14th edition (2015).

Genus Hübner, 1818

Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic] 1: 31 ([3] + 4-6 + [7] + 8-32 + [33] - [40] pp.) Augsburg. Type-: Papilio forestan Stoll, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935, in Carpenter, 1935 (Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 436 (313-447)).

= Rhopalocampta Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 47 (55 pp.). Type-species: Papilio forestan Stoll, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 263 (91-293).).

An Afrotropical genus of 15 large skippers. Generic characters (Chiba, 2009): Sexes alike. Antenna half as long as costa; apiculus one-fifth length of shaft. Wing venation: Forewing: vein 1b curved downwards; vein 6 slightly curved near origin; vein 5 arising nearer to vein 6 than to vein 4; vein 3 arising more or less distad to vein 10; discocellular vein faint; cell two- thirds length of costa. Hindwing: vein 7 arising mid vein 3 and vein 2; vein 5 faint or absent; discocellular vein faint; cell less than half wing length. Wings without hyaline spot or secondary sexual character. Abdomen shorter than hindwing, with dark hair tuft on intersegmental membrane between 8th tergite and tegumen.

Cock (2010: 60) states that, based on the early stages, there appears to be no essential differences between the genera Coeliades and Pyrrhiades. He thus implies that the latter may be a synonym of the former.

*Coeliades bixana Evans, 1940 Dark Blue Policeman

Coeliades bixana Evans, 1940. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 48: 411 (405-411).

Coeliades bixana. Male (Wingspan 48 mm). Left: upperside; right: underside. Kakum Forest, . 20 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”.

1 Distribution: , , Ghana, (south), , Congo, , , Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Aburi (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: The dark blue policeman inhabits primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce whose habits are apparently similar to those of (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Fontaine, 1988 [larva and pupa; Democratic Republic of Congo].

Larval food: sp. () [Fontaine, 1988; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) [Lepesme, 1947; regarded to be erroneous by Cock, 2010: 54]. Triaspis odorata (Willd.) A.Juss. () [Vuattoux, 1999; Lamto, Ivory Coast].

bixae Clerck, 1759. [preoccupied (Larsen, 2005a)].

*Coeliades chalybe (Westwood, 1852) Blue Policeman

Ismene chalybe Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal 515 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London.

Type locality: [West Africa]: “Guinea (not America)”. Distribution: , Gambia, Guinea, , , Ivory Coast, Ghana, , (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, , (van de Weghe, 2010), Angola, to , (Kielland, 1990d), and . Recorded, erroneously, from Gambia according to Larsen (2005a) but given for Gambia by Emms & Barnett (2006). Habitat: Occurs in the dense undergrowth of both primary and secondary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Forest and riverine vegetation from 700 to 1 800 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The blue policeman is quite a common (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is very powerful and specimens settle on the underside of leaves. It is rather reluctant to fly and is usually only seen when disturbed from its roost in dense forest (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes feed from flowers on forest edges or along forest roads, especially in the early morning, late afternoon or on dull days (Larsen, 1991c). A male has been observed feeding from bird droppings (Larsen, 2005a). Males have been observed patrolling along forest paths (Cock, 2010). Early stages:

Cock, 2010: 25

Larval food: longifolius (= smeathmanni) (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Malpighiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Acridocarpus species (Malpighiaceae) [M. Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c: 389]. Apocynaceae [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Asclepiadaceae]. sp. (Apocynaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975]. (Apocynaceae) [A. Atkins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 389]. L. (cocoa) (Sterculiaceae) [Mayne, 1917; Smith, 1965].

Coeliades chalybe chalybe (Westwood, 1852)

Ismene chalybe Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera 515 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London. 2

Type locality: [West Africa]: “Guinea (not America)”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, to Uganda, Kenya (west) (Evans, 1937), Tanzania (north), and Angola. Recorded, erroneously, from Gambia according to Larsen (2005a) but given for Gambia by Emms & Barnett (2006). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a; very rare). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Gamba (van de Weghe, 2010); Rabi (van de Weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); Mboumie (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Kongou (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (van de Weghe, 2010); Kebiri and camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (van de Weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Dabaga (Kielland, 1990d).

Coeliades chalybe immaculata Carpenter, 1935

Coeliades chalybe immaculata Carpenter, 1935. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 404 (313- 447).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Alanga R. 6° 54', 35° 15' 2700'”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Alanga River (TL).

*Coeliades fervida (Butler, 1880)

Hesperia fervida Butler, 1880. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 5: 339 (333-344, 384-395).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Fianarantsoa”. Distribution: Madagascar (east, south-east, central). Specific localities: Madagascar – Fianarantsoa (TL). Habitat: Forest and forest margins (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages:

Cock, 2010: 55. [probable larva].

Larval food: Nothing published.

*Coeliades fidia Evans, 1937

Coeliades fidia Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 13 (212 pp.).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascar (Mocoatana)”.

3 Distribution: Madagascar (east, central, west). Specific localities: Madagascar – Mocoatana (TL); Maevatanana (Lees et al., 2003). Habitat: Unknown (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

* (Stoll, [1782])# Striped Policeman

Scent-marking males of the Striped Policeman ( Coeliades forestan) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall

Papilio Plebeius Urbicola forestan Stoll, 1782 in Stoll, [1780-2]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 4 [part]: x (29-252). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Ismene florestan Cramer. Trimen, 1866a. [misspelling of species name] Hesperia forestan (Cramer, 1782). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Coliades forestan Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misspelling of genus name] Coeliades forestan (Stoll, 1782). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades forestan (Stoll, 1782). Pringle et al., 1994: 309.

Coeliades forestan forestan. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tswaing Crater, Province, . 8 May 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

4

Coeliades forestan forestan. Female (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 December 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Witbroek-konstabel (). Type locality: [Africa]: “Cote de Bengal”. [False locality.] Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, , Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, , , Ethiopia, , Kenya, Tanzania, , , , , , , South Africa, Swaziland, , Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Comoro Islands, Seychelles (Lawrence, 2010), Cape Verde Islands (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Shows a wide ecological tolerance, being found in both wet primary forest and very dry savanna, such as the Kalahari in southern Africa. Perhaps commonest in moist savanna (woodland). Also recorded from grassland in South Africa (southern Gauteng and eastern ). In Tanzania the species occurs from sea-level to 2 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Subspecies arbogastes occurs in unnatural grasslands, forest margins and the littoral zone in Madagascar (Lees et al., 2003). Habits: This is the most widespread and common species of the genus Coeliades in the Afrotropics (Larsen, 1991c). Usually single specimens are encountered (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is powerful and skipping. It often investigates a stand of , then dashes rapidly to the next clump of vegetation (Larsen, 1991c). Individuals are active from early in the morning to late in the evening. Flowers (e.g. Tridax (Larsen, 2005a) and muddy spots are regularly visited. Specimens will also settle on perspiring humans (Larsen, 1991c). Males are known to show hilltopping behaviour. Hilltopping behaviour is not pronounced, males seldom remaining on the hilltop for any length of time. Males also sometimes establish territories on the flats (Pringle et al., 1994). Specimens often roost on the undersurface of leaves (Larsen, 1991c). Kielland (1990) notes that males are attracted to bird droppings on rocks in riverbeds. Further observations on feeding behaviours are reported by Farquharson (1921: 406) and in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1916, p. lxxx and 1917, p. lxxviii. Scent-marking behaviours by males were reported by Williams & Woodhall (2006), apparently the first time such behaviour has been reported in Lepidoptera. Flight period: All year but scarcer in the winter months in temperate areas. Early stages:

Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889, Vol. 3: 369 [as Hesperia Forestan (Cramer); ex King William’s Town, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa]. “Larva. Pale-yellow, with purplish or crimson transverse bands. Head brick-red or yellowish, with two frontal rows of black spots – the upper row of six, the lower of five; mandibles black. Each segment with a deep crimson or purplish transverse median band; the yellow ground between these bands crossed by two narrow streaks of the same colour. Anal segment with three somewhat angulated black marks. Above spiracles a series of rather elevated yellowish spots. Legs black; pro-legs deep yellow or orange. About an inch in length, but variable in size. Feeds on Robinia pseud-acacia (and probably on Erythrina caffra), fastening the pinnae of a leaf together with silk and feeding in the shelter thus formed. – J.P. Mansel Weale, in epist. Pupa. Pale greyish-green, covered with a dense chalky-white efflorescence; first three dorsal segmental incisions of abdomen yellow. Under surface with nine small black spots, viz., one on each eye-case, one (rather smaller) on middle line of haustellum, two (not so widely apart as those on eyes) on middle pair of legs, two (very minute) on third pair of legs, not so widely apart as the two preceding them, and two (larger than the rest and sub- rhomboidal) on wing-covers, a little more widely apart than those on eyes. Spiracles linear, black. Head with an acute, median, superior, small, short, slender black projection; a similar projection, rather dorsal than lateral, on each side of collar of thorax, and a little below it, on shoulder, three black dots arranged triangularly. Anal

5 projection blackish. Length ¾ inch; greatest width (across base of abdomen and wing-covers) ¼ inch. (Described from a King William’s Town example sent to me by Mr. Mansel Weale, from which the imago emerged on 24 th March 1873.). I have also reared a ♂ imago from a similar pupa received from Colonel Bowker (D’Urban, Natal) in March 1881. (Plate II. Fig. 6a). Mr. Weale wrote in 1873 that his Robinia trees at Brooklyn, near King William’s Town, were covered with the larvae of Forestan, which completely riddled the clusters of leaves within which they fed.”

Aurivillius, 1925

Murray, 1932: 584 (S. A. J. of Sci. 29: 584-588).

Darlow, 1949b.

Pinhey, 1949.

Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: plate 1 [as Coeliades forestan; Durban, KwaZulu-Natal]. “Egg: Laid singly on leaf or young shoot-stem, 0,8 mm diam. by 0,5 mm high, with 15 to 17 longitudinal ribs breaking into a series of beads near the micropyle and cross-braced by 25 to 32 very thin staggered ribs. The surface is covered with rows of small indentations. The larva emerges after 9 days. Larva: 1st instar 1,75 to 3,5 mm in 4 days; 2 nd instar 3,5 to 6 mm in 3 days; 3 rd instar 6 to 10 mm in 3 days; 4 th instar 10 to 16 mm in 4 days; 5th instar 16 to 35 mm in 7 days. Instars of variable duration. There is slight variation in colour. Sometimes an extra instar occurs between the 4 th and final instars. Larva bends over the side of a leaf and secures it with silk to form a cache in which it lives, crawling out at intervals to feed. Pupa: 22 to 23 mm. Emergence after 17 days. Pupation takes place within a cache formed by binding leaves together. Pupa is usually covered with a white powdery substance. The species is multi-brooded. Recorded from eggs and larvae from Durban.”

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 55 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Cock, 2010: 32

Coeliades forestan egg. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) [Peacock, 1913[. Canavalia ensiformis (= gladiata) (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) [Smee, 1944; Malawi]. Canavalia (Fabaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975; ?East Africa]. Cassia sp. (Fabaceae) [Fontaine, 1988; DRC]. Cassipourea congoensis DC. (Rhizophoraceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast]. sp. (Combretaceae) [Gifford, 1965; Malawi] Sond. (Combretaceae) [Murray, 1932; South Africa]. Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis (Combretaceae) [Murray, 1932; South Africa]. Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (Combretaceae) (exotic) [Williams, 1996: 135; as Quisqualis indica L.; Pretoria, Gauteng]. Combretum microphyllum Klotsch (Combretaceae) [Otto et al., 2013: 72]. Combretum paniculatum Vent. (Combretaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; East Africa]. Conchocarpus (Rutaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Crotalaria spp. (Fabaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; East Africa]. Dioclea hexandra (= reflexa) Hook.f. (Fabaceae) [Vauttoux, 1999; Ivory Coast].

6 schimperi (Decne.) Bullock (Apocynaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Marsdenia schimperi (Dac.) Bull.]. Dregea species (Apocynaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 390]. Erythrina caffra Thunb. (Fabaceae) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 369; probably]. Geranium (Geraniaceae) [Pinhey, 1965]. Gossypium (Malvaceae) [Le Pelley, 1959; Tanzania]. sp. (Fabaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1974; ?Kenya]. Indogofera arrecta Hochst ex A. Rich. (Fabaceae) [Cock, 2010; Kenya] Indigofera tinctoria L. (Fabaceae) [Cock, 2010; Kenya]. sericeus (Poir.) Knuth ex DC (Fabaceae) [Roberts, 1969; Nigeria]. Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae) (exotic) [Forsyth, 1966; Ghana]. Marsdenia senegalensis (Apocynaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. (Fabaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975; ?East Africa]. Millettia rhodantha Baill. (Fabaceae) [Vauttoux, 1999; Ivory Coast]. Planch. ex Benth. (Chrysobalanaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 309]. Phaseolus sp. (Fabaceae) [Pinhey, 1965; ?Southern Africa]. bussei (Harms) Schrire (Fabaceae) [Cock, 2010; Kenya; as Lonchocarpus bussei]. Philenoptera cyanescens (= Lonchocarpus cyanescens) (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty (Fabaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast]. Philenoptera sutherlandii (Harv.) Schrire (Fabaceae) [Murray, 1932; as species of Millettia; South Africa]. (Klotzsch) Schrire (Fabaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 309; as Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe]. Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC. (Fabaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast]. Quisqualis species (Combretaceae) [Kielland, 1990d]. L. (Fabaceae) (exotic) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 369; as Robinia pseud-acacia]. Sesamus species (Fabaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Sesbania spp. [Van Someren, 1974: 324; East Africa]. Scop. (Solanaceae) (exotic) [Murray, 1932; South Africa]. Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) (exotic) [Frempong & Buahin, 1978; Ghana]. Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.deVilliers & D.J.Botha (Malpighiaceae) [Murray, 1959; as Sphedamnocarpus rhemanii; South Africa]. Terminalia (Combretaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975; ?East Africa]. Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) [Williams, 1989; Mauritius]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Peacock, 1913; Nigeria]. Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. (Malpighiaceae) [Swanepoel, 1953: 285; as Triapis leendertziae; Potgietersrus, Province; oviposition only]. Triaspis odorata (Willd.) A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast].

References: Lawrence, 2009 [Notes on the species in Seychelles]. Williams & Woodhall, 2006 [Scent-marking behaviours].

Coeliades forestan forestan (Stoll, [1782])#

Papilio Plebeius Urbicola forestan Stoll, 1782 in Stoll, [1780-2]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 4 [part]: x (29-252). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Ismene florestan Cramer. Trimen, 1866a. [misspelling of species name] Hesperia forestan (Cramer, 1782). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Coliades forestan Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misspelling of genus name] Coeliades forestan (Stoll, 1782). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades forestan forestan (Stoll, 1782). Pringle et al., 1994: 309.

7

Coeliades forestan forestan. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tswaing Crater, Gauteng Province, South Africa. 8 May 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Coeliades forestan forestan. Female (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 December 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Africa]: “Cote de Bengal”. [False locality.] Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, , North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Province), Swaziland, Lesotho, Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Comoro Islands, Seychelles (granitic islands) (Lawrence, 2010), Cape Verde Islands (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Gabon – Mount Cristal (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope National Park (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa and Langoue in Ivindo National Park (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka National Park, Bateke Plateau (van de Weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge, Mwunilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Chilanga (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mount Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mount Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Ramatlabama (R. Plowes vide Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Bain’s Drift (Larsen, 1991l); near Selibe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l); Francistown (Larsen, 1991l); Nata (Larsen, 1991l); near Gweta (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kachekawbe (Larsen,

8 1991l); Chobe (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Maun (Larsen, 1991l); Etsha 6 (Larsen, 1991l); Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l); Sepupa (Larsen, 1991l); Tsodilo Hills (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [- 23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelspoort Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953); Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Kroonstad (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Kokstad (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – King William’s Town (Trimen & Bowker, 1889); Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Pringle et al., 1994); Bedford (E. Pringle). Swaziland – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).. Lesotho – Maseru (Swanepoel, 1953). Mauritius – Widespread but not common (Davis & Barnes, 1991). Seychelles – Mahe (Lawrence, 2010); Cousine Island (Lawrence, 2010), La Digue (Lawrence, 2014), Aride (Lawrence, 2014).

Coeliades forestan arbogastes (Guenée, 1863)

Thymele arbogastes Guenée, 1863. In: Maillard, L., Notes sur l’Ile de la Reunion 2: 19 (1-72), Paris. [2nd edition].

Type locality: [Madagascar]: “Reunion” [False locality]. Distribution: Madagascar, Seychelles (southern Aldabra island group) (Lawrence, 2010). Erroneously listed for Reunion (Legrand, 1965) and Mauritius (Williams, 2007) according to Lawrence (2014). Specific localities: Madagascar – Antananarive (Butler, 1879). Seychelles – Cosmoledo (Lawrence, 2010).

margarita Butler, 1879 (as sp. of Hesperia). Cistula Entomologica 2: 392 (389-394). Madagascar: “Antananarive”.

*Coeliades hanno (Plötz, 1879) Three-pip Policeman

Ismene hanno Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 363 (353-364).

9

Coeliades hanno. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Entebbe, Uganda. 2 Apr 73. Rev. H. Falke. (Henning collection – H1).

Type locality: Ghana: “Accra”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome), Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kielland, 1990d), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Accra (TL); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Lake Evaro (van de Weghe, 2010). Uganda – Entebbe (male illustrated above). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d); Kampisa (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Ipumba (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Known only from Nsakaluba in the Luapula Valley (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest and dense savanna (Heath et al., 2002). Also secondary forest with an intact canopy (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania in riverine forest from 800 to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes are attracted to flowers and males have been seen on bird droppings (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Acridocarpus sp. (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Flabellaria paniculata Cav. (Malpighiaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast].

necho Plötz, 1884 (as sp. of Ismene). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45: 63 (51-66). “Guinea”.

tripunctata Aurivillius, 1925 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ab. of Rhopalocampta necho). Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 509 (614 pp.). No locality.

*Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren, 1857)# Red-tab Policeman

10

Feeding male of the Red-tab Policeman (Coeliades keithloa) Image courtesy Steve Woodhall

Rhopalocampta keithloa Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 48 (55 pp.). Ismene keithloa Wallengren. Trimen, 1866a. Hesperia keithloa (Wallengren, 1857). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Coliades keithloa Wallengren. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misspelling of genus name] Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren, 1857). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren, 1857). Pringle et al., 1994: 309. Coeliades keithloa keithloa (Wallengren, 1857). Chiba, 2009. Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren, 1857). Cock, 2010.

Coeliades keithloa. Male (Wingspan 62 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 23 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Coeliades keithloa. Female (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 December 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Rooibroek-konstabel (Afrikaans). 11 Type locality: [South Africa]: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/k). Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). Recorded, in error, from Mozambique by Congdon et al., 2010. Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Mpaphuli Cycad Reserve (A. Coetzer, pers. comm. – larvae found here on racemosa). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Trimen, 1862); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Umhlanga Rocks (Dickson & Kroon, 1978); Ngoye Forest (A. Coetzer, pers. comm.). Eastern Cape Province – East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Elizabeth (Pringle, et al., 1994). Habitat: Coastal forest. Habits: A relatively common species. Flies from early morning to late evening. The flight is rapid and irregular. Males establish territories in clearings and on forest edges. Flight period: All year but much scarcer in the colder months. Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 373 [as Hesperia Keithloa; Durban, KwaZulu-Natal]. “I have the skins of two pupae sent to the Museum by Colonel Bowker from D’Urban in August 1881, from one of which the imago emerged in the following October. They are very like the pupa of Forestan, being covered with a dense white efflorescence, but their colouring beneath this is dark-red instead of pale-greenish.”

Aurivillius, 1925.

Murray, 1932: 584. [S.A. Journal of Science 29: 584].

Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: plate 2 [as Coeliades keithloa; Umhlanga Rocks and Durban, KwaZulu-Natal]. “Egg: Laid singly on leaf, 1,0 mm diameter by 0,75 mm high. There are some 20 longitudinal ribs, breaking up into small beads near the micropyle. Between the ribs there are rows of small indentations. Larva emerges after 7 days. The egg-shell is not eaten. Larva: 1st instar 1,25 to 3,5 mm in 10 days; 2 nd instar 3,5 to 7,5 mm in 10 days; 3rd instar 7,5 to 10 mm in 12 days; 4 th instar 10 to 16 mm in 13 days; 5th instar 16 to 28 mm in 13 days; 6th instar 28 to 46 mm in 16 days. The whole of the larval state is spent in caches, which are formed by the larva folding over a leaf. Pupation takes place within the final cache. Pupa: 24 mm; imago emerging after 16 days, but the period much longer in cold weather. The species is multi-brooded.”

Pringle et al., 1994: 310. Larvae draw the edges of the 15 cm leaves of the foodplant together with silk and forage for food from this shelter.

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 58 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Larval food: Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Murray, 1932]. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. () [Murray, 1932].

stella Trimen, 1862 (as sp. of Ismene). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (3) 1: 287 (279-291). South Africa: “Port Natal”.

tancred Plötz, 1884 (as sp. of Ismene). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45: 62 (51-66). South Africa: “Natal”.

*Coeliades lorenzo Evans, 1947# Eastern Red-tab Policeman

12

Feeding male of the Lorenzo Red-tab Policeman ( Coeliades lorenzo) Image courtesy Raimund Schutte

Coeliades keithloa lorenzo Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13: 641 (641-648). Coeliades keithloa lorenzo Evans, 1946. Pringle et al., 1994: 309. [date of authorship erroneous] Coeliades lorenzo Evans, 1947. Henning et al., 1997: 59. Stat. n. Coeliades keithloa lorenzo Evans, 1947. Chiba, 2009. [Ignores Henning et al., 1997] Coeliades lorenzo Evans, 1947. Cock, 2010. Stat. rev.

Coeliades lorenzo. Male (Wingspan 62 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 29 November 1993. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Maputo Policeman; Oostelike Rooibroek-konstabel (Afrikaans). Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Rikatia, 25 miles north of Lorenzo Marques [Maputo]”. : Originally described as a subspecies of keithloa by Evans in 1947. Raised to species level by Henning et al. in 1997. Diagnosis: Close to Coeliades keithloa but upperside ground colour paler and underside with more extended red tornal area (Henning et al., 1997). Shape of valves of male genitalia distinctive (Pringle et al., 1994: 310). Distribution: Mozambique (south), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Specific localities: Mozambique – Rikatia, 25 miles north of Maputo (TL). Limpopo Province – Wolkberg (Henning et al., 1997). Mpumalanga – Kruger National Park (Henning et al., 1997); Swadini in Blydepoort N.R. (Henning et al., 1997); Timbavati Nature Reserve (Sharp, 2011). KwaZulu-Natal – Corridor between Ndumo and Tembe (Pringle et al., 1994); Emanguzi Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Henning et al., 1997); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ngoye Forest (A. Coetzer, pers. comm.). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). 13 Habitat: Coastal forest and heavily-wooded savanna. Habits: Flies rapidly, from dawn until dusk (Pringle et al., 1994). Often observed feeding from flowers, and occasionally at mud puddles. Males establish and defend territories by patrolling to and fro (Henning et al., 1997). Flight period: Flies all year but is much scarcer in winter. Commonest in late summer and autumn (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Woodhall, in Henning et al., (1997: 59) [Tembe Elephant Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa]. Final (putative fifth) instar larva ground colour velvety black, fading to maroon ventrally. First 11 segments each with two white transverse dorsal bands; anterior band unbroken and posterior band broken mid- dorsally and extending almost to spiracle laterally; only one white band present on segments 12 and 13 (the posterior band). Segments 4-13 with two orange-yellow transverse dorsal bands, behind white bands. Spiracles white. Larva attains a length of 40 mm. Pupa 20 mm long; pinkish white but covered with bluish white powder; adult appendages slightly darker pink. Eggs are laid singly on a leaf of the foodplant. The final instar larva spends the daylight hours inside an untidy shelter constructed from the long thin leaves of the foodplant held together by silk threads. Pupation occurs inside the shelter, the pupa being attached by the cremaster and a silk girdle.

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 60 (photograph of final instar larva).

Larval food: Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert (Malpighiaceae) [Henning et al., 1997: 60]. Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. (Malpighiaceae) [Sharp, 2011: 22; Timbavati Nature Reserve]. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae) [A. Coetzer, Ngoye Forest (pers. comm.)].

*Coeliades menelik (Ungemach, 1932)

Rhopalocampta menelik Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 99 (1- 122). Coeliades keithloa menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995. Coeliades menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Chiba, 2009:37. Coeliades menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Cock, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Lilmo, dans la pays de Sayo”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 1991c: 391), Kenya, Tanzania. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Coeliades menelik menelik (Ungemach, 1932)

Rhopalocampta menelik Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 99 (1- 122). Coeliades keithloa menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995. Coeliades menelik menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Chiba, 2009: 37. Coeliades menelik menelik (Ungemach, 1932). Cock, 2010.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Lilmo, dans la pays de Sayo”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west), Sudan (south), Uganda (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 1991c: 391). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Lilmo (TL).

Coeliades menelik merua Evans, 1947

Coeliades keithloa merua Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13: 643 (641-648).

14 Coeliades keithloa merua Evans, 1947. Ackery et al., 1995. Coeliades menelik merua Evans, 1947. Chiba, 2009: 37. Coeliades menelik merua Evans, 1947. Cock, 2010.

Type locality: Kenya: “Meru”. Distribution: Kenya (north-eastern slopes of Mt Kenya, below 1 700 m). Specific localities: Kenya – Meru (TL); Nyambeni (Larsen, 1991c).

*Coeliades kenya Evans, 1937

Coeliades kenya Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 14 (212 pp.). Coeliades keithloa kenya Evans, 1937. Evans, 1947. Coeliades keithloa kenya Evans, 1937. Ackery et al., 1995. Coeliades kenya Evans, 1937. Henning et al., 1997. Coeliades menelik kenya Evans, 1937. Chiba, 2009: 37 stat. nov. [Ignores Henning et al., 1997] Coeliades kenya Evans, 1937. Cock, 2010: 48 stat. rev.

Type locality: Kenya: “Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (north coast, inland to Mt Kilimanjaro). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); Watamu (Larsen, 1991c); Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Diani Beach (Cock, 2010). Tanzania – Mount Kilimanjaro (Evans); Hasama Forest in Mbulu (Kielland, 1990d; sight record). Early stages:

M.J.W. Cock, in Larsen, 1991c: 391. Noted that the larvae of subspecies kenya differ from those of keithloa.

Cock, 2010: 49.

Larval food: Acridocarpus glaucescens Engl. (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Acridocarpus zanzibaricus A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Acridocarpus zanzibaricum]. Combretum species (Combretaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 391]. Dregea species (Apocynaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 391; as Marsdenia species]. Rourea orientalis Baill. (Connaraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Bryocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Bak.].

* (Druce, 1875)# Spotless Policeman

Ismene libeon Druce, 1875. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 416 (406-417). Hesperia unicolor (Mabille, 1877). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. [Synonym of Coeliades libeon] Coliades libeon Druce. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misspelling of genus name] Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875). Pringle et al., 1994: 308. Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875). Henning et al., 1997: 54.

15

Coeliades libeon. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 29 April 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Vaal konstabel (Afrikaans). Type locality: Angola: “Angola”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (except north), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (north – single record; probably a vagrant), Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). The species is marginal in South Africa. Most probably migrants from the north occasionally establish temporary populations. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Lamto (Larsen, 2005a); Danane (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Agege near Lagos (Larsen et al., 1980); Butatong and Boggo in Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Rabi (van de Weghe, 2010); Akaka (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Koungou (van de Weghe, 2010); Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010); Lastoursville (van de Weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); Ekouyi and camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (van de Weghe, 2010). Angola – Pungo Andongo (Plötz, 1884). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Coast (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); Cherangani Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Locally common the west and north but much rarer in the east (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi area (Heath et al., 2002); near the Lisombu River (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Buzi River. Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Kroon); Meikle’s Jungle, Mutare (Paré, 1988); Bikita (Pringle et al., 1994); Murahwa’s Hill (Paré, vide Pringle et al., 1994); Chirinda Forest (Paré, Paré, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Botswana – Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l; single record). Namibia – Skeleton Coast (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Mpaphuli N.R. Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Quickelberge). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Appears to prefer drier forests (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania in woodland and forest from 250 to 1 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Migrants have even been recorded from the edge of desert on the Skeleton Coast, Namibia (Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997). Habits: Generally scarce in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Mass migrations have been noted in East Africa, with smaller migrations also occurring in southern Africa (Paulian, 1963; Fontaine, 1988; Larsen, 2005d). Such a migration was noted on the banks of the Buzi River (Mozambique) by Pennington, in September 1957. The flight is swift and elusive. Adults feed from flowers and males

16 from bird droppings. Males are known to mud-puddle. Individuals have been found feeding from flowers at the edge of forest at dusk (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year. Early stages:

Fontaine, 1988b

Paré, in Pringle et al., 1994: 309 [as Coeliades libeon (Murahwa's Hill and Chirinda Forest, both Zimbabwe)]. The [final instar] larva is a very attractive lemon-yellow with black chequering. It feeds from fresh new growth (recorded in January 1988).

Paré, in Henning et al., 1997: 54 Final instar larva attains a length of about 30 mm. Pupa 19-20 mm long and greenish-white in colour. The larva bends the sides of a leaf over, and secures it with silk to form a shelter in which it lives. It crawls out at intervals to feed. Pupation occurs within a shelter formed by binding leaves together.

Larval food: Cassia species (Fabaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 389]. Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn (Fabaceae) [Paré, 1988: 4; Meikel's Jungle, Mutare, Zimbabwe]. gerrardii Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324; Fontaine, vide Kielland, 1990d]. Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. (Erythroxylaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; IvoryCoast]. Millettia species (Fabaceae) [Fontaine, vide Kielland, 1990d]. Salacia stuhlmanniana Loes. (Celastraceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast].

Relevant literature: Larsen, 2005d [use as human food].

unicolor Mabille, 1877 (as sp. of Ismene). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 7: 39 (39- 40). “Congo”.

andonginis Plötz, 1884 (as sp. of Ismene). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45: 60 (51-66). Angola: “Pungo Andongo”.

brussauxi Mabille, 1891 (as sp. of Ismene). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10: 221 (221-222). Congo: “Congo française”.

* (Fabricius, 1793)# Two-pip Policeman

Feeding males of the Two-pip Policeman (Coeliades pisistratus) Images courtesy Jeremy Dobson (left) and Raimund Schutte (right)

17

Male Two-pip Policeman feeding on a dead chamaeleon. Image courtesy Justin Bode.

Hesperia pisistratus Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 345 (488pp.). Hesperia pisistratus Fabricius, 1793. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Coliades pisistratus Fabricius. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misspelling of genus name] Coeliades pisistratus (Fabricius, 1793). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades pisistratus (Fabricius, 1793). Pringle et al., 1994: 309.

Coeliades pisistratus. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Thabazimbi, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 16 December 2007. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Coeliades pisistratus. Female (Wingspan 67 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mookopong, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 10 April 2007. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Dubbelkol-konstabel (Afrikaans). Type locality: [Africa]: “America”. [False locality.] Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east and north), Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province – single record, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland, Lesotho. 18 Specific localities: Ghana – Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Kenya – Ngong Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – In most parts of the country but much less common than Coeliades forestan (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwunilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Botswana – Kanye (Larsen, 1991l); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Silbe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l); Francistown (Larsen, 1991l); Nxai Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Kachekawbe (Larsen, 1991l); Etsha 6 (Larsen, 1991l); Shakawe (Larsen, 1991l); Tsodilo Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Motokwe (Larsen, 1991l); near Takatokwane (Larsen, 1991l); Nokaneng (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [-23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelspoort Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Hornsnek, Magaliesberg (Henning et al., 1997); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953); Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Harrismith (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Queenstown (Brauer). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Lesotho – Maseru (Swanepoel, 1953). Habitat: Savanna and the edges of forest and coastal bush. It is not quite so ecologically tolerant as Coeliades forestan, being absent from the wettest forests and driest savannas (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania in woodland and on forest margins, from about 500 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A widespread and common species (Larsen, 1991c). Flight fast and irregular, usually a few metres above the ground. Regularly feeds from flowers and occasionally mud-puddles. J. Bode found a male feeding from the juices exuding from a dead chamaeleon (see image above). Males hilltop but do not remain on the peaks for long. Males also establish territories on the flats, using the leaves of trees as perches (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, but scarce in winter in cooler areas. Early stages:

Paré, in Pringle et al., 1994: 309. The larva is similar to that of Coeliades forestan but the shelter cut from the leaf by the first instar is different. It is rather like a rectangular parasol while forestan cuts two adjacent ovals and joins them together. The larva lives inside the ‘capsule’ thus formed.

Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997: 56. [Ex ova, Hornsnek, Magaliesberg Mountains, west of Pretoria]. Egg very pale creamy white with waxy appearance, changing to yellow, pink and finally grey; 0,8 mm diameter x 0,5 mm high; 18 prominent vertical ribs of which 12 reach top of egg; all ribs terminate short of the micropyle; very fine cross-ribbing, invisible to naked eye, with 15-20 cross-ribs punctuated with minute protuberances where the vertical and horizontal ribs intersect. First instar larva pale cream becoming whitish yellow with yellow head; body bluntly tapered at both ends; grows from 1,5 mm to 4 mm in four days. Second instar yellow-cream with dark brown transverse bands extending laterally to spiracles; head yellow with double transverse row of dark brown spots; grows to 11 mm in seven days. Third instar dark maroon-brown, fading to maroon ventrally; spiracles yellow; each segment with white transverse dorso-lateral band posteriorly above

19 spiracles; in segments 4-10 the bands contain two thin black parallel transverse dorso-lateral lines; these segments also with a dorso-lateral spot above spiracle; white bands on segments 11-13 invaded by bright yellow; head yellow with spots as in 2nd instar; grows to 18 mm in five days. Fourth instar similar to third but ground colour black and transverse bands wider; grows to 45 mm in 15 days. Pupa 23-24 mm long; bluish white dorsally with pinkish white wing-cases and ventral appendages; a prominent blunt black protuberance projecting from head and wing bases; coated with waxy white, slightly iridescent powder. Eggs are laid singly on the tips of young leaf shoots. Eclosion occurs in about 10 days. Newly emerged larvae construct a shelter by cutting a v-shaped notch in a leaf, such that “the tip of the ‘v’ sits astride the mid-rib and the leaf-tip is pulled down over the leaf and anchored to its base using strands of silk. The leaf-tip is thus used as a ‘parasol’. Second to fourth instar larvae stitch the edges of two leaves together and rest inside. Final instar larvae construct an untidy shelter consisting of several leaves held together by random silk threads. The larval stage lasts about 40 days. Pupation takes place in the shelter, the pupa being anchored by the cremaster and a silk girdle. Pupal period about 30 days.

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 57 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Cock, 2010: 40.

Larval food: Acridocarpus sp. (Malpighiaceae) [Gifford, 1965; Pinhey, 1965]. Acridocarpus longifolius (G.Don) Hook.f. (= alopcurus Sprague) (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Kroon, 1999]. Acridocarpus zanzibaricus A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Cassia species (Fabaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Caucanthus auriculatus (Radlk.) Nied. (Malpighiaceae) [Cock, 2010; Kibwezi, Kenya]. Combretum sp. (Combretaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 390]. Crotalaria species (Fabaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Dregea sp. (Apocynaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1974]. Gossypium species (Malvaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Indigofera species (Fabaceae) [Trimen, 1889; Larsen, 1991c: 390; Ngong Forest, Kenya]. Marsdenia sp. (Apocynaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1974; ?Kenya]. Millettia species (Fabaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Phaseolus species (Fabaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Quisqualis species (Combretaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. (Malpighiaceae) [Murray, 1932; as Acridocarpus pruriens]. Terminalia species (Combretaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 1]. Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. (Malpighiaceae) [Swanepoel, 1953: 285; as Triapis leendertziae; Potgietersrus, Limpopo Province; oviposition only]. Triaspis macropteron Welw. ex Oliv. (Malpighiaceae) [Paré, in Pringle et al., 1994: 309]. Triaspis odorata (Willd.) A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Ivory Coast].

valmaran Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Rhopalocampta). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 48 (55 pp.). [South Africa]: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/v).

*Coeliades rama Evans, 1937

Coeliades rama Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 13 (212 pp.).

Type locality: Madagascar: “N. Madagascar (Antakares)”. Distribution: Madagascar (widespread). Specific localities: Madagascar – Antakares (TL). Habitat: Forest, forest margins and anthropogenic environments (Lees et al., 2003). 20 Early stages:

Cock, 2010: 57. [larva and pupa]

Larval food: Combretum sp. (Combretaceae) [Congdon, vide Cock, 2010; northern Madagascar].

*Coeliades ramanatek (Boisduval, 1833)

Thymele ramanatek Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 210 (149-270).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagasar”. “Bourbon” and Maurice” [the latter two are false localities]. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Habitat: Forest, forest margins and anthropogenic environments (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages:

Cock, 2010: 58 [blown larva from Comoro Islands].

Larval food: Nothing published.

Coeliades ramanatek ramanatek (Boisduval, 1833)

Thymele ramanatek Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 210 (149-270).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagasar”; also “Bourbon” and Maurice” [latter two are false localities]. Distribution: Madagascar.

Coeliades ramanatek comorana Evans, 1937

Coeliades ramanatek comorana Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 12 (212 pp.).

Type locality: Comoro Islands: “Grand Comoro”. Distribution: Comoro Islands.

*Coeliades sejuncta (Mabille & Vuillot, 1891) Coast Policeman

Ismene sejuncta Mabille & Vuillot, 1891 in Mabille & Vuillot, 1890-5. Novitates Lepidopterologicae, Paris: 19 (161pp.). Coeliades sejuncta (Mabille and Vuillot, 1891). Pringle et al., 1994: 310.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Ussagara (Afrique occidentale)”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast, inland to Amani; also Kigoma district in west), Malawi (south), Zambia, Zimbabwe (single record from Mount Darwin). Specific localities: Kenya – Makadara Forest (Sevastolulo, 1974), Watamu (Larsen, 1991c); Robinson Forest near Diani (Larsen, 1991c); Jadini Forest behind Diani Beach (Cock, 2010). Tanzania – Ussagara (TL); uncommon in the north-west (Sandstone Range, north to Mihumu in Mpanda and Kigoma) (Kielland, 1990d); commoner in the east (from the Usambaras to the Kiboriani Mountains; Uzungwa Range; Pugu Hills; Dendene Forest) (Kielland, 1990d). Also in the Mbulu Forests and on Mount Kwaraha at Babati (Kielland, 1990d); Bahari Beach, north

21 of Dar es Salaam (Cock, 2010). Malawi – Mount Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Known only from a sight record from the Chowa Forest, Nyika (C.W.S. Fisher, vide Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Mount Darwin (Cornes). Habitat: Forest, coastal forest, riverine forest and dense bush. In Tanzania in forest and riverine forest, from sea-level to 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Also in dense dune forest near the sea (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: A relatively common butterfly in the coastal forests of Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). Adults are fond of flowers and numbers are sometimes found feeding from the flowers of Maerua species (Larsen, 1991c). When inactive they roost beneath broad leaves (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens have been captured at moth light-traps at night (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Cock, 2010: 45

Larval food: Acridocarpus zanzibaricus A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 324]. Triaspis mozambica A. Juss (Malpighiaceae) [Cock, 2010; Diani Beach, Kenya].

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