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340 Genus Coeliades Huebner 14th edition (2015). Genus Coeliades Hübner, 1818 Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic] 1: 31 ([3] + 4-6 + [7] + 8-32 + [33] - [40] pp.) Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio forestan Stoll, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935, in Carpenter, 1935 (Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 436 (313-447)). = Rhopalocampta Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 47 (55 pp.). Type-species: Papilio forestan Stoll, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 263 (91-293).). An Afrotropical genus of 15 large skippers. Generic characters (Chiba, 2009): Sexes alike. Antenna half as long as costa; apiculus one-fifth length of shaft. Wing venation: Forewing: vein 1b curved downwards; vein 6 slightly curved near origin; vein 5 arising nearer to vein 6 than to vein 4; vein 3 arising more or less distad to vein 10; discocellular vein faint; cell two- thirds length of costa. Hindwing: vein 7 arising mid vein 3 and vein 2; vein 5 faint or absent; discocellular vein faint; cell less than half wing length. Wings without hyaline spot or secondary sexual character. Abdomen shorter than hindwing, with dark hair tuft on intersegmental membrane between 8th tergite and tegumen. Cock (2010: 60) states that, based on the early stages, there appears to be no essential differences between the genera Coeliades and Pyrrhiades. He thus implies that the latter may be a synonym of the former. *Coeliades bixana Evans, 1940 Dark Blue Policeman Coeliades bixana Evans, 1940. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 48: 411 (405-411). Coeliades bixana. Male (Wingspan 48 mm). Left: upperside; right: underside. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”. 1 Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Aburi (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: The dark blue policeman inhabits primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a scarce skipper whose habits are apparently similar to those of Coeliades chalybe (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Fontaine, 1988 [larva and pupa; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Larval food: Cassia sp. (Fabaceae) [Fontaine, 1988; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) [Lepesme, 1947; regarded to be erroneous by Cock, 2010: 54]. Triaspis odorata (Willd.) A.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Lamto, Ivory Coast]. bixae Clerck, 1759. [preoccupied (Larsen, 2005a)]. *Coeliades chalybe (Westwood, 1852) Blue Policeman Ismene chalybe Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera 515 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London. Type locality: [West Africa]: “Guinea (not America)”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Angola, to Ethiopia, Uganda (Kielland, 1990d), Kenya and Tanzania. Recorded, erroneously, from Gambia according to Larsen (2005a) but given for Gambia by Emms & Barnett (2006). Habitat: Occurs in the dense undergrowth of both primary and secondary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Forest and riverine vegetation from 700 to 1 800 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The blue policeman is quite a common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is very powerful and specimens settle on the underside of leaves. It is rather reluctant to fly and is usually only seen when disturbed from its roost in dense forest (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes feed from flowers on forest edges or along forest roads, especially in the early morning, late afternoon or on dull days (Larsen, 1991c). A male has been observed feeding from bird droppings (Larsen, 2005a). Males have been observed patrolling along forest paths (Cock, 2010). Early stages: Cock, 2010: 25 Larval food: Acridocarpus longifolius (= smeathmanni) (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Malpighiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Acridocarpus species (Malpighiaceae) [M. Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c: 389]. Apocynaceae [Van Someren, 1974: 324; as Asclepiadaceae]. Cynanchum sp. (Apocynaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975]. Marsdenia (Apocynaceae) [A. Atkins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 389]. Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa) (Sterculiaceae) [Mayne, 1917; Smith, 1965]. Coeliades chalybe chalybe (Westwood, 1852) Ismene chalybe Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera 515 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London. 2 Type locality: [West Africa]: “Guinea (not America)”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, to Uganda, Kenya (west) (Evans, 1937), Tanzania (north), and Angola. Recorded, erroneously, from Gambia according to Larsen (2005a) but given for Gambia by Emms & Barnett (2006). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a; very rare). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Gamba (van de Weghe, 2010); Rabi (van de Weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); Mboumie (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Kongou (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (van de Weghe, 2010); Kebiri and camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (van de Weghe, 2010). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Dabaga (Kielland, 1990d). Coeliades chalybe immaculata Carpenter, 1935 Coeliades chalybe immaculata Carpenter, 1935. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 404 (313- 447). Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Alanga R. 6° 54', 35° 15' 2700'”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Alanga River (TL). *Coeliades fervida (Butler, 1880) Hesperia fervida Butler, 1880. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 5: 339 (333-344, 384-395). Type locality: Madagascar: “Fianarantsoa”. Distribution: Madagascar (east, south-east, central). Specific localities: Madagascar – Fianarantsoa (TL). Habitat: Forest and forest margins (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Cock, 2010: 55. [probable larva]. Larval food: Nothing published. *Coeliades fidia Evans, 1937 Coeliades fidia Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 13 (212 pp.). Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascar (Mocoatana)”. 3 Distribution: Madagascar (east, central, west). Specific localities: Madagascar – Mocoatana (TL); Maevatanana (Lees et al., 2003). Habitat: Unknown (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. *Coeliades forestan (Stoll, [1782])# Striped Policeman Scent-marking males of the Striped Policeman ( Coeliades forestan) Images courtesy Steve Woodhall Papilio Plebeius Urbicola forestan Stoll, 1782 in Stoll, [1780-2]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 4 [part]: x (29-252). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Ismene florestan Cramer. Trimen, 1866a. [misspelling of species name] Hesperia forestan (Cramer, 1782). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Coliades forestan Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. [misspelling of genus name] Coeliades forestan (Stoll, 1782). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Coeliades forestan (Stoll, 1782). Pringle et al., 1994: 309. Coeliades forestan forestan. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tswaing Crater, Gauteng Province, South Africa. 8 May 2004. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. 4 Coeliades forestan forestan. Female (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 December 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Alternative common name: Witbroek-konstabel (Afrikaans). Type locality: [Africa]: “Cote de Bengal”. [False locality.] Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (van de Weghe, 2010), Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Comoro Islands, Seychelles (Lawrence, 2010), Cape Verde Islands (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Shows a wide ecological tolerance, being found in both wet primary forest and very dry savanna, such as the Kalahari in southern Africa. Perhaps commonest in moist savanna (woodland). Also recorded from grassland in South Africa (southern Gauteng and eastern Free State). In Tanzania the species occurs from sea-level to 2 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Subspecies arbogastes occurs in unnatural grasslands, forest margins and the littoral zone in Madagascar (Lees et al., 2003). Habits: This is the most widespread and common species of the genus Coeliades
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