412 202 0 756 383 934 124 2.49 2233 620 RANGA REDDY Minimum: 6.80 270 110 32 2 6 0 0 98 18 5 3 0.30 170 80 Average: 7.58 1327 442 121 34 98 24 0 384 150 110 48 0.87 819 315 Maximum: 8.14 5130 1510 489 159 442 224 0 982 1191 335 313 4.16 2894 805 WARANGAL Minimum: 7.13 630 210 36 12 30 1 0 183 43 14 1 0.38 390 150 Average: 7.64 1486 465 102 51 129 14 0 417 205 96 52 1.26 904 342 Maximum: 8.65 11250 1560 489 292 2266 406 0 1830 1879 1378 434 4.16 6888 1500 STATE FIGURES Minimum: 6.2 210 70 6 2 6 0 0 31 7 1 0.4 0.11 126 25 Average: 7.578 1442.1 452.6 101.7 48.5 124.2 15.6 0 395.7 195.9 92.5 59 0.955 879.7 324.4

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Govt. of India

NH – IV, Faridabad Southern Region Haryana GSI Post, Bandlaguda Tel: 0129-2419105 Hyderabad – 500 068 Website: www.cgwb.gov.in Telangana State

Tel: 040-24225200

Email: [email protected]