DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Paper 777 The Visibility of Power, the Power of Visibility: The 2002 Competition for the Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral ANDREEA MIHALACHE Catholic University of America The Romanian Orthodox Church ultimately can- mentality with power. In an editorial published celled the results of the 2002 architectural com- in 1997 the political analyst Bogdan Ghiu articu- petition for the Patriarchal Cathedral in Bucharest, lates one aspect of this relationship: “The need the fi nal one of a series whose outcome is still for monuments is the need for identity. Urban uncertain due to the changing politics of visibility and architectural monumentality can ambiguously orchestrated by political and ecclesiastical forces. imply either a confi dent or an uncertain identity.”2 The idea of a national cathedral has a history of Building upon this idea, the cathedral has been more than one hundred thirty years and emerged interpreted as a mark of national identity whose at the end of the nineteenth century as a means origins go back to the nineteenth-century centu- to celebrate the state independence in 1877 and ry quest for architectural nationalism.3 However, the new Romanian Kingdom founded in 1881. The contemporary examples, such as Richard Meier’s project was reiterated throughout the fi rst half of Jubilee Church in Rome – a relatively small paro- the twentieth century in order to embody a much chial church – redefi ne the terms of this relation discussed national identity and emphasize the sta- in a new “power of the powerless” approach.4 The tus of the Orthodox Church as the leading Chris- Romanian cathedral provides an unprecedented tian denomination in Romania. As all their previ- opportunity to question and re-interpret conven- ous attempts, the post-communist 1999 and 2002 tional links between authority and architectural competitions were eventually shelved and the na- monumentality. tional Orthodox cathedral became a battlefi eld of ideas between politicians, clergy, architects and Second, and perhaps more importantly, this story civil society. This paper argues that, refl ecting the reveals the moral price of this political game. The changing balance of power between Church and major forces involved – the Church, the architects political forces, the patriarchal cathedral becomes and the political body – lack the moral authority the instrument operated by both the Orthodox hi- to conduct and support its completion. Although erarchy and the political establishment in order the Orthodox Church ranks very high in polls, its to mutually legitimize their authority. Capitaliz- controversial position during the communist re- ing on the high ranking of the Orthodox Church in gime casts a shadow of doubt over its architec- polls, different governments endorse the idea of tural ambitions. Architects, on the other hand, building a national cathedral as part of electoral are generally blamed for not reacting to the mu- propaganda, whereas the Church counts on politi- tilation of Romanian cities and villages by the so- cal alliances to support its projects. 1 cialist administration. As for political parties and public institutions, studies demonstrate that their The narrative of the Romanian cathedral opens repeated failures to fulfi ll people’s expectations multiple directions of study. First, it revisits the have led to a climate of distrust and suspicion. broader theme of associating architectural monu- 778 SEEKING THE CITY BUILDING ROMANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY petual postponements, it confronted the reality of the capital with larger issues that encompass the In an article discussing Romanian nationalism and reevaluation of the city center and contemporary identity issues after the fall of communism Kather- architectural strategies to defi ne national identity. ine Verdery interprets the post-socialist society as It initiated a public debate with broader implica- a fragmented body attempting to build its identity tions for the future of the city, since decision mak- by means of opposition with “the other”.5 Where- ing factors such as members of the clergy, politi- as “the other”, “the enemy” used to be identifi ed cians, and intellectuals were compelled to articu- with the communist party, “them” being opposed late their positions and engage into civic actions. to “us”, its dissolution left behind a void that was substituted by the emergence of forces defi ning A HISTORY OF MISSED OPPORTUNITIES themselves in confrontational terms. Verdery de- scribes the categories of “we” and “they” within For over a century, the idea of a major church in the socialist world as being “elastic” because their the capital of the country has been a recurrent inhabitants could change sides, but the split nev- theme associated with nationalistic and politi- ertheless persisted.6 Vedery argues that after the cal ideals, but it has constantly failed to come to fall of communism “the enemy became “the other completion. Based on centuries-long tradition of others” – other nationalities who existed in greater Romanian kings and princes dedicating churches or smaller numbers in every one of these states” in the aftermath of battles, martyrdoms or radical and it is around them that new defi nitions of na- political changes, the Orthodox Church resorts to tional identities will coagulate.7 The quest for de- custom as the main argument in favor of building fi ning Romanian identity has also been echoed, as a national church,9 maintaining that several major Romanian architectural critics Augustin Ioan and uncelebrated episodes in modern history justify Carmen Popescu maintain, in the history of the the foundation of a patriarchal cathedral.10 patriarchal cathedral.8 The nineteenth century nationalist ideologies generated the imperative to The fi rst event that posited this initiative is the build an original Neo-Romanian style in architec- union of the two Romanian principalities of Vala- ture, endeavor that informed professionals’ imag- chia and Moldavia under Alexandru Ioan Cuza in ination throughout the fi rst half of the twentieth 1859 which creates the premises for the modern century. In this context, designing new Orthodox Romanian state. After being appointed king of the churches, including a cathedral in the capital city, new state in 1866, the German prince Carol of Ho- was part of a strategy to shape Romanian iden- henzollern-Sigmaringen leads the independence tity, and after a fi fty year communist hiatus, simi- war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877-1878. lar ideas are revisited in the recent controversies As the country is declared a freestanding kingdom over the patriarchal cathedral. in 1881, on March 1st the Metropolitan of Bucha- rest invites the key political fi gures to an open dis- This paper builds upon and nuances these differ- cussion on the necessity of building a representa- ent arguments. “The others” are not only “other tive church in the capital city. When the Romanian nationalities”, but also different interests groups Orthodox Church becomes autocephalous in 1885, within the same mosaic. The 2002 architectural a national cathedral is now a matter of celebrating competition with the array of heated arguments, both the new Romanian kingdom and its indepen- public debates, and mutual incriminations that dent Church. A tentative to organize an architec- accompanies it reveals the dynamics of alliances tural competition for “the cathedral of the nation” among the main players. Based on momentary takes place in 1891, but it never comes to comple- interests, these temporary coalitions are defi ned, tion.11 In 1900, a conservative government pass- even if not explicitly as such, in ambiguous terms es the entire responsibility of the project to the of “us – the good” and “them – the evil.” However, Orthodox Church, which raises the protests of the this polarization is more complex since the notions ecclesiastical hierarchy who claims support from of “good” and “evil” are, in practice, interchange- the state in compensation for the expropriations able. The relevance of the 2002 competition is initiated by Alexandru Ioan Cuza who had put the manifold. As the fi rst site-specifi c architectural Church under governmental control.12 response to a one hundred years history of per- THE VISIBILITY OF POWER, THE POWER OF VISIBILITY 779 No progress is made in the next twenty years, the Orthodox faith of the Romanian people after but the end of the First World War, with the geo- communism, redeem the sins of those dark years, graphical and demographical transformations of and construct the image of a renewed country.18 the Romanian state, opens unprecedented per- Invoking the Byzantine tradition of intertwining spectives. Following the Trianon treaty, Romania religious and secular powers, the Church expects acquires Transylvania and two-thirds of the Banat the same governmental support whose recipi- from Hungary, Bukovina from Austria, Bessarabia ent it has been until the end of the Second World from Russia, and consequently its land mass and War.19 Building a representative church becomes population doubles.13 According to a 1930 cen- imminent when the fi rst Christian committed ad- sus, 29.1% of the population consists of minori- ministration comes to power in 1996. The fol- ties, which confronts a former ethnically uniform lowing year, three major periodicals20 cover the country with new identity issues.14 Against this issue of the cathedral, and in 1999, disregarding backdrop, on May 10th 1920, the Saint Synod, in the recommendations provided by architects, en- response to a royal letter, proposes to form a pa- vironmental experts and engineers, the Church tronage committee (which apparently never func- offi cials, supported by political forces (the Town tioned) to support what is now called “The Cathe- Hall and the Ministry of Public Works), organize a dral for the Redemption of the Nation.”15 The shift competition in Piata Unirii (Union Square) – one from “Christ’s Resurrection” as the cathedral’s of the lowest areas of the city, with problematical dedication (as stated in 1881 by the Association traffi c and a high risk of fl ooding.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Woods and Water to the Gran Bazaar: Images of Romania in English Travelogues After Wwi
    LINGUACULTURE 2, 2015 FROM WOODS AND WATER TO THE GRAN BAZAAR: IMAGES OF ROMANIA IN ENGLISH TRAVELOGUES AFTER WWI ANDI SÂSÂIAC Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Abstract Although globalization brings different countries and cultures in closer and closer contact, people are still sensitive when it comes to aspects such as cultural specificity or ethnicity. The collapse of communism and the extension of the European Union have determined an increase of interest in Romania’s image, both on the part of foreigners and of Romanians themselves. The purpose of this paper is to follow the development of Romania’s image in English travelogues in the last hundred years, its evolution from a land of “woods and water” in the pre-communist era to a “grand bazaar” in the post- communist one, with clear attempts, in recent years, to re-discover a more idyllic picture of the country, one that should encourage ecological tourism. The article is also intended to illustrate the extra-textual (historical, economic, cultural) factors that have impacted, in different ways, on this image evolution. Key words: image, cliché, stereotype, travel writing, travelogue, history, power relations Introduction According to Latham jr. (25), immediately after WWI, Romania remained a subject of interest to the English-speaking world because of its war debts and because it was a member of the Little Entente (also comprising Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia). Both the cultural and political life of Romania and its relations with the Western countries took a rather paradoxical turn after the accomplishment of the long standing ideal of Romanian unity in 1918.
    [Show full text]
  • 34516 Stanciu Ion Soseaua Oltenitei Nr. 55, Bloc 2, Scara 3, Apt
    34516 STANCIU ION SOSEAUA OLTENITEI NR. 55, BLOC 2, SCARA 3, APT. 102, Decizie de impunere 290424 05.03.2021 MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 10 34517 DUMITRU MARIAN DRUMUL BINELUI NR. 211-213, BLOC VILA A2, MUNICIPIUL Decizie de impunere 214609 05.03.2021 BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 6 34518 DUMITRU MARIAN DRUMUL BINELUI NR. 211-213, BLOC VILA A2, MUNICIPIUL Decizie de impunere 358763 05.03.2021 BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 6 34519 DUMITRU MIRELA-ROXANA DRUMUL BINELUI NR. 211-213, BLOC VILA A2, MUNICIPIUL Decizie de impunere 281881 05.03.2021 BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 6 34520 ZANFIROAIA CLAUDIA STRADA RAUL SOIMULUI NR. 4, BLOC 47, SCARA 5, ETAJ Decizie de impunere 303649 05.03.2021 2, APT. 69, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 10 34521 DINCA GABRIELA-FLORICA STRADA STRAJA NR. 12, BLOC 52, SCARA 2, ETAJ 5, APT. Decizie de impunere 333194 05.03.2021 96, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 10 34522 COVACI CIPRIAN ANDREI STRADA CONSTANTIN BOSIANU NR. 17, BLOC CORP A, Decizie de impunere 314721 05.03.2021 ETAJ 1, APT. 2A, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 1 34523 COVACI CIPRIAN ANDREI STRADA CONSTANTIN BOSIANU NR. 17, BLOC CORP A, Decizie de impunere 298736 05.03.2021 ETAJ 1, APT. 2A, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB. 1 34524 ENE ADRIAN-ALEXANDRU STRADA VULTURENI NR. 78, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, Decizie de impunere 375182 05.03.2021 SECTORUL 4, SUB. 10 34525 LEVCHENKO IULIIA SOSEAUA GIURGIULUI NR. 67-77, BLOC E, SCARA 3, APT. Decizie de impunere 298024 05.03.2021 87, MUNICIPIUL BUCURESTI, SECTORUL 4, SUB.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume VII, Issue 1
    CES Working Papers – Volume VII, Issue 1 www.ceswp.uaic.ro Volume VII, Issue 2A, 2015 EDITORIAL BOARD SCIENTIFIC BOARD: Doina BALAHUR, Professor PhD, Faculty of Philosophy, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Daniela Luminita CONSTANTIN, Professor PhD, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, President of the Romanian Regional Science Association and member of the Council European Regional Science Association Gabriela DRAGAN, Professor PhD, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, The General Director of the European Institute in Romania Gheorghe IACOB, Professor PhD, Faculty of History, Vice-Rector of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Corneliu IATU, Professor PhD, Dean of Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Ion IGNAT, Professor PhD, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Vasile ISAN, Professor PhD, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Rector of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Gheorghe LUTAC, Professor PhD, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Cosmin MARINESCU, Associate Professor PhD, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Dumitru MIRON, Professor PhD, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania Gabriela Carmen PASCARIU, Professor PhD, Director of Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Carmen PINTILESCU, Professor PhD, Faculty of Economics and
    [Show full text]
  • Partner Description
    Partner Presentation Form Name of the Alexandru Ioan organisation Cuza University of : Iasi, Romania Bulevardul Carol I, Address: Nr.11, 700506, Iaşi, România Tel: +40 232 201000 Fax: +40 232 201201 Web site: http://www.uaic.ro Name of the contact person : Corina Forăscu Function: Assoc. Prof Address: General Berthelot 16, Iasi 700483 Tel: +40 742 952089 Fax: +40 232 201490 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Type of organisation: SME School University Public Authority Training No Profit NGO Other (Specify) Fields of action : SMEs Youth Universities Public Authorities Equal opportunities Schools Unemployed Other (Specify) Description of the organisation Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi is the oldest higher education institution in Romania. Since 1860, the university has been carrying on a tradition of excellence and innovation in the fields of education and research. With over 23.000 students and 742 academic staff, the university enjoys high prestige at national and international level and cooperates with 403 universities world-wide. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University is a member of some of the most important university networks and associations: the Coimbra Group, EUA – European University Association, Utrecht Network, International Association of Universities, University Agency of Francophony and the Network of Francophone Universities (RUFAC). These partnerships offer us the opportunity to experience changes, to have student and teacher mobilities and joint academic, research and strategy programmes. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University became the first student-centered university in Romania, once the Bologna Process was implemented. We believe in the power of individual choice and customized education. Thus, we became the first Romanian university to offer students the opportunity to choose both a major and a minor field of study, in a combination at their choice, that best suits their career goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Halele Carol, Bucharest Observatory Case
    8. Halele Carol (Bucharest, Romania) This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776766 Space for Logos H2020 PROJECT Grant Agreement No 776766 Organizing, Promoting and Enabling Heritage Re- Project Full Title use through Inclusion, Technology, Access, Governance and Empowerment Project Acronym OpenHeritage Grant Agreement No. 776766 Coordinator Metropolitan Research Institute (MRI) Project duration June 2018 – May 2021 (48 months) Project website www.openheritage.eu Work Package No. 2 Deliverable D2.2 Individual report on the Observatory Cases Delivery Date 30.11.2019 Author(s) Alina, Tomescu (Eurodite) Joep, de Roo; Meta, van Drunen; Cristiana, Stoian; Contributor(s) (Eurodite); Constantin, Goagea (Zeppelin); Reviewer(s) (if applicable) Public (PU) X Dissemination level: Confidential, only for members of the consortium (CO) This document has been prepared in the framework of the European project OpenHeritage – Organizing, Promoting and Enabling Heritage Re-use through Inclusion, Technology, Access, Governance and Empowerment. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776766. The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Deliverable
    [Show full text]
  • Informare Consumatori Rechemare Produs
    Data : 04/06/2021 Afișare pâna la data : 22/06/2021 INFORMARE CONSUMATORI RECHEMARE PRODUS Vă informăm că societatea THE FAMILY BUTCHERS ROMÂNIA SRL, a inițiat retragerea de la comercializare a produsului MARTINEL MORTADELLA 90 G, ca măsură de prevenție, urmare unei defecțiuni la o linie de feliere și ambalare, ce nu exclude posibilitatea ca pe suprafața unor produse să existe urme minime de praf de metal. CARREFOUR ROMÂNIA S.A. retrage de pe piață și recheamă de la consumatori următorul produs cu datele de identificare de mai jos. Datele de identificare ale produsului sunt: Denumire produs: MARTINEL MORTADELLA 90 G Furnizor: THE FAMILY BUTCHERS ROMÂNIA SRL Cod EAN: 4006229013551 Lot/DLC: 4478815 / 22.06.21 Se recomandă persoanelor care dețin produse din lotul descris mai sus să nu le consume, ci să le distrugă sau să le aducă înapoi în magazinele de unde le-au cumpărat. Contravaloarea produselor va fi returnată, fără a fi necesară prezentarea bonului fiscal. Pentru informații suplimentare, puteți contacta Carrefour România S.A.: [email protected] Magazin Adresa 017 H PITESTI (094) DN 65B KM 6 + 0.72 LOC. BRADU, JUD. ARGES 130 S PASCANI (173) STR. 1 DECEMBRIE 1918, NR. 62-64 PASCANI, JUD. IASI 080 H SFANTU GHEORGHE(102) STRADA LUNCA OLTULUI , NR. 13 179 S DELFINULUI (709) SOS PANTELIMON,NR 249 BLOC 48 PARTER, BUCURESTI 045 CLB SLAT.CORNIS (120) STR. CORNISEI NR. 11C, JUD OLT 083 S GALATI 11 (079) ALEEA GORUNULUI, NR. 6C COMPLEX COMERCIAL, JUD GALATI 081 S CRAIOVA 9 (137) STR. G-RAL MAGHERU, NR. 130, CRAIOVA, JUD.
    [Show full text]
  • Planul Integrat De Dezvoltare Urbana (Pidu)
    Bucharest Central Area Integrated Urban Development Plan 1. Recovering the urban identity for the Central area. Today, for many inhabitants, the historic center means only the Lipscani area, which is a simplification of history. We are trying to revitalize and reconnect the different areas which constitute the center of Bucharest, from Victory Square to Carol Park, having the quality of urban life for city residents as a priority and trying to create a city brand for tourists and investors. 2. Recovering the central area located south of the Dambovita river. Almost a quarter of surveyed Bucharest residents had not heard of areas like Antim or Uranus, a result of the brutal urban interventions of the 1980s when, after intense demolitions, fragments of the old town have become enclaves hidden behind the high- rise communist buildings. Bridges over Dambovita disappeared, and whole areas south of the river are now lifeless. We want to reconnect the torn urban tissue and redefine the area located south of Dambovita. recover this part of town by building pedestrian bridges over the river and reconstituting the old ways of Rahovei and Uranus streets as a pedestrian and bicycle priority route. 3. Model of sustainable alternative transportation. Traffic is a major problem for the Bucharest city center. The center should not be a transit area through Bucharest and by encouraging the development of rings and the outside belt, car traffic in the downtown area can easily decrease. We should prioritize alternative forms of transportation - for decades used on a regular basis by most European cities: improve transportation connections and establish a network of streets with priority for cyclists and pedestrians to cross the Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Component 1. Elaboration of Bucharest's Iuds, Capital
    ROMANIA Reimbursable Advisory Services Agreement on the Bucharest Urban Development Program (P169577) COMPONENT 1. ELABORATION OF BUCHAREST’S IUDS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Output 3. Urban context and identification of key local issues and needs, and visions and objectives of IUDS and Identification of a long list of projects. Chapter 3. Spatial and Functional Profile March 2021 DISCLAIMER This report is a product of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This report does not necessarily represent the position of the European Union or the Romanian Government. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable laws. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with the complete information to either: (i) the Municipality of Bucharest (Bd. Regina Elisabeta 47, Bucharest, Romania); or (ii) the World Bank Group Romania (Str. Vasile Lascăr 31, et. 6, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania). This report was delivered in March 2021 under the Reimbursable Advisory Services Agreement on the Bucharest Urban Development Program, concluded between the Municipality of Bucharest and the
    [Show full text]
  • The Revitalization of Bucharest's Center Surrounding Areas by Reconverting the Industrial Heritage Bîță, Claudiu
    www.ssoar.info The revitalization of Bucharest's center surrounding areas by reconverting the industrial heritage Bîță, Claudiu Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Bîță, C. (2017). The revitalization of Bucharest's center surrounding areas by reconverting the industrial heritage. Cinq Continents, 7(16), 192-225. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-63442-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Volume 7 / Numéro 16 Hiver 2017 ISSN: 2247 - 2290 p. 192-225 THE REVITALIZATION OF BUCHAREST’S CENTER SURROUNDING AREAS BY RECONVERTING THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Claudiu BÎȚĂ Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest [email protected] Sommaire: 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 194 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 196 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in an Independent Romania
    E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Vol 8 No 2 ISSN 2281-3993 July 2019 Interdisciplinary Studies . Research Article © 2019 Giuseppe Motta. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in an Independent Romania Giuseppe Motta Doi: 10.2478/ajis-2019-0012 Abstract The history of antisemitism in Romania is strictly connected to the religious and cultural framework of those territories, as well as to their political integration from the age of emancipation and independence to the establishment of a Greater Romania after World War I. This article aims to analyse the different intersections of this historical process and the continuity between the old forms of anti-judaism and their re-interpretation according to modernist dynamics during the first half of the Twentieth-Century. The Romanian case illustrates the transformation and re-adapting of old religious prejudice in new doctrines of xenophobia, nationalism and antisemitism. Keywords: Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, Nationalism, Romania, Marginalization 1. Introduction. The Birth of Romania and the Question of Citizenship When studying Romanian contemporary history, a scholar is inevitably destined to meet with the question of anti-Semitism and the Jewish conditions in Romania. This is quite obvious when considering the interwar years or the Second World War, but a serious analysis could not help focusing attention on the previous century, when Romania became independent. This State was formed by two Romanian principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been under Ottoman sovereignty until the nineteenth century, when they fell under Russian influence and experienced the national awakening that led to the 1848 revolution in Wallachia and to the first union under Alexandru Ioan Cuza in 1859 (Georgescu 1992; Hitchins 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Domnul Unirii LEGENDE POPULARE
    Alexandru Ioan 1 Domnul Unirii LEGENDE POPULARE „Cuza, ăla domn! El a făcut multe bunătăți pântru noi și ne-a iubit mai abitir ca un părinte. Dă nu era el, nu mai aveam azi pământ și tot clăcași era să murim“. I. A. Candrea, Ov. Densușianu, Th. D. Speranția, „Graiul nostru. Texte din toate părțile locuite de români”, București, 1906-1907. Texte din fondurile documentare ale Institutului de Etnografie Și Folclor „Constantin Brăiloiu” — arhivA multimedia și bibliotecĂ — Alexandru Ioan Cuza Principele Românilor Principesa Elena Cuza CUZA FUGAR ÎN PĂDUREA FEDEȘTILOR, COMUNA ȚIFU, JUDEȚUL FĂLCIU uza a fost cel mai bun domnitor. El a făcut toate bunătățile în țara noastră: a dezrobit robii, a slobozit moșiile ridicând ponturile (munca în jumătate la boieri);� moșiile călugărești care erau stăpânite în pustiu de greci, le-a luat la stat; măsurile, care până la el erau false, le-a făcut drepte. Oca a făcut-o de patru litre, iar banița de 12 oca vechi. A făcut șosele și poduri și chiar podul de la pescărie, din târgul Bârladului, tot el l-a tocmit. A făcut biserici și școli pentru învățătură. Cuza e al doilea în fapte, după Ștefan vodă cel sfânt. Cuza era milostiv și mare făcător de bine. Ajuta pe văduve și pe nevoiași și cel ce alerga la dânsul găsea totdeauna ajutorință, Pomeni a făcut și pe aice în Țifu, căci pe aice trecea când mergea la Banca, la Iordache Lambrino la Fedești, la Scarlat Lambrino și la Stoisești, la Scarlat Mavrogheni, cu care era neam. Eram fecior în casă la Scarlat Lambrino și îl cunosc bine pe Cuza.
    [Show full text]
  • Entrepreneurial Motivations in the European Union Countries: an Empirical Approach
    Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy Vol.6 (2018) no.1, pp.9-31; DOI 10.25019/MDKE/6.1.01 ISSN 2392-8042 (online) © Faculty of Management (SNSPA) Entrepreneurial Motivations in the European Union Countries: An Empirical Approach Valentina Diana RUSU Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 54 Lascar Catargiu St., 700107, Iași, RO [email protected] Angela ROMAN Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 11 Carol I Boulevard, 7005067, Iași, RO [email protected] Abstract. Entrepreneurship is considered a significant determinant for the economic development of a country but is also important for new job creation and innovation. Understanding and examining the factors which affect the decision of individuals to become entrepreneurs play a significant role for the decision makers in order to identify the adequate measures that can support and develop the entrepreneurial activity. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key factors that determine entrepreneurial motivations of individuals, but also to analyze empirically the impact of these factors for a sample of 18 countries members of the European Union, for a period between 2002 and 2015. We performed our empirical analysis using data offered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Bank. We used panel data regression models. As dependent variables for our econometric models, we used, alternatively, total entrepreneurial activity rate, necessity driven entrepreneurial activity, and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity. As regards the independent variables considered, we took into account six macroeconomic indicators and four indicators which measure the perceptions and attitudes regarding entrepreneurship. The results of the panel data regression models show that the entrepreneurial motivations are influenced by the level of economic development of a country and total tax rate (only necessity entrepreneurs), unemployment rates, inflation rates and access to financial resources.
    [Show full text]