No.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Ministry of Local Administration and Environment (MLAE) Damascus governorate (DG) Rural Damascus governorate (RDG) The Syrian Arab Republic
The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic
Final Report Volume 4 Sector Report
March 2008
RECS International Inc. SD Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. J R 08-025
Part 1
Transportation and Traffic Management
The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic
Final Report Volume 4 Sector Report Part 1 Transportation and Traffic
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA ...... 1-1
1.1 Existing Traffic Demand on Road Network...... 1-1 1.1.1 Major intersection survey...... 1-1 1.1.2 Roadside traffic count ...... 1-2 1.1.3 Road network ...... 1-5 1.1.4 Network capacity along five axes ...... 1-7 1.1.5 Comparison of existing vehicle traffic demand...... 1-8 1.2 Public Transportation ...... 1-9 1.2.1 Bus and microbus transportation...... 1-9 1.2.2 Rail transportation...... 1-10 1.2.3 Air transportation ...... 1-11 1.3 Traffic Management ...... 1-12 1.3.1 Traffic lane management...... 1-12 1.3.2 Traffic signals...... 1-13 1.3.3 On-road parking ...... 1-14 1.3.4 Vehicle registration...... 1-15 1.3.5 Traffic accidents and traffic violation ...... 1-16 1.4 Existing Major Transportation Problems and Possible Measures ...... 1-20
Chapter 2 Frameworks and Planning Concepts ...... 2-1
2.1 Frameworks...... 2-1 2.2 Planning Concepts...... 2-3
- i - Chapter 3 Conceptual Project Formulation ...... 3-1
3.1 Project Formulation Criteria...... 3-1 3.2 Conceptual Projects...... 3-1
Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast ...... 4-1
4.1 Assumptions and Input Data ...... 4-1 4.2 Demand Forecast Model...... 4-13 4.3 Procedure...... 4-14 4.4 Generation and Attraction...... 4-14 4.5 Desired Lines...... 4-17 4.6 Spider Assignment...... 4-21
Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System...... 5-1
5.1 Results of Traffic Demand Analysis...... 5-1 5.2 Traffic Management ...... 5-4 5.3 Proposed Projects and Implementation Schedule...... 5-4 5.4 Restudy of the Transportation Master Plan ...... 5-4
- ii - List of Tables
Page Table 1.1 Summary of Major Intersections Counting...... 1-1 Table 1.2 Screen-Line Crossing Volumes ...... 1-3 Table 1.3 24hours/12hours Ratio and Directional Ratio on Screen-Line in 2006...... 1-4 Table 1.4 Construction Cost Comparison between 1998 and 2006 ...... 1-6 Table 1.5 Road Projects Review between 1998 and 2006 ...... 1-6 Table 1.6 Rail Transportation...... 1-11 Table 1.7 Air Passengers at Syrian Airports...... 1-12 Table 1.8 Capacity Calculation Result under Assumptions ...... 1-14 Table 1.9 Existing Toll Car Parks...... 1-15 Table 3.1 Selected Projects Conceived for Transport Sector Plan ...... 3-1 Table 4.1 Traffic Zones ...... 4-2 Table 4.2 Parameter of Gravity Model...... 4-14 Table 5.1 Transport Demand for Public and Other Transportation...... 5-4 Table 5.2 Project Specification and Schedule ...... 5-5
- iii - List of Figures
Page Figure 1.1 Summary of Major Intersection Counting ...... 1-2 Figure 1.2 Screen-Line...... 1-3 Figure 1.3 Traffic Fluctuation of Screen-line Crossing Volumes in 2006...... 1-4 Figure 1.4 Present Road Network in 2006 ...... 1-5 Figure 1.5 Directional Daily Average Travel Speed of Major Three Routes ...... 1-7 Figure 1.6 Road Network Capacity along Each of Five Major Axes...... 1-7 Figure 1.7 Desire Lines in 1997 ...... 1-8 Figure 1.8 Desire Lines in 2006 ...... 1-8 Figure 1.9 Microbus Routes in 2006...... 1-9 Figure 1.10 Bus Routes and Capacity in 2006 ...... 1-9 Figure 1.11 Rail Network in Syria...... 1-10 Figure 1.12 Rail Transportation (GESR)...... 1-11 Figure 1.13 Air Passengers at Syrian Airports...... 1-12 Figure 1.14 Summary of Lane Marking Survey...... 1-13 Figure 1.15 Capacity Calculation Network...... 1-14 Figure 1.16 Number of Registered Vehicle in Syria (All Vehicle Type) ...... 1-15 Figure 1.17 Number of Registered Vehicles in Damascus ...... 1-16 Figure 1.18 Number of Registered Vehicles in Rural Damascus ...... 1-16 Figure 1.19 Traffic Accidents in Syria ...... 1-17 Figure 1.20 Traffic Accidents in Rural Damascus Governorate...... 1-18 Figure 1.21 Causes of Traffic Accidents in Syria in 2005...... 1-18 Figure 1.22 Number of Traffic Accidents by Vehicle Type in Syria in 2005 ...... 1-19 Figure 1.23 Number of Traffic Penalties by Violation in Syria...... 1-19 Figure 2.1 Present Traffic Movements ...... 2-1 Figure 2.2 Traffic Demand by Concept of Urban Planning ...... 2-2 Figure 2.3 Traffic Pattern Conceived for DMA Transport Plan ...... 2-2 Figure 3.1 Transport Projects Conceived ...... 3-2 Figure 4.1 Traffic Zones in Damascus City and Rural Damascus...... 4-3 Figure 4.2 Shared/Combined Traffic Zones ...... 4-3 Figure 4.3 Population Growth...... 4-4 Figure 4.4 Primary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base) ...... 4-5 Figure 4.5 Secondary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base) ...... 4-6 Figure 4.6 Tertiary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base)...... 4-7
- iv - Figure 4.7 Students Growth (Residence Base)...... 4-8 Figure 4.8 Primary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base) ...... 4-9 Figure 4.9 Secondary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base) ...... 4-10 Figure 4.10 Tertiary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base) ...... 4-11 Figure 4.11 Students Growth (School Place Base) ...... 4-12 Figure 4.12 Step Demand Forecast Model Flowchart...... 4-13 Figure 4.13 Procedure for Traffic Demend Analysis ...... 4-14 Figure 4.14 (1) Passenger Car Generation and Attraction ...... 4-15 Figure 4.14 (2) Taxi Generation and Attraction ...... 4-15 Figure 4.14 (3) Public Mode Generation and Attraction...... 4-16 Figure 4.14 (4) Other Mode Generation and Attraction...... 4-16 Figure 4.15 (1) Desired Lines in 2015 (Passenger Car)...... 4-17 Figure 4.15 (2) Desired Lines in 2025 (Passenger Car)...... 4-17 Figure 4.15 (3) Desired Lines in 2015 (Taxi)...... 4-18 Figure 4.15 (4) Desired Lines in 2025 (Taxi)...... 4-18 Figure 4.15 (5) Desired Lines in 2015 (Public) ...... 4-19 Figure 4.15 (6) Desired Lines in 2025 (Public) ...... 4-19 Figure 4.15 (7) Desired Lines in 2015 (Other) ...... 4-20 Figure 4.15 (8) Desired Lines in 2025 (Other) ...... 4-20 Figure 4.16 (1) Spider Assignment Result in 2006...... 4-21 Figure 4.16 (2) Spider Assignment Result in 2015...... 4-21 Figure 4.16 (3) Spider Assignment Result in 2025...... 4-22 Figure 5.1 (1) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2006 (All Mode) ...... 5-1 Figure 5.1 (2) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2015 (Public)...... 5-2 Figure 5.1 (3) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2015 (except Public) ...... 5-2 Figure 5.1 (4) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2025 (Public)...... 5-3 Figure 5.1 (5) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2025 (except Public) ...... 5-3
- v - Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.1 Existing Traffic Demand on Road Network
1.1.1 Major intersection survey
Traffic volumes were surveyed at six major intersections during 12 hours of a weekday to compare the present traffic volumes with those of the 1998 JICA Transportation Master Plan (TMP). A summary of the survey results comparing traffic volumes in 1997 and 2006 is shown in Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1. Volumes increased by 1.11 to 1.53 times during 1997-2006 at all the major intersections, except the location No.12. The locations Nos.11 and 64, close to the South bypass, have high ratios of 1.36 and 1.53.
Table 1.1 Summary of Major Intersections Counting
Location No. 11112 Total Total Total 12h traffic Small vehicle Small vehicle Large vehicle Small vehicle Large vehicle Small vehicle Large volume 1997 96,633 3,924 100,557 67,275 8,766 76,041 78,540 10,374 88,914 2006 107,580 4,044 111,624 91,513 11,805 103,318 59,879 5,171 65,050 2006/1997 1.11 1.03 1.11 1.36 1.35 1.36 0.76 0.50 0.73 Location No. 17 58 64 Total Total Total 12h traffic Small vehicle Small vehicle Large vehicle Small vehicle Large vehicle Small vehicle Large volume 1997 68,025 8,730 76,755 100,944 5,832 106,776 67,192 2,850 70,042 2006 77,348 7,519 84,867 121,969 7,798 129,767 101,894 5,194 107,088 2006/1997 1.14 0.86 1.11 1.21 1.34 1.22 1.52 1.82 1.53 Source: JICA Study Team and 1998 JICA TMP
1-1 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Source: JICA Study Team and 1998 JICA TMP Figure 1.1 Summary of Major Intersection Counting
1.1.2 Roadside traffic count
The roadside traffic count was carried out along an imaginary screen-line on the Barada river to compare screen-line crossing volumes at present with those of the 1998 JICA TMP. The screen-line and 29 survey locations (three locations: 24hours count, 26 locations: 12hour count) are shown in Figure 1.2 This survey was carried out to count each directional 15 minutes traffic volume categorized in seven modes of vehicles.
A summary of the survey results and comparison with screen-line crossing volume is shown in Table 1.2. The screen-line crossing volume in 2006 was 1.5 times higher than the 1997 volume. This means that the screen-line crossing traffic volume increased at 4.6 % per year on average. The passenger car mode increased at a low rate by 1.18 times, representing 1.8 % annual average increasing. An average increase of the public mode volume, combining taxi, microbus and bus volumes, is 1.58 times over 1997-2006, representing an annual average increase at 5.3 %. The truck mode increased significantly by 4.43 times or 18.0 %per annum. The South bypass is expected to decrease the volume of cargo vehicles passing through the city.
The traffic fluctuation of screen-line crossing volume is shown in Figure 1.3, and the 24hours/12hours vehicle ratio and the directional ratio by vehicle type are shown in Table 1.3. The morning peak hour is 8:00-10:00, while the evening peak hour is 15:00-17:00 along the screen-line.
1-2 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Figure 1.2 Screen-Line
Table 1.2 Screen-Line Crossing Volumes
Year Bus Taxi Total Cycle Truck Others Direction Micro bus Passenger car Passenger North 1997 8,053 127,122 76,657 46,138 4,380 10,176 1,470 273,996 to 2006 10,693 147,343 112,402 75,797 12,925 46,795 4,941 410,896 south 2006/1997 ratio 1.33 1.16 1.47 1.64 2.95 4.60 3.36 1.50 South 1997 9,598 127,410 77,937 46,767 4,962 11,917 1,517 280,108 to 2006 9,146 151,961 121,513 70,532 13,917 51,015 3,497 421,581 north 2006/1997 ratio 0.95 1.19 1.56 1.51 2.80 4.28 2.31 1.51 1997 17,651 254,532 154,594 92,905 9,342 22,093 2,987 554,104 Total 2006 19,839 299,304 233,915 146,329 26,842 97,810 8,438 832,477 2006/1997 ratio 1.12 1.18 1.51 1.58 2.87 4.43 2.82 1.50 Note: The year 1997 was volume from 1998 JICA TMP. The year 2006 is volume from this Study Unit: vehicle/day. Source: JICA Study Team and 1998 JICA TMP
1-3 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
From north to south direction
12,000
10,000 Cycle 8,000 Passenger car Taxi 6,000 Micro bus Bus Vehicle/hour 4,000 Truck Others 2,000
0 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 Hour
From south to north direction
12,000
10,000 Cycle 8,000 Passenger car Taxi 6,000 Micro bus Bus Vehicle/hour 4,000 Truck Others 2,000
0 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 Hour
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 1.3 Traffic Fluctuation of Screen-line Crossing Volumes in 2006
Table 1.3 24hours/12hours Ratio and Directional Ratio on Screen-Line in 2006
Direction North to south
Item Bus Taxi Cycle Truck Others Micro bus Micro Passenger car 12 hr 7,843 93,642 85,985 41,537 11,439 34,574 2,985 24 hr 10,693 147,343 112,402 75,797 12,925 46,795 4,941 24/12 ratio 1.363 1.573 1.307 1.825 1.130 1.353 1.655 Direction South to north
Item Bus Taxi Cycle Truck Others Micro bus Micro Passenger car 12 hr 7,501 98,307 87,574 44,286 12,048 40,192 3,080 24 hr 9,146 151,961 121,513 70,532 13,917 51,015 3,497 24/12 ratio 1.219 1.546 1.388 1.593 1.155 1.269 1.135 Dir.ratio (S- 0.86 1.03 1.08 0.93 1.08 1.09 0.71 N/N-S) Source: JICA Study Team
1-4 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.1.3 Road network
The present road network is shown in Figure 1.4. Major modifications since the 1998 JICA TMP are as follows:
1) South bypass phase 1 (existing section upgrading), 2) South bypass phase 2 (New construction), 3) Umawiyeen square intersection upgrading, 4) Hasan Al-Kharrat intersection upgrading, 5) Al-Abbassiyeen intersection upgrading (underground shopping center is under construction), 6) Al-Fayha’a intersection upgrading, and 7) Bab Sharki intersection upgrading (tunnel construction).
The cost and construction schedule of these projects are shown in Table 1.4. The south bypass is not included in the table as the construction has not been completed (such as pedestrian bridge), and thus construction cost and schedule have not been clarified yet. The intersection capacity has increased by upgrading of these intersections, but the road section capacity (vehicle x km) has increased only by the south bypass.
Actual construction costs are 1.7 times higher on average than those estimated in the 1998 JICA TMP. Although the price escalation is a factor for the cost overrun, the higher costs caused delays in the implementation of the 1998 JICA TMP. Table 1.5 shows the planned projects, which were completed by 2006 and their corresponding schedules in the 1998 JICA TMP.
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 1.4 Present Road Network in 2006
1-5 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Table 1.4 Construction Cost Comparison between 1998 and 2006
Proposed by Actual 1998 JICA TMP cost / Construction Construction Project Estimated 1998 cost (SL.) period cost Construction JICA (million period TMP SL.) 1 Umawiyeen Squere 694,000,000 July 9, 2002 to 1-1 Tunnel 482,000,000 277.2 2001 to 2003 2.50 April 5, 2006 1-2 Decoration 212,000,000 2 Hassan Al-Kharat 190,000,000 Sep. 29, 2005 to 83.2 2017 to 2019 2.28 2-1 Tunnel 190,000,000 Aug. 25, 2006 3 Al-Abbassiyeen 290,000,000 3-1 Tunnel 274,000,000 Sep. 28, 2003 to 199.6 2019 to 2021 1.45 3-2 Squere 16,000,000 June 20, 2005 3-3 Pedestrian Tunnel and Shops - - 4 Al-Fayha'a Project 237,000,000 Nov. 28, 2001 to 4-1 Tunnel 117,000,000 April 16, 2002 184.8 2017 to 2019 1.28 Oct. 14, 2002 to 4-2 Bridge 120,000,000 June 30, 2003 5 Bab Sharki Tunnel 82,000,000 March 17, 1999 110.9 2001 to 2003 0.74 5-1 Tunnel 82,000,000 to April 20, 2001 Note: The construction specification are not completely same with 1998 JICA TMP in some projects. Source: Damascus governorate and 1998 JICA TMP
Table 1.5 Road Projects Review between 1998 and 2006
Proposed by 1998 JICA TMP Estimate Project d Cost Construction Remarks (million period SL.) B04 Outer Ring Road 2,365.1 2003 to 2007 Under construction in 2006 B06 Ala Al Bait Street and Al Quds Street Connection 340.1 2006 to 2008 Under construction in 2006 C02 An Naser and Thawra Intersection 369.6 2004 to 2007 Under construction in 2006 C03 Umawiyeen Squere 277.2 2001 to 2003 C08 Bab Sharki Squere 110.9 2001 to 2003 C14 Bab Mussalla Squere 169.4 2001 to 2003 C23 Underpass Ramps South of New Daraa Highway 110.9 2006 to 2008 Under construction in 2006 C24 I/C of North Bypass with Beirut Road 184.8 2005 to 2007 Under construction in 2006 Source: 1998 JICA TMP
Travel speeds on three major routes were surveyed in this study. Directional daily average velocity of these routes is shown in Figure 1.5. The overall route average is more than 29km/h travel speed per route. These travel speeds are not low. Measured average velocity of trunk road is 18-22km/h in case of Tokyo.
1-6 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 1.5 Directional Daily Average Travel Speed of Major Three Routes
1.1.4 Network capacity along five axes
The present Study proposes five major development axes for the DMA. The vehicle capacity of 2006 road network axes is shown in Figure 1.6. The north-south direction has generally higher capacity than other axes, and the west axis has relatively large capacity. The north and the south axes have higher potentials based on the balance between the present traffic demand and the network capacity.
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 1.6 Road Network Capacity along Each of Five Major Axes
1-7 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.1.5 Comparison of existing vehicle traffic demand
For the vehicle traffic demand, the daily vehicle desire lines are shown in Figure 1.7 for 1997 and Figure 1.8 for 2006. The patterns of demand balance are not different between the two years. The overall vehicle demand, however, increased by 1.43 times or at the annual average rate of 3.6 % during 1997-2006.
As of January of 2007, the DMA and traffic evaluation zoning were not yet decided in the Study. The Study therefore took the DMA as a whole for investigation of potentials. The Study considered the desired lines shown in Figure 1.8 by nahiya base as representing the existing vehicle traffic demand.
Source: Damascus governorate and 1998 JICA TMP
Figure 1.7 Desire Lines in 1997
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 1.8 Desire Lines in 2006
1-8 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.2 Public Transportation
1.2.1 Bus and microbus transportation
The existing microbus routes are shown in Figure 1.9, and the bus routes and capacity are shown in Figure 1.10.
Source: Damascus governorate Figure 1.9 Microbus Routes in 2006
Source: Rural Damascus governorate Figure 1.10 Bus Routes and Capacity in 2006
1-9 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.2.2 Rail transportation
Figure 1.11 shows the present rail network. The rail transportation is operated by the GESR and GEHR as intercity public transportation, and the Damascus station has the role of the terminal of the DMA. Figure 1.12 and Table 1.6 show the trend of rail transportation. Road traffic in the DMA is almost not affected by rail transportation of goods, because they are transshipped out of city area according to regulations that prohibit passing the city area without permission. On the other hand, many rail passengers get on and off at the Damascus station as the major station and the capital terminal. The effect of rail passengers at around 2,000-6,000 persons/day, however, is small for daily vehicle demand in the DMA. This is because rail passengers mainly transit to microbus at microbus terminal located close to the Damascus station, and 2,353-16,512 trips per day is 267-1,870 microbuses per day divided by average occupancy.
Source: GIS database Figure 1.11 Rail Network in Syria
1-10 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000 No. of Rail Passengers (1,000 passengers) 5,000 Quantity of Goods (1,000 ton)
4,000 Annual Volume
3,000
2,000
1,000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 year
Source: Ministry of Transport
Figure 1.12 Rail Transportation (GESR)
Table 1.6 Rail Transportation
Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1,000 passenger No. of rail passengers 859 1,174 1,417 1,907 2,301 2,008 /year Quantity of goods 1,000 ton /year 5,626 5,288 5,914 6,398 7,315 8,177
GESR No. of rail passengers passenger /day 2,353 3,216 3,882 5,225 6,303 5,501 Quantity of goods ton/day 15,414 14,488 16,203 17,529 20,041 22,403 1,000 passenger No. of rail passengers -----4,019 /year Quantity of goods 1,000 ton /year -----9,715
GEHR No. of rail passengers passenger /day -----11,011 Quantity of goods ton/day -----26,616 No. of rail passengers passenger /day 2,353 3,216 3,882 5,225 6,303 16,512
Total Quantity of goods ton/day 15,414 14,488 16,203 17,529 20,041 49,019 No of M.Bus as distributor vehicle/day 267 364 440 592 714 1,870 Source: Ministry of Transport
1.2.3 Air transportation
Figure 1.13 and Table 1.7 show the trend of air transportation. The Damascus international airport serves international and intercity transportation, but air transportation is not used as intra-city transportation at Damascus airport. The air passengers at the Damascus airport are around 3,500 persons per day. If every passenger transits to taxi as major distributor of the airport, this volume will be 3,500 taxies per day based on the number of passengers divided by average taxi occupancy of 1.0 person per vehicle, excluding the taxi
1-11 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA driver. The effect of air passengers is small for daily vehicle demand in the DMA.
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000 passenger/year
400,000
200,000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 year
Source: Ministry of Transport
Figure 1.13 Air Passengers at Syrian Airports
Table 1.7 Air Passengers at Syrian Airports
Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 No. of transported passengers of passenger 762,779 886,490 828,516 907,850 1,087,523 1,226,778 Syrian airports /year No. of transported passengers of passenger 2,090 2,429 2,270 2,487 2,980 3,361 Syrian airports /day No of taxi as distributor vehicle/day 2,090 2,429 2,270 2,487 2,980 3,361
Annual ratio devided by previous year % - 116.2 93.5 109.6 119.6 112.8
Source: Ministry of Transport
1.3 Traffic Management
1.3.1 Traffic lane management
A lane marking survey at 30 major intersections that have more than four approach legs was carried out to evaluate and comprehend management conditions of road facilities. This survey was implemented by visual inspection of lane marking condition at cross sections and each leg of the target intersection. Figure 1.14 shows the summary results of the lane marking survey with the average of crossing section and each leg of each intersection.
1-12 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
The survey was assessed according to the following four categories.
1) Excellent (perfect) 2) Good (all required information can be identified) 3) Poor (some parts are missing) 4) Nonexistent
The evaluation of the survey indicates the marking condition less than 3.0 at one intersection only, and more than 3.5 at 16 intersections. This level of marking is difficult to identify by drivers’ eyes, so the lane marking does not work sufficiently as a road facility.
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 1.14 Summary of Lane Marking Survey
1.3.2 Traffic signals
The traffic signal operation has not changed since the 1998 JICA TMP and is of an area control type. By an area control, a traffic information center receives information on traffic congestion by domestic sensors, and control signal periods are operated by analysis of area traffic congestion. The traffic police controls traffic flow during the morning peak period at major intersections, but all traffic conditions along the route are difficult to catch by each traffic police. As the Damascus city has many large roundabouts, traffic police controlling traffic flow at these roundabouts have difficulty in catching each traffic inflow/outflow through the roundabout with several legs. Therefore, traffic flow is inefficiently controlled by manual system at large roundabouts.
1-13 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.3.3 On-road parking
On-road parking is significantly reducing traffic capacity of road network as it was in 1997. One example is a route around the Old City having four lanes width, but with on-road parking on both sides, the actual capacity is reduced to two lanes. In such a case, a four-lane road section has effectively two-lane capacity.
A trial calculation of the road network capacity reduction by on-road parking is made under the assumption that the road section is in both directions with less than three lanes and one lane reduced by on-road parking. Figure 1.15 shows the target area of trial calculation, and Table 3.9 shows results of the trial calculation. The road network capacity was 78.1 % of original capacity under this trial calculation. Table 1.8 shows that passenger car unit (PCU) is a coefficient as transfer volume by passenger car unit from each vehicle type.
Source: JICA Study Team Figure 1.15 Capacity Calculation Network
Table 1.8 Capacity Calculation Result under Assumptions
Capacity Ratio (%) (PCU x km) Road network capacity 9,529,220.0 100.0 Capacity reduction by on-road parking 7,443,952.0 78.1 Note: An assumption is 1 lane reduce by on-road parking about 1-3 lanes both direction road section. Source: JICA Study Team
Off-road parking provision is not sufficient for the present parking demand. The Damascus governorate owns some toll car parks, but the total capacity of these toll car parks is not enough for parking demand of the city area and yet the occupation ratio is low.
1-14 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
Existing toll car parks are shown in Table 1.9.
Table 1.9 Existing Toll Car Parks
Maximum Annual Parking Type of Total Capacity Duration Investment annual Occupied investment name parking area (m²) (Car) (year) expiry revenue by ratio fees (sp) 1st hour toll Al Fardous Multi level 9,802 250 12,655,000 2 7/9/2007 76,650,000 16.5% Al Na'ana'a Multi level 11,724 250 7,050,000 2 18/1/2008 76,650,000 9.2% Arnous Ground 1,000 60 5,000,000 2 25/3/2008 18,396,000 27.2% Al Rabweh Ground 750 40 1,810,000 3 12/10/2009 12,264,000 14.8% Total 23,276 600 26,515,000 - - 183,960,000 14.4% Note: The toll of 1st parking hour is 35 SL. Source: Damascus governorate
1.3.4 Vehicle registration
Figure 1.16 shows the trend of the number of vehicle registration in Syria.
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000 No of Vehicle Total) (All Type
400,000
200,000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 year
Source: Traffic police
Figure 1.16 Number of Registered Vehicle in Syria (All Vehicle Type)
The number of nation-wide vehicle registration in Syria increases approximately 8.2% annually. Figure 1.17 shows trend of vehicle registration in Damascus. The total increase rate is approximately 15.3% between 2004 and 2005, especially high for the category of passenger car, which has approximately 20.0% increase rate both of private and public passenger car. The remaining types have 3-6.0% annual increase rate. Rural Damascus has mainly vehicle registration for small truck and agricultural vehicle that provide human transport, and vehicle registration of passenger cars is not so high, as shown in Figure 1.18. The total number of vehicle registration of Rural Damascus is almost 23.7% that of Damascus.
1-15 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
400,000
350,000
300,000
Private car 250,000 Public car Bus Microbus 200,000 Big Truck Small Truck Others 150,000 No of Registered Vehicle of Registered No
100,000
50,000
0 2004 2005 year
Source: Traffic police
Figure 1.17 Number of Registered Vehicles in Damascus
400,000
350,000
300,000 Private car Public car 250,000 Bus Microbus 200,000 Big Truck Small Truck 150,000 Others No Vehicle of Registered 100,000
50,000
0 Oct. 2006
Source: Rural Damascus governorate
Figure 1.18 Number of Registered Vehicles in Rural Damascus
1.3.5 Traffic accidents and traffic violation
Changes in road traffic accidents are shown in Figure 1.19.
1-16 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
25,000
20,000
15,000 Death Wound Physical Financial
No of Records of No Total 10,000
5,000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 year Note: Physical accident has medical treatment. Source: Traffic police Figure 1.19 Traffic Accidents in Syria
The number of fatal accidents leveled off starting from 2001, but other types of accidents are increasing by 15-22.0% of annual rate from year 2003. The major traffic accident location is in the city area that has low average travel velocity due to traffic concentration, and the number of traffic accidents with death cases has leveled off for this reason, but the number of accidents itself is increasing with the rate of vehicle demand increase.
Changes in traffic accident in Rural Damascus are shown in Figure 1.20. Records for some of the years are missing. The number of accidents is approximately 4.0% of the national total, but the rate of accidents to death cases is approximately 16.7%, which is higher than 10.7% of the national average. The rate of accident with death is considered to become higher due to the high average travel velocity, which is higher than the national average travel velocity.
On the other hand, the main reason for traffic accident is over speeding in Syria, which is the reason for more than 50.0% of the total accidents in the 2005 national statistics. Figure 1.21 shows the causes of traffic accidents in Syria.
Traffic accidents where taxis are involved are the highest such as 23.4% of accident categorized by vehicle type, followed by passenger cars at approximately 16.1%, and third are microbuses at approximately 15.8%. The number of traffic accidents by vehicle type in Syria is shown in Figure 1.22.
1-17 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1,400
1,200
1,000
800 Death Wound Physical Financial 600
No of Records Total
400
200
0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 year
Note: The Physical accident has medical treatment. Wound is not recorded from 2001. Source: Rural Damascus governorate Figure 1.20 Traffic Accidents in Rural Damascus Governorate
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000 No of Records
4,000
2,000
0 Illegal Illegal Illegal Violation Asleep or Old Tyre Over Violation Break Sudden Stop Turn Lane of Traffic Drunken Speed of Traffic (Out of Damage Change Sign Signal Order) Car Reason of Accident Source: Traffic police
Figure 1.21 Causes of Traffic Accidents in Syria in 2005
1-18 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
No of Accident 3,000
2,000
1,000
0 Bus Bicycle Micro BusMicro Motorcycle Small Vehicle Large Vehicle Large Agricalture Vehicle Agricalture Government VehicleGovernment Public Vehicle (Taxi) Construction Vehicle Construction Private Vehicle (P.Car) Vehicle Private Vehicle Type
Source: Traffic police
Figure 1.22 Number of Traffic Accidents by Vehicle Type in Syria in 2005
Over speeding is the most frequent reason for traffic violation records, followed by seat belt violation, with the total of both being 80% of the violation records. The trend of traffic violation is shown in Figure 1.23.
250,000
200,000
Over Speed 150,000 Illegal Petrol Seat Belt Emission Crazy Drive No Licence 100,000 No of Penalty Records
50,000
0 20012002200320042005 year
Source: Traffic police
Figure 1.23 Number of Traffic Penalties by Violation in Syria
1-19 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
1.4 Existing Major Transportation Problems and Possible Measures
The existing major transportation problems are identified based on the results of the supplemental traffic surveys, available data and comparison with the 1998 JICA TMP.
1) The traffic congestion in the city center is caused by traffic concentration and on-road parking. 2) The road traffic demand has been increasing consistently by increase in population and vehicle registration. 3) The increase in taxi registration is significant by approximately 1.5 times during the past 10 years, but the empty ratio of taxi is still high. This situation causes further traffic congestion. Also, taxi is the worst vehicle type in the statistics of traffic accidents by vehicle type. 4) The 1998 JICA TMP implementation and construction have been delayed due mainly to higher construction costs. 5) The management of traffic facilities and traffic control by traffic signals are insufficient. 6) Traffic problems have been aggravated due to transportation morals and manners decline. 7) This situation increases human accidents by traffic violation such as over speeding.
To address these problems, some measures are recommended by the 1998 JICA TMP as follows.
On-road parking
1) The public sector shall maintain vacant lots for off-road parking. 2) These vacant lots should be used for free of charge ground level parking in an initial phase. 3) Road sections having many on-road parking at present shall be installed with roadside metered parking with high parking fees. 4) The public sector shall strengthen the enforcement of regulations against illegal on-road parking with cooperation of traffic police. If the number of traffic police is not enough for 3) and 4) above, privatization of enforcement shall be considered as is the case in Japan. 5) Several years later, when the illegal on-road parking decreases, the remaining vacant lots shall be used for multi-level toll car parking facilities with the toll to be set high enough for recovery of construction cost and maintenance cost. This is the second phase.
1-20 Chapter 1 Existing Traffic and Transportation in the DMA
6) Existing free charge ground parking shall be slowly transformed into multi-level toll car park facilities. 7) A regulation for mandatory parking capacity for new building construction plans shall be enforced. Syria has a regulation of parking capacity obligation for new building construction plans”(Circulation No. 5130, dated 1 June, 2005” issued by MLA), but this existing regulation is not very effective. 8) Another measure to reduce the traffic congestion is to stagger commuting time to work and to school, considering flexible working times.
Taxis
1) Taxi booths shall be provided with enough parking spaces in high-demand areas such as market areas. Taxi users can take a taxi only from the taxi booth in such an area to reduce empty taxi driving. 2) In taxi high-demand areas, taking a cruising taxi shall be prohibited for both taxi drivers and taxi users. 3) Microbus users at present can take a microbus at any place. Often, a microbus stops at the center of road section to take a passenger, creating a traffic queue behind it. Microbuses shall be controlled to take passengers only at microbus stops in high-demand areas. For this purpose, microbus stop lots shall be painted clearly to draw attention.
Other measures
1) Concerning the delay of Master Plan implementation, the Master Plan schedule is attentively observed and revised as necessary to keep up with the construction schedule. To improve the performance of traffic facilities, the public sector should maintain them properly, and an area control of traffic signals shall be considered again. 2) To reduce the number of traffic accidents caused by degrading transportation morals and manners, a driving license system may need to be improved along with regulations and heavier penalties. 3) Damascus will be the venue for “The Festivities of Damascus, Capital for Arabic Culture 2008”. It will provide a good opportunity to promote the transportation morals along with the promotion of the festivities, which will continue briskly till January 2008.
1-21 Chapter 2 Frameworks and Planning Concepts
Chapter 2 Frameworks and Planning Concepts
2.1 Frameworks
The urban transport and public transportation plan is formulated as part of the Damascus Metropolitan Area (DMA) urban development master plan to support the spatial and the socio-economic development of the capital region. The socio-economic framework for the DMA urban development is to decongest the city center by creating viable urban centers and sub-centers outside the city to realize more balanced and viable urban socio-economy as a whole.
Figure 2.1 shows image of the present traffic movement except for purpose of movement “to home”.
Figure 2.1 Present Traffic Movements
The spatial framework for the DMA urban development is to change the urbanization pattern from the mono-centric one at present to the dispersed concentric pattern. For this purpose, several new urban centers are planned in the outer area of the DMA, and the outer ring road is planned to link them. Also, several sub-centers are planned to be strengthened in the conurbation area just outside the Damascus city. Figure 2.2 shows the traffic demand by concept of urban planning.
Within these frameworks, the structure of the urban transport system should be changed, and consequently, traffic patterns would change. At present, the traffic pattern in the DMA is centering on the Damascus city for commuting, shopping, and various social and other services. Also, through traffic passes through the Damascus city as the southern bypass has not been completed.
2-1 Chapter 2 Frameworks and Planning Concepts
Figure 2.2 Traffic Demand by Concept of Urban Planning
The creation of several new urban centers in the outer area and strengthening of sub-centers just outside the city would reduce the urbanization pressure on the city. The proposed outer ring road would improve the links between the outer areas including the new urban centers to make them more viable, and also separate the through traffic from the intra-city traffic. Consequently, the traffic pattern would change from the one centering on the city to a concentric pattern as illustrated in Figure 2.3
Figure 2.3 Traffic Pattern Conceived for DMA Transport Plan
2-2 Chapter 2 Frameworks and Planning Concepts
2.2 Planning Concepts
More specific concepts to guide the formulation of the plan are summarized as follows.
1) High service level should be ensured for the inter-city traffic between new urban centers to support their complementary development and thus reduce the city’s congestion. 2) Service level for through traffic should be enhanced to reduce the congestion of the city and realize spatially more balanced development. 3) The transport system should be improved to allow more efficient public transportation, supported by the modal shift away from the private car use. 4) Some sections of the radial roads should be selectively upgraded to increase road capacity. 5) Selected road sections of the outer ring road should accommodate the installation of underground fiber cables for data communications in the medium-term future. 6) Higher service level should be realized for intra-city traffic of the city through the reduced traffic, and more efficient public transportation as well as the provision of parking, terminal and associated facilities.
2-3 Chapter 3 Conceptual Project Formulation
Chapter 3 Conceptual Project Formulation
3.1 Project Formulation Criteria
To formulate projects to improve the DMA transport system, the following criteria are applied.
1) Road sections to be newly established or upgraded should make use of existing road sections as much as possible to decrease the construction costs. 2) New traffic routs should offer shortcuts for existing and conceived traffic to attract traffic and enhance their feasibility. 3) New road sections should be selected in areas of slope equal to or less than 12% to decrease the construction costs.
3.2 Conceptual Projects
Under the planning concepts and criteria established above, transport projects are conceived as either new road sections or upgrading of existing road sections. These conceptual projects are summarized in Table 3.1, and illustrated in Figure 3.1.
Table 3.1 Selected Projects Conceived for Transport Sector Plan
Purpose
Distance No Category Project name (km) Baypass Fiber cable Intercity traffic Intercity Public transport Public Radial connection Reducing congestion (CBD) 1 Road 3rd ring road 73.3 0 0 0 2 Road Outer ring road 151.6 0 0 0 0 3 Road 2nd ring road 17.4 0 0 0 4 Road Inner ring road 2.8 0 0 0 5 Road Trunk bus route 49.8 0 0 0 6 Road Airport road 17.7 0 0 7 Road Damascus-Quneitrah road 10.4 0 0 0 8 Road Radial road (south-east direction) 17.2 0 0 9 Rolling stock Trunk bus 0 0 0 10 Terminal and depot South terminal 0 0 0 11 Terminal and depot North terminal 0 0 0 12 Traffic management ATC (area traffic Control) 0 13 Traffic management Underground parking 0
3-1 Chapter 3 Conceptual Project Formulation
Figure 3.1 Transport Projects Conceived
3-2 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
4.1 Assumptions and Input Data
The traffic demand on the conceived transport system is analyzed by using a standard forecast model. The model used for the 1998 JICA TMP is adopted with small modification. In the 1998 JICA TMP, the trip distribution was made by assuming the traffic pattern would not change. In the present Study, the traffic pattern would change due to the new urban centers proposed as mentioned above. Therefore, a gravity model is used as the trip distribution model.
Many public transport projects are planned at present in the city including metro lines, but specifics such as the location of stations have not been determined. Therefore, the demand for public transportation is calculated as daily trips on desired routs without capacity limits rather than as vehicle bases.
The same traffic zones used for the 1998 JICA TMP are adopted for the Damascus governorate, but the network data were updated to the actual conditions in 2006. For Rural Damascus, each nahiya is taken as a traffic zone. The traffic zones for the present analysis are shown in Table 4.1 and illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Socio-economic data were prepared first for each service department of the Damascus city and each nahiya of Rural Damascus. They were then broken down into traffic zone data for the following indices:
1) Population (Figure 4.3) 2) Primary product employee (Figure 4.4) 3) Secondary product employee (Figure 4.5) 4) Tertiary product employee (Figure 4.6) 5) Student (Figure 4.7) 6) Primary product employee (Figure 4.8) 7) Secondary product employee (Figure 4.9) 8) Tertiary product employee (Figure 4.10) 9) Student (Figure 4.11)
4-1 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Table 4.1 Traffic Zones
Area Code Sub-zone Zone name Area Code Sub-zone Zone name Damascus 1 Assad Eddin Damascus 63 Al Tall center city 2 Al Naqshbandi countryside 64 Saidnaya 3 A l A yub iyeh 65 Ranko us 4 Abu Jarash 66 Ain Al Fijeh 5 Al Salhiyeh 67 Al Dimas 6 Shora 68 Qudsaya 7 A l M ast ab eh 6 9 Qat ana cent er 8 Al M urabet 70 Daraya cent er 9 A l M alki 71 Sahnaya 10 Kiwan 72 Al Kissweh 11 Al Rabweh 73 Al Ghizlaniyeh 12 M azzeh 74 B ab b ila 13 Old M ezzeh 75 Jaramana 14 Dummar 76 A l M laiha 15 Al mazra`a 77 Al Nashabiyeh 16 1 A l Rawd a 78 Harran A l A wamid 2 A l Jahez 79 Kaf ar B at na 3 Abu Rummaneh 80 Erbeen 17 1 Sarouja 81 Harasta 2 Einkeresh 82 Douma cent er 18 Al Hijaz 86 Al Hajar Al Aswad 19 A l Qanawat 87 A l Qut ayf eh Cent er 20 Bab Srijeh 88 Ma`a loula 21 Al Ansari 89 Al Zabadani center 22 Al Baramkeh 90 Madaya 23 Kafar Souseh Al balad 91 Sarghaya 24 Al Liwan 92 Bait jin 25 Al Qadam 93 Sa`a Sa`a 2 6 A l Zahira Outside 10 1 Homs direction North-East 27 Ka ah 10 2 Palmyra direction East 28 Al Daqqaq 10 3 Swaida direction Souse-East 29 Al Haqleh 10 4 Dara'a direction South 30 Bab Maser 10 5 Qunayt era d irect io n West 3 1 M id an Wast ani 10 6 Beirut direction North-West 32 Bab Musalah 33 Bilal 34 Dawamneh 35 Al Amin 36 Srouji 37 Shaghour Juwani 38 Bab Jabyeh 39 Al Swaiqa 40 Tijari 4 1 M azant Eshahem 42 Al Qaimariyeh 43 Al Eqaibeh 44 M asjed Al Aksab 45 Amara 46 Bab Touma 47 Bab Sharqi 48 Jobar 49 Diwanyeh 50 A l Quso ur 51 A l M aamo uniyeh 52 Fares A l Ko uri 53 Kaser A l Lib ad 54 B et wana A l Jano ub iyeh 55 Al Qaboun 56 1 Old B arzeh 2 Barzeh-Prefabricat ed Buildings (New) 57 Fallouja 58 A l Karmel 59 Hittin 60 Al Tadamon 61 Al Wahda 62 Adwela ah
4-2 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.1 Traffic Zones in Damascus City and Rural Damascus
In the Damascus city, some traffic zones stretch over two or more service departments. In this case, these traffic zones were shared to adjust for each service department by ratio of area to respective service departments. Then, the shared traffic zones were combined after indicator’s calculation in each service department. These traffic zones are shown in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2 Shared/Combined Traffic Zones
4-3 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.3 Population Growth
4-4 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.4 Primary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base)
4-5 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 6.2.1.3-3(3) Secondary Product Employee Growth (Residence Base)
Figure 4.5 Secondary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base)
4-6 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.6 Tertiary Sector Employee Growth (Residence Base)
4-7 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.7 Students Growth (Residence Base)
4-8 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.8 Primary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base)
4-9 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.9 Secondary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base)
4-10 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.10 Tertiary Sector Employee Growth (Work Place Base)
4-11 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.11 Students Growth (School Place Base)
4-12 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
4.2 Demand Forecast Model
The demand forecast model of the 1998 JICA TMP is applied for the Study. This is an orthodox four step model. Figure 4.12 shows the four step model flowchart.
Input 1st Step Output Socio-economic frame － Generation/attraction Forecast － Ganaration/attraction by Zone ↓ 2nd Step Zone impedance － Trip distribution － OD table ↓ 3rd Step Parameter among mode － Model choice － OD table by mode ↓ 4th Step Network, etc. － Traffic assignment － Section assignment volume ↓ Evaluation/analysis Evaluation/analysis － Evaluation indicator Vehicle * km, （（）Vehicle * hr, etc. ）
Figure 4.12 Step Demand Forecast Model Flowchart
In the 1998 JICA TMP, a Frator method which distributes origin/destination (O/D) volume by the present pattern was chosen for the trip distribution step for the O/D volume distribution of “Model Choice” step. The reason for this choice is that the tendency of the socio economic framework is similar to that of the 1998 JICA TMP. One of the main purposes of this study is to propose new urban concepts for the DAM. It means socio-economic growth patterns are not the same as the present patterns. Therefore, the Frator method is not fit, and as a Gravity model is chosen for the O/D volume distribution in this Study. This Gravity model used here is a “Basic Gravity Model” of JICA-STRADA, and an “Exponential Function” is chosen as an opportunity model. The formula of this model is as follows and the parameters of gravity model are shown in Table 4.2.
(Exponential function of basic gravity model)
Legend Tij: Distribution volume of OD
Gi: Generation volume of zone i
Aj: Attraction volume of zone j
dij: Zone inpedance between zone i and j
4-13 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Table 4.2 Parameter of Gravity Model
Parameter Constant Variable Variable Variable (k) (α)(β)(b) P. Car 6.235E-07 1.012E+00 1.004E+00 -3.709E-04 Taxi 7.971E-06 8.943E-01 8.594E-01 -4.992E-03 Public 3.236E-08 1.091E+00 1.092E+00 1.991E-03 Others 9.233E-05 7.544E-01 7.883E-01 8.353E-04
4.3 Procedure
The procedure of the traffic demand analysis is illustrated in Figure 4.13. The generation/attraction process generates the total traffic volume by zone. The desired line process generates traffic between zones. The spider assignment process selects desired route through zones for any O/D pair. Finally, the traffic assignment process allocates traffic volume to sections linking zones.
Input Output Point of view
Generation Generation /attraction /attraction Generation/attraction balance in each zone Table figure
OD Desired Traffic demand connection between zone table line
OD Spider Desired route through zone connection table assignment
OD table Traffic Section (link) traffic volume network assignment
Figure 4.13 Procedure for Traffic Demend Analysis
4.4 Generation and Attraction
Future daily generation and attraction volumes were calculated by combining the 1998 JICA TMP model and the gravity distribution model. Generation means how many trips and/or vehicles start from each traffic zone, and attraction means how many trips and/or vehicles reach each traffic zone. The present and future generation and attraction volumes are shown for each mode in Figure 4.14. In the urban planning scenario, socio-economies of neighboring zones around Damascus have large growth so that high demand growth is expected for every mode.
4-14 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.14 (1) Passenger Car Generation and Attraction
Figure 4.14 (2) Taxi Generation and Attraction
4-15 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.14 (3) Public Mode Generation and Attraction
Figure 4.14 (4) Other Mode Generation and Attraction
4-16 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
4.5 Desired Lines
Desired lines display trips and/or vehicle movements by width of the O/D. This is on the demand bases. Figure 4.15 shows the future desired lines.
Figure 4.15 (1) Desired Lines in 2015 (Passenger Car)
Figure 4.15 (2) Desired Lines in 2025 (Passenger Car)
4-17 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.15 (3) Desired Lines in 2015 (Taxi)
Figure 4.15 (4) Desired Lines in 2025 (Taxi)
4-18 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.15 (5) Desired Lines in 2015 (Public)
Figure 4.15 (6) Desired Lines in 2025 (Public)
4-19 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.15 (7) Desired Lines in 2015 (Other)
Figure 4.15 (8) Desired Lines in 2025 (Other)
Large demand areas expand from the present DMA area to the surround areas of Rural Damascus.
4-20 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
4.6 Spider Assignment
Spider assignment results show traffic demand from a starting zone to an ending zone through the zone on the desired route. A network of the spider assignment means land connection such as a physical connection between a zone and its neighboring zone. It means demand could move from a zone to the neighboring zone. Figure 4.16 shows the results of the spider assignment.
Figure 4.16 (1) Spider Assignment Result in 2006
Figure 4.16 (2) Spider Assignment Result in 2015
4-21 Chapter 4 Traffic Demand Forecast
Figure 4.16 (3) Spider Assignment Result in 2025
The present assignment results show that the demand on the ring road is not so high. Ring road demand is higher remarkably by a reason of development of new cities by this urban planning concept in 2015. In 2025, the ring road demand has a huge volume as the conceptual development completes.
4-22 Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
5.1 Results of Traffic Demand Analysis
The results of the spider assignment for 2006 to 2025 are shown in Figure 5.1. As seen from the figure, links between zones of new urban centers are very strong as expected. The results of traffic demand assignment are illustrated in Figure 5.1 for public transportation and all other transportation except public transportation. The traffic demand on the inner and the middle ring roads is very high, and the third ring road also has high traffic demand. The outer ring road, however, has little traffic volume except its northern sections due to its alignment away from the city center. This ring road has a function beyond the DMA to strengthen the link between the southern region with other regions in the north and the east, which is not reflected in the demand analysis here.
The increases in the traffic demand for public and other transportation are summarized in Table 5.1. In the table, the traffic demand for public transportation is expressed in trips, and that for other transportation in passenger car unit (PCU). As seen from the table, the traffic demand decreases in 2025 by any indicator, while the O/D volume increases. This is due to the dominance of short trips and enhanced service levels of the road network as a result of the improvement in the distribution of population and socio-economic activities as planned.
Figure 5.1 (1) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2006 (All Mode)
5-1 Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
Figure 5.1 (2) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2015 (Public)
Figure 5.1 (3) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2015 (except Public)
5-2 Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
Figure 5.1 (4) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2025 (Public)
Figure 5.1 (5) Result of Traffic Assignment in 2025 (except Public)
5-3 Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
Table 5.1 Transport Demand for Public and Other Transportation
(Daily volume) Public Transport Others O/D (Trip) Trip x km Trip x hour O/D (PCU) PCU x km PCU x hour 2006 5,200,941 359,376,334 5,965,768 2,060,548 149,141,358 2,337,192 2015 5,540,052 301,096,931 5,541,775 2,027,313 197,361,972 3,194,120 2025 7,531,680 334,566,698 6,673,827 2,404,026 127,485,036 2,061,594
In Table 5.1, public transport indicators show service levels higher than demand increasing than in 2015 at present, as both of “Trip x km” and “Trip x hour” are reduced in 2015. On the other hand, “PCU x km” and “PCU x hour” of other modes are higher in 2025 than at present. It is because road projects are not completed by 2015. In 2025, all indicators are less than the present levels for the following reasons, even though the O/D volumes are increased.
1) This urban planning concept makes transport demand dominated by short trips by socio-economic distribution to new cities. 2) Transport projects enhance the level of transport service for future demand.
5.2 Traffic Management
The traffic congestion in the Damascus city is caused mainly by the on-road parking and poor traffic control. The on-road parking undermines the safety of residents as it hampers the movement of emergency vehicles. The 1998 JICA TMP proposed parking capacity development such as underground parking. It also proposed the introduction of area traffic control system. These measures should be taken urgently to alleviate the problems caused by the traffic congestion.
5.3 Proposed Projects and Implementation Schedule
Based on the results of the traffic demand analysis, the conceptual projects presented above are examined for their specifications and implementation schedule. The results are summarized in Table 5.2.
5.4 Restudy of the Transportation Master Plan
In the DMA, existing situation related to transportation has much changed from the 1998 JICA TMP. Administration borders have changed; the metropolitan area is effectively enlarged to Rural Damascus, and the DMA has a Metro Project connecting with existing railways. In view of these changes, restudying of transportation master plan is necessary. This is time to reconsider the transportation master plan reflecting changes in the past ten years from the 1998 JICA TMP.
5-4 Chapter 5 Future Traffic and Transport System
Table 5.2 Project Specification and Schedule
No Sub Category Project Sub Project Sub Distance Target No name name name (km) y ear Remarks 1 Road 3rd ring road Total 73.270 2015 Trunk bus Existing 21.078 Optical f ibre (north only ) Upgrade 38.351 6 lanes New 13.841 80 km/h 2 Road Outer ring road Total 151.633 Trunk bus Existing 39.959 Optical f ibre Upgrade 29.928 6 lanes New 81.746 80 km/h 1 North section Sub-total 40.724 2015 21.078 km of EXISTING Existing 38.848 and 1.876 km of NEW Upgrade 0.000 are common with New 1.876 3rd ring road 2 West section Sub-total 21.344 2025 Existing 0.000 Upgrade 6.691 New 14.653 3 South section Sub-total 23.054 2025 Existing 0.000 Upgrade 0.000 New 23.054 4 East section Sub-total 66.511 2025 Existing 1.111 Upgrade 23.237 New 42.163 3 Road 2nd ring road Total 17.380 Existing 0.000 Upgrade 7.260 New 10.120 1 South by pass Sub-total 7.260 2015 Existing 0.000 Upgrade 7.260 Fly ov er New 0.000 2 North by pass Sub-total 10.120 2025 EXISTING 0.000 UPGRADE 0.000 NEW 10.120 Fly ov er 4 Road Inner ring road Total 2.814 Existing 0.000 Upgrade 2.814 New 0.000 1 North section Sub-total 2.814 2015 Elev ated road Existing 0.000 between Upgrade 2.814 Umawiy een Square New 0.000 and Russian embassy 2 South section Sub-total 0.000 2015 Intersection upgrade Existing 0.000 by 1998 JICA TMP Upgrade 0.000 (No cost estimation New 0.000 in this study ) 5 Road Trunk bus route Between Total 49.764 2015 the north termina Existing 0.000 and Upgrade 49.764 the south terminaNew 0.000 6 Road Airport road Between Total 17.680 2025 Widening south by pass Existing 0.000 f rom south by pass and Upgrade 17.680 to airport IC Airport IC New 0.000 8 lanes 80km/h 7 Road Damascus-Quneitrah road Between Total 10.360 2015 Widening south by pass Existing 0.000 4 lanes 80km/h and Upgrade 10.360 to Qatana New 0.000 6 lanes 80km/h 8 Road Radial road Between Total 17.210 2015 Widening (South-east direction) south by pass Existing 0.000 f rom 3rd ring road and Upgrade 17.210 to outer ring road airport IC New 0.000 6 lanes 60km/h 9 Rolling stock Trunk bus 2015 300 2025 300 10 Terminal and depot South terminal 2015 Capacity 100 bus 11 Terminal and depot North terminal 2015 Capacity 120 bus 12 Traf f ic management ATC (Area traf f ic control) 2025 No cost estimation 13 Traf f ic management Underground parking 2025 No cost estimation
5-5
Part 2
Water Supply and Sewerage
The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic
Final Report Volume 4 Sector Report Part 2 Water Supply and Sewerage
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources...... 1-1
1.1 Institutional Conditions...... 1-1 1.2 Overview of Water Resources in Syria ...... 1-2 1.3 Water Balance of Barada & Awaj Basin...... 1-2 1.3.1 Estimation by Ministry of Irrigation ...... 1-2 1.3.2 Result of study under coordination with World Bank ...... 1-3 1.3.3 Result of model simulation by WRIC ...... 1-4 1.4 Planned Countermeasures to Overcome Chronic Water Shortages...... 1-5 1.4.1 Euphrates & Aleppo basin transfer...... 1-6 1.4.2 Coastal basin transfer ...... 1-6
Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply ...... 2-1
2.1 Institutional Conditions...... 2-1 2.2 Development History ...... 2-1 2.3 Water Supply Capacity and Demand...... 2-2 2.3.1 Service population and water supply coverage ...... 2-2 2.3.2 Water production volume ...... 2-6 2.3.3 Water consumption...... 2-9 2.3.4 Demand ...... 2-9 2.4 Water Sources...... 2-11 2.4.1 Damascus governorate ...... 2-11 2.4.2 Rural Damascus governorate ...... 2-14 2.5 Water Supply System ...... 2-16
- i - 2.5.1 Outline...... 2-16 2.5.2 Spring water conveyance tunnels for Damascus governorate ...... 2-18 2.5.3 Water reservoirs...... 2-19 2.5.4 Network and pipelines...... 2-19 2.6 Unaccounted for Water...... 2-20 2.6.1 Past study...... 2-20 2.6.2 Present unaccounted for water...... 2-20 2.7 Water Quality...... 2-21 2.7.1 Spring water...... 2-21 2.7.2 Groundwater...... 2-21
Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage ...... 3-1
3.1 Institutional Conditions ...... 3-1 3.2 Development History...... 3-1 3.3 Sewage Volume ...... 3-2 3.4 Sewerage System...... 3-2 3.4.1 Outline...... 3-2 3.4.2 Sewage treatment plant...... 3-3 3.4.3 Sewer trunk line for Damascus governorate...... 3-5 3.5 Water Quality...... 3-5 3.6 Reuse of Treated Sewage and Sludge...... 3-6
Chapter 4 Present Tariff of Water Supply and Sewerage...... 4-1
Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan...... 5-1
5.1 Projection of Drinking Water Demand ...... 5-1 5.1.1 Method...... 5-1 5.1.2 Unit drinking water demand...... 5-2 5.1.3 Unaccounted-for-water...... 5-4 5.1.4 Projected water demand ...... 5-4 5.2 Drinking Water Supply Plan...... 5-5 5.2.1 Planning conditions ...... 5-5 5.2.2 Water demand-supply balance...... 5-5 5.2.3 Water sources...... 5-6 5.2.4 Water supply facilities ...... 5-7 5.2.5 Water supply for other uses ...... 5-10 5.3 Sewerage Plan ...... 5-10
- ii - 5.3.1 Damascus governorate ...... 5-10 5.3.2 Rural Damascus governorate ...... 5-11 5.4 Watershed Protection Plan...... 5-11 5.5 Institutional Measures ...... 5-12 5.5.1 Water tariff rationalization ...... 5-12 5.5.2 Incentive measures for water-saving irrigation ...... 5-13 5.5.3 Institutional links between DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA...... 5-13 5.5.4 Control of development in watershed protection area...... 5-13 5.5.5 Introduction of ambient environmental standards...... 5-14
- iii - List of Tables
Page Table 1.1 General Conditions of Syrian Basins...... 1-2 Table 1.2 Water Balance Estimation of Barada & Awaj Basin by MOI ...... 1-4 Table 1.3 Water Balance Estimation of Barada & Awaj Basin by World Bank...... 1-4 Table 1.4 Simulation Result of Water Balance in Barada & Awaj Basin by WRIC...... 1-5 Table 2.1 Water Supply Coverage Estimated by DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA...... 2-3 Table 2.2 Number of Water Supply Subscribers ...... 2-4 Table 2.3 Estimated Service Population through Subscriber by the Study ...... 2-5 Table 2.4 Area Population Served by DAWSSA in Rural Damascus by Census ...... 2-5 Table 2.5 Estimated Service Population and Water Supply Coverage ...... 2-6 Table 2.6 Summary of Present Water Production...... 2-9 Table 2.7 Present Drinking Water Consumption ...... 2-9 Table 2.8 Present Domestic Water Consumption ...... 2-9 Table 2.9 Present Dormant Demand in DMA ...... 2-11 Table 2.10 List of Well Fields for DAWSSA ...... 2-12 Table 2.11 New Wells Planned by DAWSSA ...... 2-13 Table 2.12 List of Main Water Reservoirs...... 2-19 Table 2.13 Present Unaccounted for Water ...... 2-21 Table 2.14 Water Quality of Al Fijeh Spring...... 2-21 Table 2.15 Water Quality of Jobar Well Field ...... 2-22 Table 2.16 List of Pollution Extended Wells for R-DAWSSA...... 2-23 Table 3.1 Treated Volume of Adra Sewer Treatment Plant...... 3-2 Table 3.2 Nitrogen Included in Treated Sewage...... 3-6 Table 3.3 Production/Sale of Sludge Compost of Adra Plant...... 3-7 Table 4.1 Present Water Supply and Sewerage Tariff for Syria...... 4-1 Table 5.1 Average Unit Consumption for Rural Damascus...... 5-2 Table 5.2 Present Water Consumption in Damascus Governorate ...... 5-2 Table 5.3 Average Unit Consumption to Apply in the Study ...... 5-4 Table 5.4 Summary of Projected Average Drinking Water Demand...... 5-5
- iv - List of Figures
Page Figure 1.1 Geographical Location of Syrian Basin...... 1-3 Figure 1.2 Simulation Result of Water Balance in Barada & Awaj Basin by WRIC ...... 1-5 Figure 2.1Water Production of DAWSSA ...... 2-7 Figure 2.2 Annual Precipitation around Fijeh Spring ...... 2-8 Figure 2.3 Water Production of DAWSSA...... 2-8 Figure 2.4 Location of Water Sources for DAWSSA...... 2-12 Figure 2.5 Average Water Production by Source for DAWSSA ...... 2-13 Figure 2.6 Spread of Water Source Capacity for R-DAWSSA ...... 2-15 Figure 2.7 Average Water Production by Source for R-DAWSSA ...... 2-15 Figure 2.8 Water Supply System of DAWSSA...... 2-17 Figure 2.9 Typical Water Supply System in Rural Damascus...... 2-18 Figure 2.10 Estimated Groundwater Polluted Area ...... 2-22 Figure 3.1 Outline of Sewerage System of DSDC...... 3-4 Figure 3.2 BOD of Sewage at Adra Sewage Treatment Plant...... 3-5 Figure 3.3 TSS of Sewage at Adra Sewage Treatment Plant ...... 3-6 Figure 5.1 Structure of Water Consumption and Demand ...... 5-1 Figure 5.2 Reduction of Loss Ratios of DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA Water Supply Systems...... 5-4 Figure 5.3 Comparison between Water Demand and Natural Water Availability...... 5-6 Figure 5.4 Planned Water Transfers between Areas...... 5-7 Figure 5.5 Flow of Water in Drinking Water Supply System in 2025 ...... 5-8 Figure 5.6 Planned Water Transmission System for the DMA ...... 5-9 Figure 5.7 Requited Plan to Improve Adra Treatment Plant...... 5-11 Figure 5.8 Proposed Watershed Protection Area...... 5-12
- v - Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
1.1 Institutional Conditions
Water resources in Syria are managed by the General Organization of Water Resources Directorate (GOWRD) in the Ministry of Irrigation (MOI). As the water balance in Syria is already tight, MOI has been trying to improve the water resources management. As part of the efforts, MOI established GOWRD in 2005, through Decree No. 90, 2005 in order to have integrated management. Before the establishment of GOWRD, the water resources had been managed by several different Directorates, which are General Directorate of Water Basin, MOI’s Central Directorates concerning irrigation and General Organization of Euphrates Dam. Tasks of GOWRD are described hereunder:
• To manage, develop and preserve all water resources of all water basins over Syria, • To supervise the exploitation and to control water resources and water constructions in all water basins, • To establish strategic plans to implement the adopted water policy to fulfill the integrated and sustainable development of water resources, • To define the utilization of water resources in coordination with related ministries and organizations, • To establish mechanisms to exploit water resources and to control pollution in coordination with related organizations, • To operate, maintain and develop water projects and constructions related to the organization, • To study and design irrigation project and water construction, to define the engineering criterion for the study and implementation and to supervise the implementation and operation, • To prepare and habilitate technical staffs for all specialties inside and outside Syria and to collaborate and coordinate with different scientific sides to achieve the organization’s goals, and • To suggest the necessary legislative bills that serve achieving the organization’s goals.
Also, MOI established the Water Resources Information Center (WRIC) in 2002, supported by the Government of Japan. Although WRIC had been placed independently in MOI, it was placed under GOWRD.
In order to improve water resources management and decision-making process, JICA has extended technical cooperation for WRIC since 2002 until 2007. Tasks of WRIC are described as follows,
1-1 Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
• To collect all kinds of information useful for managing water in Barada & Awaj and Coastal basins in one unified database, • To prepare necessary information for establishing and upgrading the main plan of water resources management, • To prepare necessary information for establishing a strategy for water management, and • To exchange information with related parties.
1.2 Overview of Water Resources in Syria
Syria is divided into seven water basins: 1) Barada & Awaj, 2) Al Khabour & Tigris, 3) Euphrates & Aleppo, 4) Orontes, 5) Coastal, 6) Al Yarmouk and 7) Steppe. General conditions of the seven basins are as shown in Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1. MOI estimates that total water balance of Syria is negative by -698million m3/year due to the demand higher than renewable water resources. This situation means that utilization of water resources is excessive to sustainable level.
Among these basins, the Barada & Awaj basin involves completely DMA and the water balance is negative.
Table 1.1 General Conditions of Syrian Basins
Area Water balance (million m3/year) No Name of Basin 2 Major cities (km ) Availability Demand Balance 1 Barada & Awaj 8,630 1,194 1,337 -143 Damascus 2 Al Khabour & Tigris 21,129 2,447 4,232 -1,785 Al Hassakeh 3 Euphrates & Aleppo 51,238 8,085 7,058 1,027 Aleppo, Al Raqqa 4 Orontes 21,624 1,911 2,215 -304 Hama, Homs 5 Coastal 5,049 1,173 715 458 Tartus, Lattakia 6 Al Yarmouk 6,724 420 421 -1 Dara’a 7 Steppe 70,786 378 328 50 Syrian desert Total 185,180 15,608 16,306 -698 Source: MOI as for 2003
1.3 Water Balance of Barada & Awaj Basin
1.3.1 Estimation by Ministry of Irrigation
MOI estimates the natural water resources of Barada & Awaj basin at 850million m3/year. The demand exceeds this figure and the basin is put in a condition of chronic water shortage.
Various studies attempted to evaluate the water balance of the basin. Table 1.2. shows the result of Initial Assessment Study of Water Sector Management (Joint Assessment Team Syria – German, 2004). The result is -212 million m3/year in the Barada & Awaj basin. The demand exceeds the availability by 19%. It indicates that the current water utilization is not sustainable. Irrigation demand accounts for 74% of the total demand and domestic water
1-2 Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources demand for 20%.
Assuming that unit water supply volume for drinking is 250 liter/capita/day (LCD), the negative balance of -200million m3/year would correspond to the shortage of drinking water for 2 million persons. DMA is placed in critical conditions of water as one of key issues of DMA development.
Turkey Al Khabour & Tigris Basin
Euphrates & Aleppo Basin Al Hassakeh
Aleppo A Raqqa Coastal Basin
Lattakia Hama Orontes Basin Tartus Homs
Steppe Basin Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Lebanon Lebanon
Damascus Iraq
Barada & Awaj Basin
Dara`a Jordan Palestine Palestine Al Yarmouk Basin
Source: WRIC Figure 1.1 Geographical Location of Syrian Basin
1.3.2 Result of study under coordination with World Bank
The Government of Syria, the then Ministry of Environment, prepared “Strategy & National Environmental Action Plan” in 2003 under coordination with the World Bank. In order to prepare action plans, water resources conditions were studied at the national level and reported as the situation of 2001. The reported result is the negative balance of -180 million m3/year. The summary results are shown in Table 1.3.
1-3 Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
Table 1.2 Water Balance Estimation of Barada & Awaj Basin by MOI
Items Water volume (million m3/year) Water resources Water resources Surface water 12 Groundwater 838 Sub total 850 Regulation degree 90% Available water 765 Other resources Reuse of treated sewage 260 Agricultural return 98 Sub total 358 Total 1,123 Water demand Irrigation water 983 Domestic water 270 Industrial water 76 Evaporation 6 Total 1,335 Water balance -212 Source: Initial Assessment Study of Water Sector Management, 2004, Joint Assessment Team Syria - Germany Table 1.3 Water Balance Estimation of Barada & Awaj Basin by World Bank
Items Water volume (million m3/year) Water resources Water resources Surface water 548 Groundwater 302 Sub total 850 Regulation degree 90% Available water 765 Other resources Reuse of treated sewage 75 Agricultural return 75 Sub total 840 Total Water demand Irrigation water 630 Domestic water 368 Industrial water 22 Total 1,020 Water balance -180 Source: Strategy & National Environmental Action Plan, 2003
1.3.3 Result of model simulation by WRIC
Through the JICA’s technical cooperation, WRIC made model simulation of water balance in the Barada & Awaj basin in 2005. The results of the model simulation are summarized in Table 1.4 and Figure 1.2. Although the simulation was tentative, the results show the negative balance of -196 million m3/year, similar to the result made by MOI.
1-4 Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
Table 1.4 Simulation Result of Water Balance in Barada & Awaj Basin by WRIC
Basin area Volume Item mm/area 2 3 (km ) (million m ) Rainfall 265.3 2,268 Evaporation -220.5 -1,885 Groundwater withdrawal -66.7 -570 8,550.4 Groundwater runoff -1.2 -10 Storage in surface (finally recharged) 0.2 2 Storage in groundwater (balance) -22.9 -196 Data source: WRIC
Rainfall Evaporation Groundwater Withdrawal 265.3mm 220.5mm 66.7mm
Surface Water System Storage in Surface 0.2mm
Groundwater Groundwater Runoff 1.2mm System Spring 22.8mm Storage in Groundwater Recharge Groundwater 67.5mm -22.9mm
Unit: mm/area Source: WRIC
Figure 1.2 Simulation Result of Water Balance in Barada & Awaj Basin by WRIC
1.4 Planned Countermeasures to Overcome Chronic Water Shortages
The Government of Syria worked out several action plans in 2003 through “Strategy & National Environmental Action Plan”. However it is limited to policies and/or directions for water resources conservation and does not include concrete plans. On the other hand, the Ministry of Housing and Construction (MOHC) and the Damascus City Water Supply & Sewerage Authority (DAWSSA) have been studying inter-basin water transfer in order to overcome the chronic water shortages of the Barada & Awaj basin and to secure drinking water.
The projects under study are to transfer water at an amount of 13m3/sec (410 million m3/year on 24 hours basis) to the DMA from the Euphrates & Aleppo and/or the Coastal basins whose water balances are positive. Those projects are expected to clear the negative water balance in the Barada & Awaj basin. However prospect of finance to cover huge cost is far from realization. The Government of Syria has decided not to start the implementation before 2010 and tried to find the finance. The projects are summarized below.
1-5 Chapter 1 Present Conditions of Water Resources
1.4.1 Euphrates & Aleppo basin transfer
The project is to convey the water from the Al Assad lake on the Euphrates river. The project requires construction of intake facility from the lake, water treatment plant and pipeline between the lake and the DMA. The cost is estimated at US$1.6 billion. Currently the project is under study to finish in 2008.
1.4.2 Coastal basin transfer
The project is to convey the water from two dams to be constructed in Tartous. The project requires construction of dams, water treatment plant and pipeline between the dams and Damascus. The cost is estimated at US$2 billion. Currently the project is under study to finish in 2007.
1-6 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
2.1 Institutional Conditions
Responsibility of water supply belongs to MOHC at the national level. At regional levels, public entities, which are established in each governorate, are responsible under supervision of MOHC. In the DMA, there are therefore two public entities that are DAWSSA for the Damascus governorate and the Establishment for Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage of Rural Damascus (EDWSSR: R-DAWSSA in common) for the Rural Damascus governorate. They are managing sewerage as well as water supply. Basic roles of the mentioned three organizations are described hereunder.
MOHC: Making policies and plans for water supply and sewerage in national level, monitoring regional entities’ activity and facilitating design and construction of facilities. DAWSSA: Planning, designing, constructing, maintaining and operating facility for water supply and sewerage for the area of Damascus governorate. R-DAWSSA: Planning, designing, constructing, maintaining and operating facility for water supply and sewerage for the area of Rural Damascus governorate.
DAWSSA has a lower tier organization that is the Damascus Sanitary Drainage Company (DSDC) in order to manage the sewer and related facilities. The main body of DAWSSA is therefore responsible for water supply in practice. R-DAWSSA has 39 lower branch organizations in order to govern the huge area of Rural Damascus governorate.
Both DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA are financially independent since they have a certain income through water tariff collection. However, they are often subsided by the Central Government for investment and covering shortage of operation and maintenance budget. As they have no right to fix the water tariff, which is decided politically, they are not considered as completely independent.
R-DAWSSA has an opinion about integration of the organizations of DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA in order to manage efficiently the water supply in the DMA as the main water source of DAWSSA is located in the Rural Damascus governorate and migration between the two governorates has been increasing.
2.2 Development History
The commencement of Damascus water supply dates back to the 19th century B.C. They say that the first water supply was by irrigation canals branched from the Barada river. Its irrigated area is supposed to cover the present urban area. Thereafter, the irrigation network
2-1 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply expanded in accordance with the city development through various regimes such as Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Turkey. It is remarkable that the water of Fijeh springs had already been noticed by the Roman as one of the best in the world for drinking use. During the era of Ottoman Turkey, drinking water supply started, extending the irrigation canals to possible consumers.
In 1908, direct conveyance of water of Fijeh springs started, and then the water was distributed to 400 public fountains, representing the dawn of modern water supply.
The base of the present water supply system was laid in 1924 when a project was started to convey the Fijeh spring water to the city through a tunnel of 16.2 km in length. Then a water reservoir was placed at the exit of the tunnel for distribution to 4,000 consumers.
An organization was established to manage the tunnel construction and water supply project. This is a non-governmental organization called “cooperative committee of Fijeh waters”. The cooperative committee developed in accordance with the development of water supply system. However activities of the committee had been transferred gradually to an official establishment under the Damascus governorate until 1958 since the water supply system became too large to be managed by the non-governmental organization. This new official establishment is the base of present organization “DAWSSA”. In 1980, the second tunnel was constructed to increase the water supply capacity.
As for Rural Damascus, water administration integration had been delayed. The water supply system to distribute the groundwater had been managed by each local community until 1985. Although R-DAWSSA tries to integrate information, they have been facing difficulties in obtaining accurate data especially for systems and facilities constructed before their establishment.
2.3 Water Supply Capacity and Demand
2.3.1 Service population and water supply coverage
(1) Figures estimated by DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
DAWSSA supplies the water to areas along the Barada river in Rural Damascus Governorate in addition to areas of Damascus Governorate. The supplied areas in Rural Damascus Gocernorate are in principal along the Barada river. They are: Ain Al Fijeh, Ain Al Khadra, Bassimeh, Ashrafiyet Al Wadi, Jdaidet Al Wadi, Al Hameh, Jemraya, Qudsaya, Ma’araba, and Dahiyet Al Assad.
Although the Department of Customers Affairs of DAWSSA recognized that there are at least 1,800 illegally connected families at present, DAWSSA estimates the water supply
2-2 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply coverage reaches nearly 100% in the DMA. More specific supply conditions are as follows: a) The water supply network has already covered all communities of the DMA; b) DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA continue their effort to eliminate non-contracted users, commonly called informal users; and c) As the groundwater quality in some areas of the DMA has been deteriorating, most people do not drink water from private wells.
On the other hand, R-DAWSSA estimates it at 91% in 2004 and 92% in 2005. The estimation is based on a method different from DAWSSA. If the same method as DAWWSA was applied for estimation, the coverage would be 100%. The method of R-DAWSSA is as follows: a) To estimate served population from subscriber number and average family number, b) To compare the served population with estimated population by census, and c) To consider the un-served population as non-contracted or private well user. As irrigation purpose private wells are scattered in Rural Damascus, estimating private well user’s number is difficult. Although non-contracted user is supposed to be zero according to recent effort of elimination, there might be some informal users undiscovered.
Table 2.1 shows their estimation for serving population and coverage. However the data gives the following questions.
• DAWSSA, which supplies the water to limited area of Rural Damascus, estimates over 1 million of population as serving population in Rural Damascus. • The total serving population is over 5 million and much more than census population of 3.8 million in 2004.
Furthermore, R-DAWSSA estimates whole population of Rural Damascus as the serving target, while the areas along the Barada river are served by DAWSSA.
Table 2.1 Water Supply Coverage Estimated by DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
Damascus Rural Damascus Total Items Unit (DAWSSA) (R-DAWSSA) 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 A. Population in serving area of 1,000 1,683 1,715 1,683 1,715 Damascus person B. Population in serving area of 1,000 1,143 1,166 2,469 2,554 3,612 3,720 Rural Damascus person C. Population in serving area in 1,000 2,826 2,881 2,469 2,554 5,295 5,435 total person D. Served population in 1,000 1,683 1,715 1,683 1,715 Damascus person E. Served population in Rural 1000 1,143 1,166 2,240 2,359 3,383 3,525 Damascus person F. Served population in total 1,000 2,826 2,881 2,240 2,359 5,066 5,240 person G. Coverage (F/C) % 100% 100% 91% 92% 96% 96% Data Source: DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA, reported data to MOHC 2-3 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
(2) Verification a) Consideration from subscribers
The number of subscriber reported officially is as shown in Table 2.2. Higher growth rates than the population’s ones (1.08% for Damascus and 3.31% for Rural Damascus) are explainable by the recent effort to eliminate informal connections.
Table 2.2 Number of Water Supply Subscribers
Organization 2004 2005 Growth rate DAWSSA 360,557 373,561 3.61% R-DAWSSA 320,000 337,000 5.31% Total 680,557 710,561 4.41% Source: DAWSSA, R-DAWSSA and MOHC
According to a list prepared by DAWSSA in November 2006, the number has increased a little to 377,270. Among the 377,000, 323,000 is contracted as domestic user. Domestic users share approximately 86% of total subscribers.
As for R-DAWSSA, the list prepared in April 2006 shows 353,265 subscribers in total. Although uncompleted and deficient in some areas, another list prepared in November 2006 and classified by commercial, domestic and governmental shows that 94% is domestic users.
In respect of average family number, it is estimated at 4.4 persons for the Damascus governorate and 5.2 persons in the Rural Damascus governorate through analysis of the latest census. However, those are not appropriate to apply to estimation of water serving population, since it is often observed that plural families are served by one meter (contract). DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA, therefore, have their own estimated figures at 6.0 and 7.0, respectively through observations.
Taking into account those domestic ratios and estimated average family number by DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA, the total serving population is estimated at approximately 4.0 million in 2004 and 4.1 million in 2005 as shown in Table 2.3. The followings result from this calculation.
• Serving population of R-DAWSSA is a little less than census population of Rural Damascus by 100,000 – 150,000 persons. • Serving population of DAWSSA is more than census population of Damascus by 310,000 – 360,000 persons.
2-4 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
Table 2.3 Estimated Service Population through Subscriber by the Study
2004 2005 Organization Subscriber Ave. family Persons Subscriber Ave. family Persons DAWSSA 310,079 6.0 1,860,474 321,262 6.0 1,927,572 R-DAWSSA 300,800 7.0 2,105,600 316,780 7.0 2,217,460 Total 610,879 3,966,074 638,042 4,145,032 Source: JICA Study Team b) Consideration from area population served by DAWSSA in Rural Damascus
The area population served by DAWSSA in Rural Damascus is shown in Table 2.4 in accordance with the census results of 2004. Its population reaches 110,000 in 2004 and is estimated 114,000 in 2005. Those figures are in a range of 100,000 - 150,000 and it is enough to consider as the short serving population of R-DAWSSA described above. On the other hand, serving population of DAWSSA is still larger by approximately 200,000.
Table 2.4 Area Population Served by DAWSSA in Rural Damascus by Census
Area/Village Population in census 2004 Remark Ain Al Fijeh 5,898 Ain Al Khadra Bassimeh 4,510 Ashrafiyet Al Wadi 3,525 Jdaidet Al Wadi 6,489 Al Hameh 15,384 Jemraya 1,358 Qudsaya 48,392 Ma'araba 9,771 Dahiyet Al Assad 15,000 Estimated by Study Team Total 110,327 Source: Analysis Result of JICA Study Team c) Consideration from uncounted population in census
The census is to count inhabitants. All inhabitants including informal residents are therefore counted. However some of the residents are uncounted for by the census in the DMA and they are counted in other governorates. Those are sometimes temporally inhabitants living there for short term such as 1 - 2 years and movable and it is not easy to estimate an exact figure. Representative ones of those are:
• Population in military camps, and • Population for education and/or business.
DAWSSA has two connections with major military camps and estimates its total water consumption at 5,000m3/day on average. Assuming that unit consumption is 100 LCD, the camps would have 50,000 of population. In respect of students, there are approximately 100,000 students of secondary schools, universities and higher education institutes in Damascus. Assuming that a half of the 100,000 is counted by the census in other areas, 50,000 students
2-5 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply should be considered as additional water service target. On the other hand, a movable population on business is difficult to know exactly. However total movable population of some 200,000 which includes military related, students, persons on business, is likely. d) Past studies for service population
In 1997, the service population and water demand were studied by DAWSSA under a technical cooperation of JICA (The Study on the Development of Water Supply System for the Damascus City Phase I: hereinafter referred to as “JICA Water MP 1997”). The study made a serving population projection based on the census 1994, interview survey on family number, etc. and estimated the serving population at 1,949,000 in 2005. This figure is nearly the same as described above and presented in Table 2.3.
DAWSSA made another study in 2004 under a cooperation of the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) as “Studies and Design of Works concerning Rehabilitation and Expansion of the Water Supply System of Damascus City and its Surrounding” (hereinafter referred to as “Kuwait Water MP 2004”), which includes preparation of tender documents and continued until 2007. The study estimated the serving population at 2,861,000 in 2004 and 2,905,000 in 2005. The study took a unique method, which estimates the population from population density classified by area characteristics such as income class. As a result of the recent census 2004, the projected serving population is more than the census population of Damascus by over 1 million. Even DAWSSA serves to the areas of Rural Damascus and difficult areas to know exact population such as military camps, the difference of 1 million is considered larger. e) Verification result
Through the examinations described above and the exiting water supply networks, the served population is supposed to reach nearly all the habitants. In respect of the serving population, the Study Team considers the figure of Table 2.3 described before as reasonable. The Study Team therefore estimates the serving population as Table 2.5 hereunder.
Table 2.5 Estimated Service Population and Water Supply Coverage
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 Served 1,000 1,860 1,928 2,106 2,217 3,966 4,145 population persons Coverage nearly % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: JICA Study Team
2.3.2 Water production volume
In both the Damascus and the Rural Damascus governorates, spring water and/or pumped
2-6 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply up well water are fed to water distribution network after chlorination without water treatment process. As there is no loss generated in treatment process, produced volume is approximately considered as supplied volume. The production volume is not always controlled on demand and depends on water resources conditions, which fluctuate in accordance with precipitation. DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA face difficulty to secure stable water supply on demand.
The fluctuation of water production of DAWSSA is shown in Figure 2.1. According to the data for the recent 10 years from 1996 to 2005, DAWSSA supplies the water at 545,000m3/day on average throughout the year, 612,000m3/day in April representing the high-water season and 500,000m3/day in October representing the short-water season. Although the production volume fluctuates due to water resources conditions, it is on the downward trend or largely unchanged. This reflects the reduction of unaccounted for water (UFW), as DAWSSA has been making their efforts.
800
700
600
500 Annual Average 400 Average for April Average for October 300
200
Water Production x1000m3/day Production Water 100
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Data Source: DAWSSA
Figure 2.1Water Production of DAWSSA
Furthermore it should be remarked that the water production was only 348,000m3/day in October 2001, which is 64% of the recent ten years’ average. In recent years, three years from 1999 were drought years as shown in Figure 2.2. The water production in four years from 1999 to 2002 is therefore low due to short water resources.
2-7 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Precipitation (mm/year) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Hydrological Year
Data Source: DAWSSA
Figure 2.2 Annual Precipitation around Fijeh Spring
On the other hand, the water production of R-DAWSSA is on the upward trend and increased from 163,000m3/day in 1996 to 370,000m3/day in 2005 as shown in Figure 2.3. This increasing rate recorded 9.5% per year and the situation indicates that R-DAWSSA is expanding the services in response to the rapid growth of population and demand irrespective of water resources conditions. When those figures are divided by the served population, unit water production is 167 LCD in both 2004 and 2005. In addition to the average production, it should be remarked that R-DAWSSA has low groundwater table areas. Al Kissweh and Al Ghizlaniyeh nahiyas in Rural Damascus are placed as critical. Water is therefore supplied through water tank trucks in those areas.
400
350 300
250
200 Annual Average 150 100
50 Water Production x1000m3/day Production Water 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Source: R-DAWSSA
Figure 2.3 Water Production of DAWSSA
2-8 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
The volume of water production is summarized in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Summary of Present Water Production
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 Average water 3 1,000m /day 542 540 351 370 893 910 production 1,000 Served population 1,860 1,928 2,106 2,217 3,966 4,145 persons Unit production LCD 291 280 167 167 225 220 Source: JICA Study Team
2.3.3 Water consumption
Based on the readings of customers’ meters, water consumption (received water by customer) is as shown in Table 2.7. When those figures are divided by the service population, the per capita consumed water in 2005 is 218 LCD for the Damascus governorate and 83 LCD for the Rural Damascus governorate. The difference between those figures and the water production is considered as the UFW.
Table 2.7 Present Drinking Water Consumption
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 A. Received water (sum of 3 1,000m 151,499 153,246 76,800 67,400 228,299 220,646 meter reading) per year 1,000 B. Served population 1,860 1,928 2,106 2,217 3,966 4,145 persons C. Consumed water per LCD 223 218 100 83 158 146 capita per day (A/B) Source: DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
If only the domestic consumption is taken as shown in Table 2.8, its average is in a rage of 75 - 90 LCD according to the data of DAWSSA and R-DAWSAA.
Table 2.8 Present Domestic Water Consumption
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 A. Domestic accounted water 3 1,000m 52,498 62,212 69,320 60,800 121,818 123,012 (billed water) per year 1,000 B. Served population 1,860 1,928 2,106 2,217 3,966 4,145 persons C. Domestic consumption per LCD 77 88 90 75 84 81 capita per day (A/B) Source: DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
2.3.4 Demand
(1) Existing estimation
As customers consume more water in high-water seasons and less in short-water season
2-9 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply according to the water production, evaluation of the dormant demand by supplied volume is difficult. However DAWSSA estimates presently 160 LCD as domestic demand per capita and 250 LCD as total water requirement including the UFW from the trend of consumption and supplied volume. On the other hand, R-DAWSSA has no specific figure for real demand, but they have tried to achieve 100 LCD as average domestic consumption per capita.
In the JICA Water MP 1997, unit consumption rate was estimated by users’ activity and characteristics of facility through consumption data and sample interviews. As the study looked for potential, the result shows relatively the dormant demand. According to the result, domestic demand is estimated between 170 and 250 LCD and other non-domestic users’ demand is estimated in accordance with business activity. Finally the study estimated the total average demand for 2005 between 555,100 and 562,300m3/day and between 285 and 289 LCD average per capita. The mentioned total demand excludes the UFW. When considering UFW, the required water is estimated for 2005 between 801,000 and 811,400m3/day and 411 and 416 LCD. As the present average water production is 545,000m3/day, the supplied volume does not reach the projected demand at present.
The Kuwait Water MP 2004 evaluated the result of the JICA Water MP 1997 as reasonable unit consumption rate and then amended the demand forecast according to actual consumption and area characteristics as well as updated data. The study tried to estimate the demand closer to actual consumption than the one of the JICA Water MP 1997. The result is therefore lower than that of the JICA Water MP 1997. It is 65 - 150 LCD for domestic use and 253 LCD for total required water including UFW as for the demand of 2000. It is remarkable that DAWSSA, which has been noticed the water resources crises recently, has an opinion to keep the demand of 250 LCD for future plan taking this study result into account.
(2) Verification
In high-water season, DAWSSA supplies only Al Fijeh spring water. As the amount of spring water is much more than demand and the excess water is drained to the Barada river in high-water season, such seasons’ production is supposed to be a real demand of supplied area. The average water production in high-water season is 612,000m3/day and it is 1.12 times more than the average. When this figure of 1.12 is assumed as an adjustment ratio to estimate the dormant demand, the estimated demand is calculated as 100 LCD for domestic user, 250 LCD for total requirement excluding the UFW and 313 LCD for total requirement including the UFW.
Estimating at 100 LCD as the average domestic demand is quite reasonable from present consumption and life style similar to Damascus, especially in the DMA. The total required water is reasonable to be set 1.1 times of domestic demand from the consumption data. The
2-10 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply verification result is summarized as Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 Present Dormant Demand in DMA
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2005 2005 2005 Domestic demand in average LCD 100 100 100 Required water per capita, LCD 250 110 175 excluding UFW Required Water per day, 3 1,000m 482 244 726 excluding UFW Required Water per Capita, LCD 313 220 263 including 20% or 50% UFW Required Water per day, 3 1,000m 603 488 1,091 including 20% or 50% UFW Remark: UFW (unaccounted for water) is input at actual level: 20% for DAWSSA and 50% for R-DAWSSA
2.4 Water Sources
2.4.1 Damascus governorate
The drinking water of DAWSSA is produced in three production fields. Those are 1) Fijeh spring, 2) Barada spring and 3) production wells spread in the city. DAWSSA utilizes the springs as the main water sources. Those springs are located in the mountainous area, north-west of the Damascus governorate, belonging to Rural Damascus, and the springs originates the Barada river. The first principal springs are Al Fijeh springs and Barada springs are the second. The water sources are described below and shown in Figure 2.4 for locations. All of sources are operated under observation of water level conditions. Water resources conditions do not allow always full capacity production.
(1) Al Fijeh springs
Al Fijeh springs are located approximately 16km far from the center of Damascus. The spring water is pumped up from four groups of wells and conveyed to a collection well in the Fijeh area. The total capacity (total pumping capacity: 731,080m3/day) of the springs is enough to cover the demand in high-water seasons. However, its resources condition does not allow the production to cover the demand in short-water seasons.
(2) Barada springs
Barada springs are located approximately 30km far from the center of Damascus and in upper reaches of the Barada River. DAWSSA takes the water through 28 wells (total pumping capacity: 100,000m3/day) installed in the Barada spring area. The pumped up water is conveyed to the Fijeh collection well by pipeline of 1,200mm in diameter. The Barada springs are operated while the Al Fijeh springs are not able to supply enough to satisfy the demand.
2-11 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
(3) Production wells
DAWSSA has 14 fields of wells spread in water supply area in order to obtain groundwater. Although total pumping capacity is more than 250,000m3/day, those wells are considered as the third water source following the Barada springs. The wells are operated while the spring water is short even when the Barada springs produce water. The operation is regulated by the groundwater level rather than pumping capacity. The 14 well fields are described in Table 2.10.
Barada Spring
Figeh Spring Mazra’a Qaboun Jobar
Ibn Asaker
Dumar Marwan Valley Damascus Ommayad
University Residence Garamana Kafar Souseh
Takadom Mokhayam Legend Qadam Seqeh Sp ring Qadam Mostawda Well Field
Source of Base map: JICA Water MP 1997
Figure 2.4 Location of Water Sources for DAWSSA
Table 2.10 List of Well Fields for DAWSSA
No. Location Pumping capacity (m3/day) 1 Ibn Asaker 32,112 2 Al Qaboun 9,324 3 Qadam Seqqeh 17,520 4 Qadam Mostawda 14,352 5 Mazra’a 36,960
2-12 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
No. Location Pumping capacity (m3/day) 6 Ommayad 25,562 7 University residence 26,400 8 Jobar 22,392 9 Takadom 15,120 10 Marwan valley 15,840 11 Kafar Souseh 10,949 12 Dummar 2,400 13 Jaramana 13,000 14 Mukhayam 10,000 Total 251,931 Source: DAWSSA and Kuwait Water MP 2004
(4) Production by source
Production of water by source is shown in Figure 2.5. The combined share of the Al Fijeh and the Barada springs is 87% on average of the total production for the recent ten years.
700
600
500 Wells Field 400 Figeh + Barada Barada 300 Figeh 200
100 Water Production x1000m3/day Production Water
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Source: DAWSSA Figure 2.5 Average Water Production by Source for DAWSSA
(5) Planned water sources
Table 2.11 is information of new well fields for which DAWSSA has plans.
Table 2.11 New Wells Planned by DAWSSA
No. Location Capacity (m3/day) 1 Midan Qanawat 16,000 2 Busstan Al Dour 9,000 3 Maadar I 20,000 4 Maadar II 10,000 5 Talaeh 40,000 6 Yabous 15,000 7 Deir Al Ashaer 10,000 8 Yafour 10,000 9 Bassime 2,000 10 Al Arrad 1,000 Total 133,000 Source: Kuwait Water MP 2004 but modified
2-13 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
2.4.2 Rural Damascus governorate
R-DAWSSA utilizes groundwater in principal and the wells are spread over the governorate. The wells have been explored according to water supply networks and population of communities. Mountainous areas utilize spring water as well. However, the share of spring water is low in total production.
The number of water sources managed by R-DAWSSA reaches 1,244 boreholes and/or spring sources. The total registered capacity is 537,228m3/day (24 hours operation basis), which is 145% of the water production of 2005. The location and capacity of those water sources are in Figure 2.6. All sources are operated under observation of water level conditions and most of wells are not always operated at full pumping capacity. Moreover, the wells especially located in the southern area produce the little water due to short groundwater.
(1) Production wells
Among the said 1,244 sources, the production wells are 1,223, accounting for more than 95% in number. The depth of well is varied in approximately 100 - 200m according to geological condition. The total capacity is 22,845m3/hour (548,280m3/day under 24 hours basis) based on registered and known capacity.
(2) Springs
The remaining 21 sources are springs. All spring sources are located in mountainous areas near the border between Syria and Lebanon. The total capacity is 952m3/hour (22,848m3/day under 24 hours basis) as registered.
(3) Production by source
The production by source is shown in Figure 2.7. The production of springs is merely 3% and wells occupy 97% of the total production.
2-14 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
Out of Area 56,796 m3/day
Out of Area 25,728 m3/day
12,120 m3/day 26,880 m3/day 3 8,232 m /day 10,632 m3/day 8,940 m3/day
3 45,240 m3/day 22,800 m /day 29,112 m3/day
34,800 m3/day 42,600 m3/day 15,720 m3/day
12,492 m3/day 19,944 m3/day
25,008 m3/day 55,428 m3/day 10,416 m3/day 25,848 m3/day
16,608 m3/day
13,584 m3/day
18,300 m3/day
Remark: As R-DAWSSA records the capacity by their owns units’ boundary, the indicated capacity on this figure does not correspond to ones of Nahiya.
Figure 2.6 Spread of Water Source Capacity for R-DAWSSA
400
350 300 250 Spring+well 200 Wells Field Springs 150 100
50 Water Production x1000m3/day 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Source: R-DAWSSA
Figure 2.7 Average Water Production by Source for R-DAWSSA
2-15 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
(4) Planned water sources
R-DAWSSA has two projects in progress for water sources. Target areas of both projects are in the southern part of Rural Damascus, where water shortage is serious. a) Water transfer from Al Yarmouk basin
Conditions of the existing wells in Al Kissweh and Al Ghizlaniyeh nahiyas are inadequate due to low water table. As R-DAWSSA can not find available water source in the areas, they started projects to bring the groundwater from a neighboring basin of Al Yarmouk. The outlines of the projects are as follows. The projects are expected the completion by 2008.
For Al Kissweh: Three wells of 150m3/hour (3,600m3/day) and pipeline For Al Ghizlaniyeh: Six wells and pipeline (well capacity under investigation) b) Project for water supply and sanitation for Khan Dannoun and Khan Al Sheeh
This is a project to be implemented in association with the European Union (EU), the European Investment Bank (EIB) , the United Nations Relief and the Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in order to improve water supply and sewerage conditions of Khan Dannoun of Al Kissweh nahiya and Khan Al Sheeh of Qatana nahiya. As for the water source, the groundwater in Sa’a Sa’a nahiya is planned. In respect of water volume, 65,000m3/day is planned. The main component, excluding urgent works for Palestinian camps, is planned to be implemented in 2008 and 2009. The estimated cost is EURO 90 million and more than half of it, EURO 48 million, will be aided by EU and EIB through grant and loan.
2.5 Water Supply System
2.5.1 Outline
Water supply systems of DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA are designed independently and there is no linkage between the two systems. The systems are outlined below.
(1) DAWSSA system for Damascus governorate
DAWSSA transmits the water of the Fijeh and the Barada springs to the Damascus governorate through two tunnels. The water of main source at the Al Fijeh and the Barada springs is conveyed to four water reservoirs. They are Al Wali new and old reservoirs, Al Fijeh reservoir and Jemarya reservoir. Among the four reservoirs, Al Wali new and old reservoirs are principal ones to supply the water to the Damascus governorate and the other two reservoirs aim at distributing to areas along the Barada river in Rural Damascus. More than 95% of the produced spring water is conveyed to Al Wali new and old reservoirs through the two tunnels. The water of Al Wali new/old reservoirs is transmitted to several distribution reservoirs and/or
2-16 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply supplied to customers by pipeline. In the short-water seasons, they operate wells fields located in the city. In order to cover the water shortages, 14 production wells fields are standing by for operation. The wells’ water is fed into the network without going through the Wali reservoirs. The two tunnels as indispensable trunk lines are approximately 75 years and 25 years old, respectively. Although damages due to the age appear on the tunnels, DAWSSA has repaired them in 2006 through a Japanese assistance. The basic water supply system is shown in Figure 2.8.
Barada Spring
Rural Damascus Fijeh Governorate Spring Fijeh Reservoir 1,000m3
Jemraya Reservoir 2,100m3
Fijeh, Basimeh, Jdaidet Al Wadi, Qudsaya, etc. Wali Old Reservoir Wali New 8,500m3 Reservoir 61,440m3
Mezze Wroud Berze Eastern Reservoir Western Reservoir 3 Reservoir 13,000m 3 3 28,240m 42,704m
Damascus Governorate
52 Reservoirs 14 Production 3 93,600m Well Fields
Source: Kuwait Water MP 2004 but modified according to latest information
Figure 2.8 Water Supply System of DAWSSA
The base of DAWSSA’s water supply network was formed at the beginning of 1900’s. As the pipeline has been deteriorating, DAWSSA faces needs for consistent pipe replacement. At present, most of necessary pipe replacement was completed as reflected in the improvement of the UFW.
2-17 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
(2) Rural Damascus governorate
The water supply system of the Rural Damascus governorate is completely different from that of the Damascus governorate. Both systems are designed independently, and there is no linkage between the two systems. R-DAWSSA’s water supply area is divided into 39 according to water supply administration units. Actually, the system consists of independent subsystems by community. Each supply area has wells or springs as water source and a network including water reservoir. For some systems, the water is pumped from wells and directly distributed to pipeline without going through a water reservoir. As there is no linkage between networks, each area is independent in system. The typical water supply system is shown in Figure 2.9.
R-DAWSSA is preparing an improvement plan toward the year 2025 for Babbila, Yalda, Bait Sahem, Aqraba and Al Sayda Zainab, which are communities of Babbila nahiya and closed to south of Damascus Governorate, under a cooperation of KFW although it is under study.
Water Reservoir
House Connections
Wells
Figure 2.9 Typical Water Supply System in Rural Damascus
The base of R-DAWSSA’s network was constructed in 1950’s and 1960’s. Although the pipeline has been deteriorating, improving actions are delayed. They started the pipe replacement five years ago and most pipelines still remain unchanged.
2.5.2 Spring water conveyance tunnels for Damascus governorate
DAWSSA has two tunnels to convey water from the Al Fijeh springs to Al Wali new/old reservoirs. The first tunnel (L=16.2km) started its operation in 1931 and the second one (L=14.4km) in 1980. Age of the tunnels is approximately 75 years and 25 years respectively and both tunnels have damages due to their ages. As the damages cause water leakage and
2-18 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply future structural destruction, DAWSSA repaired both tunnels in 2006 through a Japan’s grant aid. Design flow of the tunnels is 3.5m3/sec for the first one, 11.3m3/sec for the second one and 14.8m3/sec in total. If the springs had an enough capacity to fill the tunnels continuously, 1,175,000m3/day of water, which is more than double of the present water production, could be conveyed.
2.5.3 Water reservoirs
(1) Damascus governorate
DAWSSA has 52 water reservoirs with the total capacity of 247,600m3. Among the 52 water reservoirs, the four reservoirs listed in Table 2.12 play a main role of storage, and their capacity of 145,000m3 occupies 59% of total capacity.
Table 2.12 List of Main Water Reservoirs
No. Location/name Capacity (m3) 1 Al Wali New 61,440 2 Western 42,704 3 Barzeh Eastern 28,240 4 Al Mazzeh Wroud 13,000 Total 145,384 Source: Kuwait Water MP 2004
From a view of water flow, Al Wali new and old (total capacity: 69,940m3) play a key role to distribute the water to the east and the west. Both reservoirs are placed at the exit of the tunnels. Through Al Wali new/old reservoirs, the conveyed water is distributed to several secondary water distribution reservoirs and/or water supply areas.
In respect of age, 20 - 30 years old reservoirs form the majority. Especially, main reservoirs are quite old such as Al Mazzeh Wroud (constructed in 1953), Al Wali Old (in 1958), Barzeh Eastern (in 1963), Al Wali New (in 1980) and Western (in 1982).
(2) Rural Damascus governorate
R-DAWSSA prepared a map of reservoir location in November 2006 for the DMA. According to the map, there are 232 reservoirs in the DMA. Assuming 500m3 as the average capacity of reservoir, the storage capacity would be 116,000m3.
2.5.4 Network and pipelines
(1) Damascus governorate
DAWSSA’s main network is formed by the pipe of 200mm or more in diameter. In accordance with the analysis of Kuwait Water MP 2004, total length of such pipeline reaches 306km. The base of the existing network was formed at the beginning of 1900’s with
2-19 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply materials of steel or cast iron.
In respect of material and age, the pipelines have been rehabilitated through self-effort and international cooperation. At present, DAWSSA applies ductile cast iron pipe (DCI) for the pipeline of 100mm or more in diameter and polyethylene (PE) for less than 100mm as well as DCI. Most necessary replacements have been completed.
(2) Rural Damascus governorate
Base of the existing network was formed in 1950’s and 1960’s by community. R-DAWSSA, established in 1985, is facing difficulty to have exact information of the networks.
In respect of materials, R-DAWSSA has started the pipe replacement five years ago. Although asbestos pipes applied until some 15 years ago are weak in impact, they are replacing the pipe to DCI for 200mm or more in diameter and PE for less than 200mm. However, the number of completed communities is only nine.
2.6 Unaccounted for Water
2.6.1 Past study
The unaccounted for water (UFW) was defined as the difference between a volume of input water to the system and a volume of billed water. In 1997, the DAWSSA’s UFW was reported as 62.7% (64.4% if including a volume legally consumed but unbilled). Since then, DAWSSA has been trying to reduce the UFW to the target level of 25%. The breakdown was as follows.
Meter malfunction: 14.4% Religions and public fountain uses: 1.7% (consumed in legal but unaccounted) Informal uses: 13.6% System losses: 34.7%
2.6.2 Present unaccounted for water
The UFW is generally defined as the difference between a volume of input water to the system and that of billed water. Unbilled water such as public water for mosques, parks, gardens, etc. is therefore categorized in the UFW. The Study does not aim at financial improvement of water sector. The Study rather puts a focus on the water volume. The Study Team applies therefore the difference between a volume of input water to the system (water production) and that of legal consumption (total of meter readings) as the UFW. According to the present data of water production and consumption, the present UFW is calculated as shown in Table 2.13.
2-20 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
At present, the UFW is improved to 22% according to the 2005 data. On the other hand, the UFW of R-DAWSSA, where pipeline replacement is delayed, reaches 50% in 2005. It means that the required water is double the volume to be consumed.
Table 2.13 Present Unaccounted for Water
DAWSSA R-DAWSSA Total Items/year Unit 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005 A. Water production 3 1,000m 197,800 197,100 128,000 135,000 325,800 332,100 per year B. Total of consumption 3 1,000m 151,499 153,246 76,800 67,400 228,299 220,646 per year C. UFW (A-B) 1,000m3 46,301 43,854 51,200 67,600 97,501 111,454 D. UFW Ratio (C/A) % 23% 22% 40% 50% 30% 34% Source: DAWSSA and R-DAWWSA
2.7 Water Quality
2.7.1 Spring water
Table 2.14 shows the water quality data reported in July 2006 for the Al Fijeh springs. Water quality of the Fijeh springs, the principal source of DAWSSA, is appropriate for drinking. The pollution of groundwater that is the principal source of R-DAWSSA water supply has been reported recently.
Table 2.14 Water Quality of Al Fijeh Spring
Total Electric Total Turbidity CL NO NO NH SO dissolved Item conductivity PH hardness 2 3 2 4 4 2 (NTU) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) solid (µS/cm ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) 6.5 Standard 1,500 5 - 500 250 44 0.044 0.05 250 1,000 8.5 Fijeh 298 0.5 7.6 160 7.5 8.9 non non 4 170 water Source: DAWSSA
2.7.2 Groundwater
Inspection data of DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA indicate high concentration of nitrate in groundwater especially in the eastern area of Damascus governorate as shown in Table 2.15, and Ghouta and its surrounding area in Rural Damascus. The number of polluted wells for R-DAWSSA is reported to be 307 or 25% of total number of wells as shown in Table 2.16, while only one well field for DAWSSA is polluted. The range of NO3 contamination is 44.25 - 221.6mg/ℓ and 77mg/ℓ on average, compared to 44mg/ℓ of drinking water standard.
R-DAWSSA therefore is facing a difficulty to supply drinking water in such areas, and they supply the water through water tank trucks. The inhabitants utilize the piped water only for miscellaneous uses. Securing safe water sources for such areas is an urgent issue for
2-21 Chapter 2 Present Conditions for Water Supply
R-DAWSSA. Direct and/or treated sewage utilization for irrigation and fertilizer are supposed to be causes of the pollution. Integrated solution is therefore required through a consideration on sewerage, irrigation, agriculture and natural environment.
Table 2.15 Water Quality of Jobar Well Field
Total Electric Total Turbidity CL NO NO NH SO dissolved Item conductivity PH hardness 2 3 2 4 4 2 (NTU) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) solid (µS/cm ) (mg/ℓ) (mg/ℓ) 6.5 Standard 1,500 5 - 500 250 44 0.044 0.05 250 1,000 8.5 Jobar 875 22 7 450 42.5 60.4 N/A 0.07 35 500 wells Source: DAWSSA
The area of the pollution at inappropriate level for drinking is shown in Figure 2.10.
Groundwater Polluted Area
Remark: Estimated area by JICA Study Team from quality data of wells for DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
Figure 2.10 Estimated Groundwater Polluted Area
2-22
Table 2.16 List of Pollution Extended Wells for R-DAWSSA
Quality Indicator Quality Indicator Quality Indicator Quality Indicator No. Nahiya Unit of R-DAWSSA No. Nahiya Unit of R-DAWSSA No. Nahiya Unit of R-DAWSSA No. Nahiya Unit of R-DAWSSA NO3 (mg/L) T.H. (mg/L) NO3 (mg/L) T.H. (mg/L) NO3 (mg/L) T.H. (mg/L) NO3 (mg/L) T.H. (mg/L) 1 Al Hajar Al Aswad Al Hajar Al Aswad 72.30 460 78 Babbila Al Sayde Zainab 85.40 530 155 Douma Douma 169.50 1000 232 Kafar Batna Kafar Batna 76.75 490 2 86.30 490 79 65.75 450 156 141.80 1020 233 49.40 460 3 81.80 540 80 93.50 520 157 114.00 660 234 46.20 430 4 93.75 510 81 76.25 570 158 103.20 620 235 47.20 330 5 87.50 480 82 74.25 570 159 81.75 640 236 48.40 400 6 102.30 480 83 74.25 620 160 170.60 560 237 45.80 460 7 107.30 460 84 Mlaiha Mlaiha 76.60 58 161 138.50 680 238 67.75 450 8 112.30 500 85 57.80 490 162 60.60 550 239 78.25 480 9 100.00 500 86 65.25 530 163 68.80 550 240 58.80 410 10 97.25 520 87 77.25 480 164 57.80 620 241 50.40 410 11 79.40 490 88 69.50 510 165 55.10 560 242 64.50 430 12 50.70 440 89 75.50 480 166 52.50 480 243 59.25 460 13 120.60 460 90 77.25 480 167 115.80 450 244 61.00 470 14 Babbila Babbila 70.00 530 91 113.30 680 168 162.50 580 245 63.50 540 15 68.80 580 92 60.60 460 169 139.80 570 246 78.75 500 16 46.40 520 93 81.50 530 170 100.50 490 247 81.00 500 17 58.20 500 94 97.40 530 171 106.80 450 248 70.00 550 18 63.80 490 95 73.40 580 172 109.80 520 249 85.00 540 19 67.80 510 96 Al Nashabiyeh Al Nashabiyeh 59.75 600 173 128.00 570 250 76.25 570 20 51.80 480 97 62.00 610 174 96.00 620 251 91.00 570 21 46.60 460 98 51.20 620 175 81.25 390 252 54.50 470 22 66.00 470 99 58.25 670 176 96.40 640 253 61.60 510 23 45.60 430 100 66.25 660 177 109.40 660 254 63.40 530 24 51.70 470 101 48.75 550 178 Industrial City 77.00 630 255 66.00 570 25 59.10 460 102 50.00 550 179 Erbeen Erbeen 65.60 550 256 56.60 450 26 58.00 500 103 53.20 630 180 53.60 530 257 Saidnaya Saidnaya 59.00 320 27 53.00 570 104 48.80 680 181 64.70 550 258 177.60 260 28 58.00 540 105 65.50 510 182 57.30 500 259 46.60 230 29 54.00 530 106 65.50 580 183 55.30 500 260 64.10 270 30 61.20 570 107 58.25 470 184 51.00 470 261 47.80 230 31 54.60 540 108 57.50 490 185 61.80 530 262 53.10 280 32 103.50 490 109 48.00 580 186 78.70 500 263 Sahnaya Sahnaya 72.60 540 33 55.50 56 110 55.50 530 187 101.80 540 264 64.30 450 34 61.00 59 111 75.25 570 188 85.90 520 265 45.70 500
2-23 35 71.50 510 112 83.20 950 189 82.00 500 266 53.70 500 36 69.00 470 113 58.00 690 190 63.70 460 267 59.25 490 37 75.50 500 114 66.60 680 191 67.60 470 268 53.00 290 38 66.00 480 115 Jaramana Jaramana 57.40 530 192 56.00 400 269 62.60 410 39 70.75 470 116 69.40 500 193 67.50 460 270 72.30 500 40 75.75 440 117 55.00 540 194 70.75 550 271 69.30 470 41 71.75 400 118 51.40 510 195 70.20 580 272 62.70 450 42 94.50 440 119 65.30 590 196 63.60 470 273 Daraya Daraya 60.50 500 43 97.50 420 120 65.60 550 197 66.20 510 274 68.40 740 44 64.00 450 121 68.60 470 198 45.20 460 275 49.90 410
45 112.50 630 122 53.30 450 199 57.80 420 276 59.80 440 Chapter 2 46 67.60 360 123 52.80 450 200 61.80 420 277 59.50 550 47 55.50 430 124 58.90 530 201 61.00 370 278 77.60 450 48 46.70 500 125 49.90 430 202 70.40 460 279 75.00 550 49 Al Sayde Zainab 107.80 570 126 62.80 490 203 87.00 430 280 84.20 500 50 84.75 450 127 62.80 630 204 86.50 530 281 99.25 51 119.50 1180 128 61.00 530 205 87.00 520 282 119.20 52 109.80 1100 129 59.00 530 206 73.70 550 283 137.50
53 86.25 580 130 53.20 520 207 90.00 590 284 115.50 P
54 84.50 650 131 71.60 390 208 53.70 470 285 90.75 500 resent Conditions for Water Suppl 55 65.50 640 132 Harasta Harasta 77.90 510 209 68.50 550 286 92.75 500 56 73.25 650 133 68.75 440 210 57.80 340 287 Al Dumair Al Dumair 50.40 290 57 84.00 550 134 87.75 420 211 71.00 380 288 44.25 730 58 82.75 550 135 88.75 450 212 72.70 420 289 Al Kissweh Al Kissweh 54.80 580 59 135.50 540 136 69.80 460 213 88.70 420 290 51.20 510 60 85.25 610 137 45.60 350 214 78.50 480 291 53.00 450 61 69.50 450 138 49.30 410 215 Kafar Batna Kafar Batna 65.50 580 292 45.20 310 62 73.30 560 139 99.00 490 216 112.00 580 293 52.00 360 63 73.30 530 140 146.40 440 217 120.80 600 294 47.30 280 64 49.75 400 141 95.10 470 218 113.30 620 295 61.50 470 65 122.50 510 142 130.80 480 219 87.00 560 296 Zakyeh 79.10 300 66 99.00 1050 143 85.30 530 220 143.60 600 297 Sa'a Sa'a Sa'a Sa'a 135.50 370 67 114.30 700 144 80.30 550 221 98.20 720 298 70.20 340 68 116.80 600 145 77.75 440 222 96.50 650 299 74.70 320 69 90.00 500 146 62.75 480 223 97.75 560 300 Qatana Jdaidet Artouz 45.20 280 70 68.00 420 147 52.25 360 224 106.80 660 301 68.80 350 71 126.60 740 148 82.50 510 225 86.75 550 302 Madaya Madaya 52.00 370 72 108.50 640 149 52.20 600 226 95.60 630 303 Al Ruhaybeh Al Ruhaybeh 46.25 880 73 73.50 540 150 Douma Douma 75.00 640 227 63.00 640 304 Deir Attiyeh Deir Attiyeh 70.25 690 74 91.50 530 151 151.50 850 228 64.00 490 305 Al Ghizlaniyeh Al Ghizlaniyeh 80.25 570 75 96.50 550 152 221.60 690 229 73.60 620 306 50.00 340 Remark:76 T.H. means total hardness. 101.50 680 153 162.80 900 230 79.20 640 307 73.50 690 77 104.80 780 154 96.75 940 231 73.00 550 Source: R-DAWSS y
Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage
Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage
3.1 Institutional Conditions
Although DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA are responsible for the sewerage as well as for the water supply, their activity for sewerage is limited. Especially it should be remarkable that there is the Damascus Sanitary Drainage Company (DSDC) and most of sewerage in Rural Damascus is managed by each community under supervision of the governorate.
DSDC is a public entity placed under DAWSSA in 1995 and its predecessor is project staff for construction of sewerage of the Damascus governorate. The project was executed by the Damascus governorate in association with MOHC from 1980’s to construct sewer trunk lines and a sewage treatment plant. After the project, the project organization had been transferred gradually until 2002 to DAWSSA in order to operate and maintain the constructed facilities. At present, DAWSSA is in charge of planning and constructing facilities and DSDC is in charge of maintenance and operation of sewerage, which includes the treatment plant and pipeline. However, their demarcation of scope is not always clear. In order to make quick decisions, efficient budget management and concentration of information, DSDC is highly independent-minded.
In Rural Damascus, R-DAWSSA has little function for sewerage other than planning and sewerage tariff collection for the areas discharging the sewage to the sewers of the Damascus governorate. At present, most sewage is managed by each community. As MOHC is planning to construct sewage treatment plants in Rural Damascus, a new public entity such as DSDC is expected to be established.
3.2 Development History
In the DMA, the sewage used to be discharged into rivers, irrigation canals and/or some vacant lands without treatment. According to recent population growth and concentration, pollution caused by the sewage has been a focus of attention and awareness for improvement has been raised. In this circumstance, the Damascus governorate started the construction of sewer trunk lines and a sewage treatment plant in 1980’s, representing the dawn of the modern sewerage of DMA. The construction continued until 1998 when a sewage treatment plant in Adra was completed. An organization for this project is the base of the present organization “DSDC” and it was placed under DAWSSA in 1995.
In Rural Damascus, sewage is still discharged into rivers, irrigation canals and/or vacant lands. Although two treatment plants are operated, their scale is only for small local communities. MOHC, together with R-DAWSSA, therefore has started a plan to construct 30
3-1 Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage sewage treatment plants for the Rural Damascus governorate. As there is no integrated sewerage in the governorate, R-DAWSSA does not have an organization for sewerage. The existing facilities to discharge the sewage are managed by each community.
3.3 Sewage Volume
According to data of the Adra sewage treatment plant as shown in Table 3.1, 90% of water consumption is supposed to be sewage. The present sewage volume in 2005 is therefore calculated at 138million m3/year for the Damascus governorate and 61million m3/year for the Rural Damascus governorate.
Table 3.1 Treated Volume of Adra Sewer Treatment Plant
Item/year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 A. Sewer input for Adra plant (1,000m3/year) 30,335 76,539 83,638 85,230 104,177 126,599 135,573 138,087 B. Water consumption of DAWSSA (1,000m3/year) 176,808 146,644 135,246 121,060 130,138 157,234 151,499 153,246 C. Receiving ratio (A/B) (%) 17% 52% 62% 70% 80% 81% 89% 90% Source: DSDC
DSDC is estimated that nearly 100% of domestic households and business entities are connected to the sewerage. It is reasonable as the sewer receiving ratio reaches 90% in 2005.
On the other hand, R-DAWSSA has no record of sewer volume, as they have no modern sewage treatment plant and discharge it without control. However it is supposed to be 90% of the supplied water consumption from the data of Adra’s plant.
3.4 Sewerage System
3.4.1 Outline
(1) Damascus governorate
The sewage of Damascus governorate generated near the Adra sewage treatment plant in Rural Damascus is collected by trunk lines and transferred by gravity to the treatment plant. The plant is located in Rural Damascus at some 20km from the center of Damascus city. The total length of the trunk lines reaches 100km. This system is designed for a population of 2.2 million.
The transferred sewage is treated with activated sludge process and discharged into irrigation canals. Generated sludge is processed to compost and sold to farmers. The irrigation canals were constructed to utilize the treated sewage for irrigation of Ghouta. At present, responsibility for the treated sewage is transferred to MOI at the outlet of the plant. It is said in general that the treated sewage contributes to recovering groundwater table. However the treated sewage is not utilized directly for agriculture due to its high nitrate
3-2 Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage concentration. Farmers still pump up groundwater for irrigation.
With respect to water quality, the Adra sewage treatment plant satisfies required levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS). In the recent three years on average, 94% of BOD is removed from 246mg/ℓ to 14mg/ℓ and 92% of TSS from 264mg/ℓ to 20mg/ℓ. Those figures satisfy the discharge regulation not only for irrigation canal but also for land. The total nitrogen, however, is higher at 36.5mg/ℓ. This figure does not satisfy the discharge standard for ammonia, and could be one of the reasons for the groundwater pollution.
Outline of the sewerage system is shown in Figure 3.1.
(2) Rural Damascus governorate
The sewerage in Rural Damascus has not yet been modernized. Although the sewage is collected by pipeline, it is discharged into rivers, irrigation canals or vacant lands without treatment. The sewage is utilized for irrigation or penetrated into ground. This irrigation purpose utilization is supposed to affect the groundwater quality for nitrate.
As planned in June 2007, construction of 30 new sewage treatment plants is planned in Rural Damascus. R-DAWSSA intends to cover some 80% of its area, and the remaining 20% planned to be served by individual treatment as the scale of community is small.
3.4.2 Sewage treatment plant
(1) Adra sewage treatment plant
The Adra sewage treatment plant was constructed by the Damascus governorate. The construction was started in 1991 and the sewage treatment unit was completed in 1997. It was 1998 that the plant was completed including sludge treatment unit. The plant was designed for a population of 2.2 million with the capacity of 485,000m3/day. Activating sludge process is utilized for treatment. At present, the plant has a future expansion space, which is supposed to be capable for 150% expansion.
MOI distributes the treated water to Ghouta by four canals. In order to avoid emergency cases on water quality and/or quantity affecting the agriculture land, the plant has an emergency discharge line to the Utaybeh lake. The emergency line has enough capacity to convey all of the treated water of the plant. However, this emergency line has never been utilized.
The sludge generated in the treatment process is sun-dried after digesting and thickening. The dried sludge is sold to farmers at SL. 200 per m3 as compost.
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Chapter 3Present Conditions for Sewerage 3-4
Source: DSDC
Figure 3.1 Outline of Sewerage System of DSDC
Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage
(2) Plant for Rural Damascus governorate
As there is no integrated sewerage in the governorate, MOHC has a plan to construct 30 new sewage treatment plants as well as sewer trunk lines. So long as planned until June 2007. However, R-DAWSSA intends to cover approximately 80% of area by the plan. The remaining 20% is planned to apply individual treatment as the scale of community is small.
In November 2006, another JICA study, “The Study on Sewerage System Development in Syria”, was commenced. MOHC and that study team are planning to make strategy and base plan for the sewerage of Rural Damascus toward 2025.
3.4.3 Sewer trunk line for Damascus governorate
The sewer trunk line was started to be constructed in 1980’s. The construction was mainly to lay the trunk line and connect to the existing sewer lines, which had been utilized to discharge into rivers, irrigation canals and/or vacant land. Capacity of the trunk line was designed at the same volume of the present capacity of Adra sewage treatment plant.
3.5 Water Quality
The Adra sewage treatment plant monitors daily the basic water quality indicators such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) for both incoming and outgoing water. As the average of the recent three years, 94% of BOD is removed from 246mg/ℓ to 14mg/ℓ and 92% from 264mg/ℓ to 20mg/ℓ for TSS. These figures satisfy the discharge regulation not only for irrigation canal but also for land as shown in Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3.
350 BOD of input sewer 300
250 BOD of treated sewer
200 Discharge Reguration on land 150 (20mg/L) TSS (mg/L) TSS 100 Discharge Reguration into river (40mg/L) 50
0 Discharge Reguration into irrigation canal (60mg/L) Jan-04 Mar-04 May-04 Jul-04 Sep-04 Nov-04 Jan-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05 Nov-05 Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Month-Year Data is not available in Dec-2005.
Source: DSDC
Figure 3.2 BOD of Sewage at Adra Sewage Treatment Plant
3-5 Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage
400 TSS of input sewer 350
300
250 TSS of treated sewer
200
TSS (mg/L) 150 Discharge Reguration on land or into river 100 (30mg/L) 50 Discharge Reguration into 0 irrigation canal (60mg/L) Jan-04 Mar-04 May-04 Jul-04 Sep-04 Nov-04 Jan-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05 Nov-05 Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Month-Year Data is not available in Dec-2005.
Source: DSDC
Figure 3.3 TSS of Sewage at Adra Sewage Treatment Plant
On the other hand, data measured periodically by the plant indicates a possibility that the treated sewage impacts the agriculture land in nitrate as shown in Table 3.2. Although the N-NO3 concentration is lower than the discharge standard for irrigation, total nitrogen (N-NO3 + N-NO2 + total kjeldahl nitrogen) is higher at 36.5mg/ℓ. Especially N-NH4 (27.3mg/ℓ) that is included in total kjeldahl nitrogen is much higher than discharge standard of 3 - 5 mg/ℓ. Improvement of treatment facility/process is required in order to apply the treated sewage for irrigation.
Table 3.2 Nitrogen Included in Treated Sewage
Indicator N-NH4 N-NO3 N-NO2 TKN Average (mg/ℓ) 27.3 3.1 0.4 33.0 Remark: TKN means total kjeldahl nitrogen Source: DSDC, average from January to November 2006
3.6 Reuse of Treated Sewage and Sludge
Few farmers utilize the treated sewage of the Adra treatment plant directly for agriculture. Most of the conveyed treated water for irrigation is therefore evaporated or seeped into ground. The farmers have still pumped up groundwater and the treated water is fed to agriculture mixed with groundwater as a result. Main reasons are as follows.
1) As the treated wastewater has still colors and odors, farmers are not willing to use it directly. 2) Farmers use the treated sludge compost and chemical fertilizer. As a result, the nitrogen content becomes too high if the treated sewage is applied to irrigation. On the other hand, the sludge compost is utilized as well. Table 3.3 shows the produced
3-6 Chapter 3 Present Conditions for Sewerage and sold amounts of the compost.
Table 3.3 Production/Sale of Sludge Compost of Adra Plant
Item/year 2004 2005 2006 Produced (m3/year) 18,022 18,113 27,166 Sold (m3/year) 15,000 19,000 14,160 Remark: Data of 2006 is result until end of October 2006. Source: DSDC
3-7 Chapter 4 Present Tariff of Water Supply and Sewerage
Chapter 4 Present Tariff of Water Supply and Sewerage
Both DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA collect water and sewerage tariffs from consumers except public taps such as religious facilities and public fountains. Although they are required to manage and operate the water supply and sewerage services based on collected tariffs, they have no right to determine the tariff levels. It is determined by the Government of Syria through discussions with several stakeholders. The tariffs are politically kept lower and the collected tariffs are not enough to manage the services. Table 4.1 shows the present tariff schedule. The tariffs for water and sewerage are collected together. However, sewerage tariff is collected only in areas connected to the Adra sewage treatment plant. It is therefore not collected in most parts of Rural Damascus.
This low tariff rate is one of obstacles to promote public awareness on saving water, which is required to manage the water resources at sustainable level. Water tariff improvement is an issue for sustainable water resources management as well as for service and construction cost recovery.
Table 4.1 Present Water Supply and Sewerage Tariff for Syria Category Consumption Water rate Sewerage rate Remark Domestic 1 - 20m3/month 3.00 SL./m3 5% of water tariff Limited to 21 - 30m3/month 4.50 SL./m3 10% of water tariff SL.530.00 per bill 31 - 60m3/month 13.50 SL./m3 15% of water tariff 61m3/month or more 19.00 SL./m3 20% of water tariff Industrial, commercial and tourist 22.00 SL./m3 40% of water tariff Unlimited Official 8.50 SL./m3 55% of water tariff Unlimited Water right holders Free up to water right Fixed rate for sewerage SL.30.00 for domestic SL.38.00 for industrial, (fixed for one bill) commercial and tourist (fixed for one bill) Remark: Water right holder can consume the water up to his right at free of charge. Source: DAWSSA
4-1 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
5.1 Projection of Drinking Water Demand
5.1.1 Method
The demand for drinking water is calculated as the unit water demand multiplied by the service population, as shown in Figure 5.1. The total water demand may be taken from the consumption record, and the service population may be substituted by the census population. Then the calculated unit water demand reflects unaccounted-for-water (UFW) consumed by those not registered as formal consumers. As there are a large number of non-registered consumers in the DMA due to the increasing number of refugees as well as informal residents, the gross unit water demand is assumed based on the recorded water consumption and the census population, and the projected population is multiplied by the assumed unit demand to calculate the total demand for drinking water.
Domestic (counted by census)
Domestic (not counted by census) Non domestic (commercial, industrial and Consumption governmental) Demand
UFW (authorized such as for public fountains and religious facilities)
UFW (physical loss such as leakage, informal use and meter mal-function)
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.1 Structure of Water Consumption and Demand
Socio-economic activities are generally expanded or reduced in accordance with population. Although the non-counted population is difficult to estimate accurately, it is movable by the socio-economic activities. The average unit consumption (total consumption divided by census population), therefore, is an indicator reflecting the total water demand. The Study Team thus attempted the demand projection from the average unit consumption. Then the Study Team conducted the average unit demand taking the physical loss rate into consideration. The average demand was calculated by population, which was projected on the census basis.
5-1 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Average demand = average unit demand x population counted by census Where; Average unit demand = average unit consumption / (100% – physical loss rate) Average unit consumption = total consumption / population counted by census Physical loss = water supply (production) volume – water consumption volume Physical loss rate (%) = physical loss / water supply (production) volume / 100
5.1.2 Unit drinking water demand
The Syrian Government aims at achieving the 80ℓ/capita/day unit consumption of drinking water during the 10th Five Year Plan period on the basis of the actual service population including non-registered population. The Ministry of Housing and Construction (MOHC) has planning standards for unit water consumption as summarized in Table 5.1. These standards represent the total unit consumption at city or village level, and thus may not be applicable to larger areas encompassing several settlements of different socio-economic characteristics examined by the Study.
Table 5.1 Average Unit Consumption for Rural Damascus
Nahiya population ℓ/capita/day 1 to 100,000 100 100,001 to 200,000 125 200,001 to 400,000 or more 140 400,001 or more 145 Source: JICA Study Team
(1) Damascus governorate
The socio-economy of the Damascus governorate is well established, and the unit water consumption is expected to stay at a similar level as the present. Following the method outlined above, the average unit consumption for drinking water in the Damascus governorate is set at 250ℓ/capita/day up to 2025 based on the calculation for 2004 shown below in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Present Water Consumption in Damascus Governorate
In DAWSSA Items Unit area A. Consumed water per year for 2004 1,000m3 151,499 B. Census population for 2004 1,000 persons 1,662 C. Unit average consumption (A/B) ℓ/capita/day 250 Source: DAWSSA’s data for water volume and Census 2004 for population, but area is adjusted to DAWSSA’s service area.
(2) Rural Damascus governorate
The socio-economy of Rural Damascus is developing rapidly so that the present unit water consumption of 109ℓ/capita/day would certainly increase.
5-2 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Furthermore, the following should be taken into consideration. • The water supply condition has not been satisfying the residents in quantity.
• Since there are some areas where the water is transported by truck due to groundwater pollution and/or shortage, the residents are not put in a condition to obtain the water as demanded.
• Insufficient water supply should be an obstacle for guiding the population to rural and/or surrounding areas from the center of Damascus.
The Study Team, therefore, attempted a projection by population of nahiya, utilizing the standard planning figure of MOHC.
However those figures are for individual local communities and those do not indicate the average consumption for nahiya that is composed by plural communities. The Study Team, therefore, attempted estimating nahiya’s average figure from models of population distribution.
According to the last census of 2004, population concentrates in urban area at approximately 60% and other population spreads in villages in Rural Damascus. The Study Team estimates that a half of the urban population concentrates in the center community of nahiya and the remaining half spreads in plural surrounding urban communities. Based on the assumption of the unit rates applicable to different areas, the overall unit rate has been determined by nahiya as follows and according to the population levels as summarized in Table 5.3.
Distribution of Unit rate Model / concentrated area population (LCD) Model 1: Nahiya population: 50,000 Center community 15,000 125 Surrounding urban communities 15,000 but spread 100 Spreading in smaller communities/villages over nahiya 20,000 but spread 75
Model 2: Nahiya population: 100,000 Center community 30,000 150 Surrounding urban communities 30,000 but spread 125 Spreading in smaller communities/villages over nahiya 40,000 but spread 100
Model 3: Nahiya population: 200,000 Center community 60,000 175 Surrounding urban communities 60,000 but spread 150 Spreading in smaller communities/villages over nahiya 80,000 but spread 100
Model 4: Nahiya population: 400,000 Center community 120,000 175 Surrounding urban communities 120,000 but spread 175 Spreading in smaller communities/villages over nahiya 160,000 but spread 100
5-3 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Table 5.3 Average Unit Consumption to Apply in the Study
Nahiya population ℓ/capita/day 1 to 100,000 100 100,001 to 200,000 125 200,001 to 400,000 or more 140 400,001 or more 145 Source: JICA Study Team
5.1.3 Unaccounted-for-water
The physical loss ratios in the DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA water supply systems are expected to be reduced steadily through continued efforts by the respective water supply administrations. The reduction is assumed for DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA as shown in Figure 5.2
60%
50%
40% Damascus 30% Rural Damascus 20% Physical loss (%) 10%
0% 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Year
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.2 Reduction of Loss Ratios of DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA Water Supply Systems
5.1.4 Projected water demand
The unit demand for drinking water is calculated based on the assumptions above for different years, and the total water demand is projected by applying the unit demand to the projected population for Damascus and Rural Damascus in different years as summarized in Table 5.4.
(1) Peak demand for water supply
The capacity of water supply facilities should be planned in accordance with the peak demand in consideration of the demand variation during any period of time. The peak demand factor is set at 1.4 and 1.8 times the projected average demand for Damascus and Rural
5-4 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Damascus, respectively.
Table 5.4 Summary of Projected Average Drinking Water Demand
Average demand 2010 2015 2020 2025 Area 1,000 Million 1,000 Million 1,000 Million 1,000 Million m3/day m3/year m3/day m3/year m3/day m3/year m3/day m3/year Damascus 502 183.2 504 184.0 502 183.2 500 182.5 governorate Rural Damascus 645 235.6 702 256.4 747 272.7 798 291.6 governorate Total DMA 1,147 418.8 1,206 440.4 1,249 455.9 1,298 474.1 Remark: As the target physical loss rate is decreased, demand for Damascus is on the downward trend. Source: JICA Study Team
5.2 Drinking Water Supply Plan
5.2.1 Planning conditions
The basic conditions for the water supply plan are summarized below.
No. Items Condition 1 Target year 2025 2 Service area DMA 3 Service population (census based) 6 million 4 Average volume of water supply 1,298 thousand m3/day or 474.1 million m3/year 5 Peak factor for max. water flow 1.4 for Damascus and 1.8 for Rural Damascus Source: JICA Study Team
In addition, the following specific conditions apply to the plan.
1) The water resources of the Barada/Awaji basin are allocated on the priority basis to drinking water for Damascus and Rural Damascus. 2) The water transfer from other basins is not considered as an option up to 2025. 3) The remaining water resources together with treated sewage and groundwater recharged by it will be used for industrial and irrigation purposes. 4) The groundwater polluted with nitrogen will not be utilized as sources of drinking water.
5.2.2 Water demand-supply balance
The availability of natural water resources defined as the 60% firm yield and the projected water demand are compared in Figure 5.3. The following are observed from the figure.
1) The Damascus governorate has a large amount of deficit for natural water resources as compared with its water demand. 2) While the Ghouta area has some water resources of its own, but the quality with high nitrogen contents makes it difficult to use as sources for drinking water.
5-5 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
3) The water supply plan, therefore, should address the needs to secure water for the Damascus city and its surrounding nahiyas mainly in the east and the southeast of the city. 4) The total natural water resources available for the DMA is 480million m3/year on the firm yield basis after deducting the resources outside the DMA and 474million m3/year after deducting the polluted groundwater, practically the same as the projected water demand in 2025.
2 0 4 22 2 12 2 1 5 92 66 2 1 3 3 22 2 38 53 19 46 2 13 20 18 0 8 1 183 3 0 5 1 15 0 4 0 4 1 10 1 0 8 32 1 101 1 45 2 1 1 29 2 4 2 4 22 13
Water 60% of Natural water Resouces(Mm3/y)
Groundwater Polluted
Source of natural water resources: Annual Report 2005 of WRIC, but 60% of them and converted to nahiya’s areas.
Figure 5.3 Comparison between Water Demand and Natural Water Availability
5.2.3 Water sources
The DMA may be classified into five zones with respect to water balance conditions as follows.
Area I Damascus governorate and Serious shortage of natural water resources to Ghouta area meet large demand Area II Northwestern part of the DMA Large water resource endowments exceeding the demand Area III Southwestern part of the DMA Ample water resource endowments exceeding the demand Area IV Southern part of the DMA Limited natural water resources far short of the demand Area V Northern part of the DMA Sufficient natural water resources to meet the demand
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Water sources for different areas are identified as shown in Figure 5.4. Area II is the water source for Area I at 272m3/year including the current production and transmission system of DAWSSA. Area III is the water source for Area I at 87.6m3/year and also for Area IV at 8.2m3/year. Area V is also planned to supply Area I at 5.8m3/year. In addition, the water transfer from the Yarmouk basin to Al Kissweh at 1.4million m3/year is expected as currently planned by R-DAWSSA.
Ⅱ A reaⅠ D A M
Area ⅠR-DAM Ⅰ Ⅴ R-DAM Area Ⅱ DAM 37.6 Area Ⅲ
Area Ⅳ
Area Ⅴ
Water Volune(m 3/year)
DMS Distribution Tank 90.6 5.8 1.31.3 Pump Station 181.2
Well
Ⅰ
C onsum ed 4.8 Area 87.6
Production (m 3 /y )
8.2
Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ 19.3
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.4 Planned Water Transfers between Areas
5.2.4 Water supply facilities
The overall flow of water in the drinking water supply system for 2025 is illustrated in Figure 5.5. The plan for facilities in the system is presented below.
(1) Water sources development
The maximum water production at some 25m3/sec will be required in 2025 to meet the peak demand for Damascus and Rural Damascus. As the existing water production capacity is about 14m3/sec, additional capacity of over 10m3/sec would be necessary. Additional water sources should be developed particularly in Area II and Area III serving Area I.
5-7 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
It is estimated that additional 931 well facilities may be provided by 2025, assuming the average yield of a well is 15ℓ/sec, of which 796 wells may be located in Area II and Area III. Four additional wells are planned to be provided for water to be transferred from the Yarmouk basin as planned by R-DAWSSA.
Area II
Wells 75.7Mm3/y Barada & Fijeh Spring
196.1Mm3/y Area I DAM Wells
3 /y 279.6Mm /y 3 3 1.3Mm /y 3 Area II 181.2Mm /y Area I DMS 181.2Mm
7.8Mm3/y 182.5 Mm3/y /y /y Area III 3 Area I R-DAM Wells 95.8Mm3/y 8.2Mm3/y Wells 75.7Mm /y forQudsaya 3 /y /y
3 3 3 130.1Mm /y 4.8Mm /y 3 Area III 14.9Mm 184Mm /y Area I R-DMS 87.6Mm
34.3Mm3/y 188.8Mm3/y /y /y Area V 3 3 Area IV
/y /y Al Yarmouk 1.4Mm /y 3 Wells 5.8Mm3/y Wells 3 5.8Mm 1.4Mm /y 3 3 37.6Mm /y 8.2Mm 19.3Mm /y Area V 8.2Mm3/y 9.6Mm3/y Area IV
31.8Mm3/y 28.9Mm3/y
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.5 Flow of Water in Drinking Water Supply System in 2025
(2) Water transmission
The water transmission necessary for the water supply plan is shown in Figure 5.6. The following elements are included. i) The maximum amount of water to be transmitted from Area II to Area I is 13.2m3/sec, which can be transmitted by the existing Fijeh tunnels having the capacity of 14.8m3/sec. ii) The new pipeline of diameter 1,600mm planned by DAWSSA originally to convey the water to be transferred from the coastal area can be used for conveying the water from Area II to Area I within Rural Damascus iii) The water from Area II can be conveyed by gravity as the water sources are located in mountain areas. iv) To supply Area I within Rural Damascus, two supply bases need to be established in Ma’araba and Babbila for further transmission/distribution to other areas. v) The supply base for Area IV should be located in Al Kissweh for transmission/distribution of the water from Area III.
5-8 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Area covered by the present DAWSSA System
Area Ⅰ
Area Ⅱ
Area Ⅲ 0.3
Area Ⅳ 4.3 Line2:φ1100×20km×2Pipes Line10:φ600×30km×1Pipe Area Ⅴ
Volumetric Frow Rate(m3/sec)
Line1:Fijeh Tunnels
Line3:φ1600×10km×1Pipe 13.2 Line4:φ1100×20km×1Pipe 4.3 Distribution Tank 2.2 12.3 Pump Station
5.0 Line6:φ500×20km×1Pipe 0.19 0.5 Line5:φ1200×40km×2Pipes
0.03 Line9:φ250×20km×1Pipe 0.1 Line7:φ600×50km×1Pipe Line8:φ300×20km×1Pipe
Line11φ250×20km×1Pipe 0.1
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.6 Planned Water Transmission System for the DMA
(3) Water distribution
The upgrading of water distribution is proceeding for the service area of DAWSSA, supported by Kuwait, to secure the maximum water flow at 12.5m3/sec. This would satisfy the requirement for the projected water demand.
The majority of existing distribution networks of R-DAWSSA need to be replaced to reduce the physical losses. It is estimated that about a half of the existing pipelines need to be replaced covering the area of 500km2 more or less over the period up to 2025.
Moreover, reservoir capacity needs to be increased to ensure 8-hours demand by 2025, increased from the existing capacity of 3-4-hours demand. DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA plan to construct a large reservoir of 100,000m3 storage capacity at Ma’araba to receive the water from the coastal area. This reservoir is effectively utilized to receive the water from Area II for transmission to Area I, but the size may be reduced to 50,000m3. Instead, another reservoir of 50,000m3 storage capacity should be constructed in Babbila to receive the water from Area III for distribution to Area I.
In addition to these reservoirs in Ma’araba and Babila, 81 water reservoirs of varying size
5-9 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan would be necessary in the distribution system. For the reservoirs of 2,000m3 capacity, pumping facilities should be provided as they would be placed on the ground.
5.2.5 Water supply for other uses
As described above, the water supply based on the firm yield would utilize some 500million m3/year, leaving 350million m3/year for other uses. Also, treated sewage would be available for additional 350million m3/year or 70% of the consumed water. A total of some 700million m3 water may be available annually on the average. In a drought year, the availability may be reduced to about 500million m3.
Large industrial areas are planned with 9,000ha in Adra and 1,400ha in Al Kisweh for the planned population of 380,000 and 100,000, respectively. The total water demand is roughly estimated to be 31million m3 in Adra and 9million m3 in Al Kissweh for a total of 44million m3 annually.
The remaining water of 656million m3 on the average may be used for irrigation. Assuming the unit irrigation water of 9,000m3/ha, over 70,000ha may be irrigated. In a drought year, the irrigable area may be reduced to 50,000ha. Of the total irrigable area, close to 80% are located in the Ghouta area and its eastern vicinities.
5.3 Sewerage Plan
5.3.1 Damascus governorate
The existing sewerage of DAWSSA covers the Damascus governorate and Qudsaya of Rural Damascus, and has the capacity of 485,000m3/day on the average. The projected water consumption in the service area is 500,000m3/day. Thus, the existing sewerage is sufficient for the sewage to be generated in 2025 in terms of quantity.
The Adra sewage treatment plant applies activated sludge process, which is effective to reduce BOD to the 20mg/ℓ level. The process, however, is not effective to remove nitrogen components consisting of NH4-N and NO3-N to below 35mg/ℓ required by the discharge regulation for land. The nitrogen concentration in the treated sewage should be reduced to below 23mg/ℓ required for irrigation water. To achieve this figure, the plant is required to be upgraded in advanced treatment process as shown in Figure 5.7.
5-10 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
Influent Effluent More than35mg-N//ℓ
Primary sedimentation tank Aeration tank Final sedimentation tank (Retention time：approximately 5hours) Before improvement
Influent To irrigation canal Effluent B Less than 23mg-N//ℓ P Anaerobic tank Aerobic tank
Primary sedimentation tank Aeration tank Final sedimentation tank (Retention time：approximately 16hours) After improvement
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 5.7 Requited Plan to Improve Adra Treatment Plant
The upgraded process would require three times longer retention time and thus three times larger space for the aeration tank in the present sludge drying yard. Unless additional land is secured for the purpose, mechanical drying system for sludge may be introduced at higher costs.
5.3.2 Rural Damascus governorate
A sewerage master plan is being prepared for Rural Damascus by another JICA study, which categorizes the sewerage system into on-site system and off-site system. The on-site system is applied to smaller settlements with low population density. It would rely on the natural decomposition of organic wastes, which would have minimal environmental effects due to low concentration of polluting elements.
For urbanized areas and population centers, modern off-site systems will be established. The quality of the treated sewage should be strictly in compliance with the discharge standards.
5.4 Watershed Protection Plan
Area II and Area III account for 85% of the total natural water resource endowments in the DMA. It is vitally important to protect the areas from indiscriminate development in order to ensure the adequate recharge of groundwater and the protection of its quality. Contamination
5-11 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan of groundwater near the Fijeh springs by nitrogen has already been reported.
Designation of a watershed protection area is proposed as shown in Figure 5.8. Types and magnitude of developments allowed in this area should be carefully determined and enforced. More strict regulations should be introduced for sewage discharges, water extraction and solid waste disposal in this area. Use of fertilizer and agro-chemicals should be controlled. Associated with any development, proper land protection measures should be implemented such as terracing, slope protection and tree planting.
Legend Planned area: Current controlling area: Nahiya boundary:
Figure 5.8 Proposed Watershed Protection Area
5.5 Institutional Measures
In addition to the development/improvement of physical facilities, institutional measures should be taken to realize such water supply and sewerage services that would support the sustainable development of the DMA. These measures are related to the demand side management to suppress the water demand, improvement in the supply capacity, and broader environmental quality improvement.
5.5.1 Water tariff rationalization
The unit water use per capita at present is rather high for the piped water supply in the DMA which faces acute water shortages. It is essential to suppress the water demand by effective demand side management. The water tariff for the DAWSSA and the R-DAWSSA systems should be revised to reduce the unit water use in the DAWSSA service area and to
5-12 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan suppress its growth in the R-DAWSSA service area. The upper bound for the water and sewerage tariff currently effective should be removed. The sewerage tariff should be introduced in the R-DAWSSA service area as its system is improved following the ongoing master plan study.
At present, no water charges apply to irrigation uses, and each user can use water up to his/her water right free of charge. Lump sum water charges should be introduced according to the water right payable only for non-drought years. In a drought year as determined by the Government, the water charges should be exempted or reduced. This measure should be combined with improved management of well registration and strict enforcement of penalties for non-registered wells.
5.5.2 Incentive measures for water-saving irrigation
The total water demand is suppressed most effectively by promoting the water-saving irrigation methods as the irrigation is by far the largest water consumer of all the sectors. The unit water use for irrigation may be reduced from 15,000m3/ha/year by conventional irrigation methods to 9,000m3/ha/year by drip irrigation. Provision of credit for irrigation facilities and technical extension for crop selection are among the measures to be taken. The introduction of the water charges on a lump sum basis as proposed above would also help to encourage farmers for the conversion to water-saving irrigation methods.
5.5.3 Institutional links between DAWSSA and R-DAWSSA
The DAWSSA water supply system at present covers already part of Rural Damascus, and it is expected to be extended further to cover more nahiyas in Rural Damascus. As the water supply system of the R-DAWSSA is improved, increasing numbers of sub-systems serving different settlements would be integrated for service efficiency. For better management of the integrated water supply systems, institutional links between the DAWSSA and the R- DAWSSA should be strengthened.
It may be ideal to establish a single water district to take charge of the combined service areas of the DAWSSA and the R-DAWSSA, but as the first step, coordination mechanism should be installed between the two administrations to discuss and resolve common issues. As a substantive step toward the integrated management, a common database should be established and the SCADA system installed in the DAWSSA system extended to the R-DAWSSA. Also, a common policy decision making body should be established to guide and supervise the planning and management activities of the two administrations.
5-13 Chapter 5 Water Supply and Sewerage Plan
5.5.4 Control of development in watershed protection area
Development activities in the proposed watershed protection area should be strictly controlled. Detailed land use plans should be prepared in line with the master plan for the DMA to designate areas where only careful developments would be allowed. Any development plan in such areas should incorporate measures to minimize possible negative effects including land improvement such as terracing, slope protection and tree planting.
A new development tax may be introduced to encourage only such developments that would be viable even with additional costs of the tax. The tax revenue should be utilized for further improvements of the watershed through tree planting and other land improvement measures.
5.5.5 Introduction of ambient environmental standards
The discharge standards are established in Syria for polluted air and water and applied uniformly to land and water bodies irrespective of their locations. In reality, possible effects of any discharges would depend on the locations of pollution sources. Standards for ambient environmental quality should be introduced to pursue more cost-effective pollution control.
Application of such ambient environmental standards is more important in the Barada/Awaji basin. As it is a closed basin without any outlet of water flowing out, any polluting elements tend to be concentrated. This is particularly true when recycle-oriented urbanization is pursued as recommended for the DMA. Use of fertilizer and agro-chemicals should be more carefully controlled as well as nitrogen contents in the treated sewage. As a prerequisite, a more effective monitoring and evaluation system should be established with the participation of farmers and residents.
5-14
Part 3
Social Infrastructure
The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic
Final Report Volume 4 Sector Report Part 3 Social Infrastructure
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA ...... 1-1
1.1 Overview...... 1-1 1.2 Health Facilities in Damascus governorate...... 1-1 1.3 Health Facilities in Rural Damascus ...... 1-3
Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA ...... 2-1
2.1 Overview...... 2-1 2.2 Education Facilities in Damascus governorate ...... 2-1 2.3 Education Facilities in Rural Damascus...... 2-4
Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan...... 3-1
3.1 Health Facilities...... 3-1 3.1.1 Overview...... 3-1 3.1.2 Damascus governorate ...... 3-1 3.1.3 Rural Damascus...... 3-7 3.2 Educational Facilities ...... 3-11 3.2.1 Overview...... 3-11 3.2.2 Damascus governorate ...... 3-11 3.2.3 Rural Damascus...... 3-14 3.3 Culture Centers...... 3-17 3.3.1 Overview...... 3-17 3.3.2 Damascus governorate ...... 3-17 3.3.3 Rural Damascus...... 3-17
- i - 3.4 Green Parks ...... 3-18 3.4.1 Overview ...... 3-18 3.4.2 Damascus governorate...... 3-18 3.4.3 Rural Damascus...... 3-19
Appendix Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
- ii - List of Tables
Page Table 1.1 Health Facilities Indicators in Syria and Damascus...... 1-1 Table 1.2 Health Facilities in Damascus Governorate ...... 1-2 Table 1.3 Health Facilities Indicators in Damascus Governorate ...... 1-3 Table 1.4 Health Facilities in Rural Damascus Governorate ...... 1-4 Table 1.5 Health Facilities Indicators in Rural Damascus Governorate ...... 1-4 Table 2.1 Educational Facilities in Damascus Governorate...... 2-1 Table 2.2 Analysis of Damascus Governorate Schools...... 2-3 Table 2.3 Progress in the Last Ten Years...... 2-3 Table 2.4 Share of Rented School Buildings Operated by Public Sector...... 2-4 Table 2.5 Educational Facilities in Rural Damascus Governorate...... 2-4 Table 2.6 Analysis of Rural Damascus Governorate Schools...... 2-5 Table 3.1 Planning Conditions of PHCFs in Damascus City...... 3-2 Table 3.2 Locations of New PHCF(s) in Damascus City...... 3-2 Table 3.3 Hospitals serving General Public in Damascus City...... 3-3 Table 3.4 Specifications for New Hospitals in Damascus City...... 3-3 Table 3.5 New Hospitals under Implementation in Damascus City...... 3-3 Table 3.6 Future Hospital Beds Required in Damascus City...... 3-5 Table 3.7 New Hospitals Required in Damascus City ...... 3-6 Table 3.8 Specifications for New Hospitals...... 3-7 Table 3.9 Planned new PHCF in Rural Damascus...... 3-7 Table 3.10 Hospitals Serving the General Public in Rural Damascus ...... 3-8 Table 3.11 New Hospitals Planned by MOH by 2009 ...... 3-9 Table 3.12 Plan for New Hospitals in Rural Damascus ...... 3-10 Table 3.13 Target Enrollment Levels for Schools in Damascus City...... 3-12 Table 3.14 Number of New Classrooms Required by Service Department by 2025...... 3-12 Table 3.15 Number of New Schools Required in Damascus City by 2025 ...... 3-13 Table 3.16 Target Enrollment Levels for Schools in Rural Damascus...... 3-14 Table 3.17 New Classrooms Required in Rural Damascus by 2025...... 3-15 Table 3.18 Number of Schools Required in Rural Damascus by 2025...... 3-16 Table 3.19 New Culture Centers Planned in Damascus City by 2025 ...... 3-17 Table 3.20 New Culture Centers Planned in Rural Damascus by 2025 ...... 3-18 Table 3.21 Distribution of Green Parks in Damascus City ...... 3-18 Table 3.22 New Green Parks Planned in Damascus City...... 3-19
- iii - Table 3.23 New Green Parks Planned in Rural Damascus...... 3-20
List of Figures
Page Figure 3.1 Number of Hospital Beds in selected European Countries...... 3-4 Figure 3.2 Service Departments where New Hospitals are required in Damascus City ...... 3-6 Figure 3.3 Classification of Nahiyas by Habitable Area and Population Densities ...... 3-10
- iv - Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA
Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA
1.1 Overview
Health facilities in Syria consist of health units administered by the Ministry of Health (MOH) comprising comprehensive clinics, specialized centers, medical points and health centers, MOH hospitals, university hospitals administered by the Ministry of Higher Education, military hospitals for military personnel and their dependents, police hospitals for police personnel and their dependents and labor hospitals as well as private clinics (health units) and hospitals. The health units, except the health center, are operated by a Health Directorate established in each governorate to act on behalf of MOH. The health center is operated by MOH to ensure the provision of primary health care for all.
In the DMA, all the different kinds of health facilities exist, including the Damascus University hospitals, six of which are located in the Damascus governorate and one in the Rural Damascus governorate. The provision of health facilities in Syria is compared in Table 1.1 with the targets specified for the DMA by selected indices.
Table 1.1 Health Facilities Indicators in Syria and Damascus
Population/ Population/ Population/ No. Source clinic health center hospital bed 1 Actual Situation for all of Syria(1 284,500 11,700 770 2 Damascus General Master Plan 150,000 20,000 - 30,000 500 targets(2 Notes: 1) Sources: Health facilities, MOH, 2005; Population, CBS, 2004; 2) Source: GCES Final Report
1.2 Health Facilities in Damascus governorate
The existing health facilities in the Damascus governorate are summarized by service department in Table 1.2. The availability of the health facilities by service departments are compared in Table 1.3 by selected indices. The following are noted.
1) The Damascus governorate as a whole enjoy a favorable indicator of 315 residents for every hospital bed, much better than the national average of 770 people per hospital bed. 2) Each health center in the Damascus governorate serves on average 31,480 people, much larger than the average of health centers in Syria serving 11,700 people. 3) Health centers are located in all the service departments in Damascus except Al Qaboun and Al Yarmouk, covering the city population more evenly than other health facilities, reflecting the MOH policy. Al Qaboun is served by an MOH hospital, and Yarmouk by two private hospitals. 4) Out of seven service departments with more than 100,000 population, Kafar Souseh, Al Qadam, Al Yarmouk and Al Qanawat have insufficient numbers of hospitals with over
1-1 Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA
35,000 people depending on one center on average. 5) The criterion of the population per hospital bed less than 500 is satisfied by nine out of 16 service departments. No hospital beds exist in Old Damascus, Al Shaghour and Al Qadam. Old Damascus is served by hospitals and health facilities in the neighboring service departments such as Sarouja and Al Qanawat having favorable indicators. A new hospital is under construction in Al Shaghour with 459 beds for completion in 2010. Al Qadam is most deprived of adequate health facilities. 6) New hospitals are under construction also in Jobar with 350 beds and in Al Yarmouk with 100 beds for completion in 2008 and 2009, respectively, both service departments having poor health indices. Another hospital is under construction in Al Mazzeh having favorable health indices to provide 100 additional beds by 2010, presumably to serve neighboring service departments as well.
Table 1.2 Health Facilities in Damascus Governorate
A. HEALTH UNITS(1 B. HOSPITALS(2 Service 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 1) 2) 3) Comp. Spec. Medica Health Health MOH University Private departments clinic3) center l point center center hospital hHospitals4) hospitals MOH MOH MOH MOH Other No. Bed No. Bed No. Bed DAMASCUS 2 4 0 49 18 8 1,561 6 2,214 37 1,124 Rukin Eddin 0 0 0 3 3 455 0 0 Al Muhajreen 0 0 0 4 0 0 9 213 Al Mazzeh 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 426 3 108 Barzeh 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 51 Jobar 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 52 Sarouja 1 0 0 4 2 215 12 388 Damascus Old 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Al Qanawat 0 0 0 2 1 650 4 1,140 1 10 Al Midan 1 2 0 7 0 0 2 35 Al Shaghour 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 Dummar 0 0 0 4 1 191 0 0
Al Qadam 0 0 0 2 Available No Data 0 0 0 0 Kafar Souseh 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 648 0 0 Al Qaboun 0 0 0 0 1 50 0 0 Al Salhiyeh 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 197 Al Yarmouk 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 70 Notes: 1) Source: MOH Statistics, 2006, 2) Source: MOH Statistics, 2005, 3) Number of private clinics is too large and information is not available at this time, 4) Distribution of the eight university hospitals and their 2,538 beds is tentative and based on C/P and local staff knowledge (official information from the Ministry of Higher Education awaited)
1-2 Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA
Table 1.3 Health Facilities Indicators in Damascus Governorate
Population Population/ Population/ Population/ Service department (2004) clinic health center hospital bed DAMASCUS 1,542,600 220,370 31,480 315 Rukin Eddin 96,000 0 32,000 210 Al Muhajreen 63,000 0 15,750 300 Al Mazzeh 121,000 0 30,250 230 Barzeh 110,000 0 18,330 2,160 Jobar 87,000 0 43,500 1,670 Sarouja 86,000 86,000 21,500 140 Damascus Old 27,500 0 27,500 0 Al Qanawat 56,000 0 28,000 30 Al Midan 116,100 38,700 16,590 3,320 Al Shaghour 141,000 141,000 35,250 0 Dummar 99,000 0 34,750 520 Al Qadam 100,000 0 50,000 0 Kafar Souseh 122,000 0 40,670 190 Al Qaboun 95,000 0 0 1,900 Al Salhiyeh 77,000 0 38,500 390 Al Yarmouk 146,000 146,000 0 2,090
1.3 Health Facilities in Rural Damascus
The existing health facilities in Rural Damascus are summarized by zone (mantiqa) in Table 1.4. The availability of the health facilities by zone is compared in Table 1.5 by selected indices. The following are noted.
1) The availability of health centers appears to be more favorable in Rural Damascus than in Damascus city as the population per health center is generally smaller, ranging in 4,250 to 33,150 with the average of 15,500 as compared to 31,480 in Damascus city. This, however, reflects also the lack of larger health centers providing better services for more people. 2) The criterion of the population per hospital bed smaller than 500 is not satisfied by most districts except Douma and Al Nabik. 3) Al Kissweh neighboring on Damascus city has poor indices in terms of both the population per health center and the population per hospital bed. Clearly, the provision of health facilities has not kept pace with the rapid population increase. Douma, on the other hand, has much better indices, served by three MOH hospitals and larger number of health centers than in Al Kissweh for smaller population. 4) Daraya immediately northwest of Damascus city has the second largest population per health center next only to Al Kissweh, but is more favorable in terms of the population per hospital bed than Qatana located further away from the city. It relies more on private hospitals. Qatana, on the other hand, has more health centers of smaller scale to make the population per health center smaller but the population per hospital bed larger.
1-3 Chapter 1 Existing Conditions of Health Facilities in the DMA
5) The three zones north and northwest of Damascus city, viz. Al Qutayfa, Al Tall and Al Zabadani, have sufficient numbers of health centers, but the hospital beds are insufficient. 6) Yabroud and Al Naik located furthest from Damascus city have relatively favorable health indicators served by MOH hospitals as well as health centers. 7) Hospitals in Al Kissweh, Al Tall, Qatana and Daraya all belong to the private sector. Some of them may have been constructed to serve the city residents, but constructed in these neighboring zones due to the lack of land in the Damascus governorate. 8) According to the State Planning Commission, eight new hospitals are being constructed by MOH, three in Al Kissweh and one each in Daraya, Al Qutayfeh, Douma, Al Tall and Al Zabadani. These are well in line with the existing needs in these zones.
Table 1.4 Health Facilities in Rural Damascus Governorate
A. HEALTH UNITS1) B. HOSPITALS2) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 1) 3) Mantiqa Comp. Spec. Medica Health Health MOH hospital Private Clinic center l point center center hospitals MOH MOH MOH MOH Other No. Bed No. Bed DAMASCUS RURAL G 0 3 2 143 1 9 1,397 35 711 Al Kissweh 0 1 0 27 0 0 0 13 292 Douma 0 2 1 32 0 3 1,040 3 110 Al Tall 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 3 76 Al Zabadani 0 0 1 23 0 1 26 3 55 Qatana 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 2 30 Daraya 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 7 101 Yabroud 0 0 0 3 0 1 65 2 27 Al Qutayfeh 0 0 0 15 0 1 33 0 0 Al Nabik 0 0 0 7 0 3 233 2 20 Notes: 1) SOURCE: Rural Damascus Governorate, 2006 data, 2) SOURCE: Rural Damascus Governorate, 2005 data, 3) Number of private clinics is too large and information is not available at this time
Table 1.5 Health Facilities Indicators in Rural Damascus Governorate
Population Population/ Population/ Population/ Mantiqa (2004) clinic health center hospital bed RURAL DAMASCUS 2,255,302 751,800 15,500 940 Al Kissweh 895,000 895,000 33,150 3,070 Douma 426,300 213,150 12,920 300 Al Tall 118,000 0 9,830 1,550 Al Zabadani 102,001 0 4,250 1,260 Qatana 206,000 0 12,880 6,870 Daraya 261,000 0 32,620 2,580 Yabroud 48,000 0 16,000 520 Al Qutayfeh 120,001 0 8,000 3,640 Al Nabik 79,000 0 11,290 310
1-4 Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
2.1 Overview
The education system in Syria comprises five levels: kindergarten, compulsory basic education, secondary education, higher institutes and universities. The Ministry of Education (MOE) administers all the levels except universities which are administered by the Ministry of Higher Education, but many other entities are involved at different levels. UNRWA operates schools for refugees at the basic education level. The private sector is involved in education at all the levels. Kindergarten may be operated by teachers’ syndicates, women’s unions and other ministries as well.
In principle, an Education Directorate is established in each governorate to act on behalf of MOE. The Education Directorate is responsible for operation and maintenance of all the education facilities within its respective governorate. The construction of facilities is implemented directly by the governorate.
There exist five state universities in Syria, of which the Damascus University is located in the Damascus governorate. A few private universities are in various stages of planning and construction in Daraya and Qatana. The following part deals with education facilities in the governorates of Damascus and Rural Damascus at kindergarten, basic and secondary education, and institute levels.
2.2 Education Facilities in Damascus governorate
The existing education facilities in the Damascus governorate are summarized in Table 2.1 by service department and by education level. It should be noted that in addition to MOE and the private sector, UNRWA also operates schools at the basic education level. Of the total basic level students, 10% attend UNRWA operated schools. Half of these schools are located in Al Yarmouk where the Palestinian refugees are concentrated. In Al Yarmouk, 74% of the students attend UNRWA schools. UNRWA schools are located in eight other service departments, but the ratios of students attending these schools do not exceed 10%. The majority of UNRWA schools are operated as two-shift schools.
Table 2.1 Educational Facilities in Damascus Governorate
Kindergarten Basic Secondary Institute Service department No. Student No. Student No. Student No. Student DAMASCUS 192 27,514 601 318,849 92 36,333 13 5,267 Rukin Eddin 7 917 36 16,311 6 2,392 0 0 Al Muhajreen 21 3,053 47 20,181 12 4,535 0 0 Al Mazzeh 19 2,992 52 27,148 18 5,662 5 1,140
2-1 Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
Kindergarten Basic Secondary Institute Service department No. Student No. Student No. Student No. Student Barzeh 14 1,868 30 20,265 8 3,291 1 348 Jobar 10 1,561 37 18,245 5 936 1 308 Sarouja 13 1,934 37 16,462 12 5,007 1 105 Damascus Old 14 1,639 35 15,464 10 2,784 0 0 Al Qanawat 6 397 30 12,307 14 6,368 2 1,513 Al Midan 26 4,422 78 45,582 15 6,794 0 0 Al Shaghour 10 1,452 39 19,199 8 2,645 2 1,280 Dummar 15 2,011 32 17,957 13 1,877 0 0 Al Qadam 7 943 36 17,981 3 720 0 0 Kafar Souseh 6 779 25 15,135 5 958 0 0 Al Qaboun 6 920 22 14,085 2 1,183 1 573 Al Salhiyeh 8 1,198 33 16,778 7 3,130 0 0 Al Yarmouk 10 1,428 32 25,749 2 2,240 0 0 Source: Damascus Governorate Directorate of Education, 2005 data
The Education Directorate of Damascus has set the following targets for the education facilities:
• Elimination of the two-shift system • Rational distribution of the schools to ensure ease of access by the students • Limiting density of students for each class to 32 - 36 students at the basic level and 35 - 40 students at the secondary level • Decrease the number of rented schools
The performance of education facilities is compared in Table 2.2 by using some indices. The following are noted.
1) The density of students per class in all three educational levels is within the 40 students per class range. Two-shift schools are found in the basic level only. 2) Over 50% of the basic level students in Al Qadam and Al Yarmouk, south of Damascus city where the Palestinian refugees are concentrated, and in the northeast service district of Al Qaboun attend 2-shift schools. On the other hand, Sarouja and Al Qanawat have no 2-shift schools and only 6% of basic level students attend such schools in Old Damascus. 3) In the Damascus governorate as a whole, the capture rates for eligible students for the three respective levels are estimated at 20% for the kindergarten level, 107%1 for the basic level and 51% for the secondary level. Old Damascus basic level schools accept 3 times more students than in other service departments. This may be due to the large number of private schools there which may attract more students than government schools. 4) In Old Damascus, at all three levels of education, students of private schools account for
1 Damascus Education Directorate estimated a capture rate of 106%, and explained that the high rate is due to the acceptance of a large number of Iraqi students during the last couple of years who are not registered as DG residents 2-2 Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
over 70% of the total respective students. This is much higher than the respective 22% rate for the whole Damascus governorate. 5) The core service departments of Damascus, namely Old Damascus, Sarouja, Al Salhiyeh, Al Muhajreen and Al Qanawat all satisfy the conditions of low rates of 2-shift schools, and high capture rates. In this core area, 70% of the total private students and 6% of the 2-shift students are concentrated. 6) On the other hand the three service departments located along the fringe area of Damascus city; namely Al Qaboun north-east of the city, Al Shaghour south-east and Kafar Souseh in the south, have low capture rates and high rates of 2-shift school students.
Table 2.2 Analysis of Damascus Governorate Schools
Kindergarten Basic Secondary Institute Basic2) Service student Student/ %Private Student/ Two-shift %Private Student/ %Private Student/ department capture class students class students1) students class student class % DAMASCUS 33.4 89% 35.7 25% 17% 26.5 18% 37.6 107% Rukin Eddin 34.0 92% 36.3 20% 3% 37.4 0% 0 88% Al Mohajireen 31.8 94% 38.2 3% 49% 38.4 16% 0 166% Mazzeh 29.0 89% 34.8 4% 17% 31.6 4% 34.5 116% Barzeh 34.6 82% 34.6 21% 0% 35.8 0% 26.8 95% Jobar 36.3 100% 35.0 12% 8% 42.5 0% 44.0 109% Sarouja 34.5 95% 37.2 0% 32% 37.1 13% 17.5 99% Damascus Old 33.4 97% 38.8 6% 75% 36.6 70% 0 291% Al Qanawat 24.8 89% 34.5 0% 36% 41.9 32% 48.8 114% Al Midan 37.5 85% 36.0 30% 10% 38.0 0% 0 203% Al Shaghour 35.4 100% 30.8 19% 7% 33.9 0% 42.7 71% Dummar 30.5 77% 33.9 11% 8% 27.6 6% 0 94% Al Qadam 37.7 90% 32.1 47% 0% 31.3 0% 0 93% Kafar Souseh 33.9 80% 35.1 20% 20% 31.9 0% 0 64% Al Qaboun 34.1 94% 36.5 75% 0% 38.2 0% 28.7 77% Al Salhiyeh 33.3 84% 37.7 21% 29% 42.3 29% 0 113% Al Yarmouk 32.5 89% 40.8 86% 1% 43.9 0% 0 91% Notes: 1) 2-shift schools are operated for Basic education only in Damascus Governorate, 2) Basic level students share of population (age group 7 - 15) estimated at 19.3% (refer to Appendix, Table A2-7) In order to understand the progress made in provision of educational facilities a comparison is made with data collected in 1996 as shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Progress in the Last Ten Years
Students / class (MOE schools) Two-shift students % (MOE schools) Year Elementary Preparatory Secondary Elementary Preparatory Secondary 1996(1) 35.8 41.58 38.5 46% 16.5% 11% 34.4(3) 37.5 22%(3) 0% 2005(2) (Total schools = 35.7) (Total 36.8) (Total schools = 25%) (Total 0%) Notes: (1) Source; Damascus Master Plan Study, GCES, October 2006, (2) Source; Damascus Education Directorate, (3) For 2005 data of Elementary and Preparatory levels were combined under the Basic level
As the results show there has been some improvement in decreasing the density for students in the classes, and marked improvement in decreasing two-shift students’ numbers for the basic level and eliminating the two-shift system in the secondary schools.
2-3 Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
The Damascus Education Directorate has reported, however, that there is a problem of providing new schools because it is difficult to secure land to build upon. Table 2.4 shows that share of rented school buildings for the Basic level reaches 32% of the total buildings and that of the total school buildings operated by the government, 25% are rented.
Table 2.4 Share of Rented School Buildings Operated by Public Sector
Education level Kindergarten(1) Basic(2) Secondary(3) Total Number of schools 30 436 116 582 Rented buildings (%) 20% 32% 2% 25% Notes: (1) Includes schools operated by Women Union and Teachers’ Syndicate, (2) Only public sector schools, (3) Includes secondary vocational schools
2.3 Education Facilities in Rural Damascus
The existing education facilities in Rural Damascus are summarized in Table 2.5 by zone and by education level. UNRWA operates schools at the basic education level in Al Kissweh, Douma, Qatana and Daraya. Of the total basic level students, 4% attend 34 UNRWA operated schools. One-third of these schools are located in Al Kissweh directly to the south of Damascus city. All UNRWA schools are operated as two-shift schools.
Table 2.5 Educational Facilities in Rural Damascus Governorate
Kindergarten Basic Secondary Institute Mantiqa No. Student No. Student No. Student No. Student RURAL DAMASCUS 258 31,569 999 483,513 232 42,799 2 639 Al Kissweh 82 11,572 285 165,124 63 13,477 0 0 Douma 49 5,744 197 106,989 39 7,664 2 639 Al Tall 18 2,387 73 28,758 18 2,954 0 0 Al Zabadani 16 1,533 64 29,737 19 2,394 0 0 Qatana 30 3,236 126 40,060 37 5,343 0 0 Daraya 33 4,016 78 55,983 13 3,371 0 0 Yabroud 6 73741 11,298 8 1,736 0 0 Al Qutayfeh 11 1,075 78 27,492 22 3,401 0 0 Al Nabik 13 1,269 57 18,072 13 2,459 0 0 Source: Rural Damascus governorate, 2005 data
The performance of the educational facilities is compared in Table 2.6 by selected indices. The following are noted.
1) The average density of students per class in all three educational levels is below 33 students per class range. 2) Two-shift schools are found in the basic level only. However the shares of 2-shift students in the three densely populated zones of Al Kissweh, Douma and Daraya are around 50%. 3) In Rural Damascus as a whole, the capture rates for eligible students for the three respective levels are estimated at 12% for the kindergarten level, 102% for the basic level and 31% for the secondary level. The capture rates range from 139% to 102% in
2-4 Chapter 2 Existing Conditions of Education Facilities in the DMA
different zones, excluding the highest populated Al Kissweh and Qatana, located in the south of Rural Damascus where the capture rates are less than 100%. 4) The private sector students for all three education levels account for only 9% of the total students. For the basic education, the rate is just 5% of the total basic level students. The share of basic level private students is relatively high in Al Zabadani (20%), Yabroud (18%) and Daraya (12%). As both Yabroud and Al Zabadani are located relatively far from Damascus city, it may be assumed that private schools there basically serve their populations. 5) The share of rented school buildings for the basic level reaches only 2% of the total buildings operated at that level. For the other two education levels there are no rented school buildings.
Table 2.6 Analysis of Rural Damascus Governorate Schools
Kindergarten Basic Secondary Institute Basic2) Two-shift student Mantiqa Student/ %Private Student/ %Private Student/ %Private Student/ students capture class students class 1) students class student class % Rural 30.5 71% 32.5 37% 5% 28.3 1% 32.0 102% Damascus Al Kissweh 32.1 75% 34.0 45% 5% 30.1 1% 0 88% Douma 30.7 55% 32.0 53% 1% 29.1 0% 32.0 120% Al Tall 32.7 93% 32.3 22% 8% 27.1 0% 0 116% Al Zabadani 24.3 68% 38.8 7% 20% 29.2 0% 0 139% Qatana 30.5 49% 28.4 21% 2% 25.3 4% 0 93% Daraya 27.3 93% 34.3 55% 12% 32.1 4% 0 102% Yabroud 30.7 61% 27.8 0% 2% 27.6 0% 0 112% Al Qutayfeh 32.6 67% 29.7 3% 0% 24.3 0% 0 109% Al Nabik 31.0 63% 29.4 0% 0% 27.3 0% 0 109% Note: 1) 2-shift schools are operated for Basic education only, 2) Basic level students share of population (age group 7 - 15) estimated at 20.9% (refer to Appendix Table A2-8 for details)
2-5 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
The development of social infrastructure supports the realization of the three objectives for the DMA urban development. Provision of adequate social services is important part of the human security, and also a necessary condition to realize the economic efficiency pursued by the master plan for the DMA. To pursue the concept of the cultural city, the base for cultural activities by residents of the DMA need to be strengthened. A social infrastructure plan as part of the DMA master plan covers health facilities, education facilities, cultural centers and green parks, most essential for decent social/living environment.
3.1 Health Facilities
3.1.1 Overview
The plan covers two types of health facilities: primary health care facilities (PHCFs) and hospitals. PHCFs include health centers, comprehensive clinics and specialized clinics. For each type of health facilities, planning conditions are clarified, and necessary new facilities are proposed for Damascus governorate and Rural Damascus governorate within the Study area.
The facilities were estimated at five year intervals (2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025) based on the socioeconomic framework presented earlier in this report.
The plan is not meant to be a health master plan. It does not address the required PHCF and hospital beds by medical branch (e.g. obstetrics, pediatrics, etc.). The plan also does not discuss the human resources required to operate the proposed facilities, in terms of doctors, nurses and administrators, etc.
3.1.2 Damascus governorate
(1) Health facilities
Planning conditions
PHCFs provide primary health services such as maternity, vaccines and inoculations, dentistry, medical consultation and diagnostics, and pharmaceutical services. Patients at PHCFs are not admitted for overnight care or operations. A typical PHCF has 22 rooms and a built-up area of 600m2.
In 2005, 891 PHCFs existed in the Damascus governorate, representing the service coverage of 17,440 persons per PHCF based on the 2004 population. In addition, one health
1 Health Statistical Abstract 2005, Ministry of Health
3-1 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan center and two specialized clinics have been introduced, and two health centers will be opened by 20082 to make the total number 94. It is proposed that the present service level, at 18,000 per PHCF, would be maintained throughout the planning period up to 2025.
Table 3.1shows the planning conditions and the required number of PHCFs in the Damascus city.
Table 3.1 Planning Conditions of PHCFs in Damascus City
Year 2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 Population 1,552,161 1,625,800 1,691,800 1,749,100 1,800,000 17,440 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 Service population per PHCF (present) (plan) (plan) (plan) (plan) Number of required PHCF 94 90 94 97 100 New PHCF facilities 0 0 0 3 3
Proposed PHCFs
As no data are available on the distribution of PHCFs operated by the private operators and institutes, the planning conditions are applied to the Damascus governorate as a whole rather than each service department. For the projected population of 1,800,000 in the Damascus governorate in 2025, a total of 100PHCFs will be necessary at 18,000 persons per PHCF. Thus, six new PHCFs need to be introduced. These should be located in the eastern part of the city as shown below, where the service coverage is relatively low at present. Up to 2025, six new PHCF will be required to be introduced.
A typical PHCF is reported3 to have 22 rooms, with a built up area of 600m2. The six new PHCFs are proposed to be located in service departments which presently lack enough hospitals of PHCFs and are concentrated in the eastern part of the city. Table 3.2 shows the distribution.
Table 3.2 Locations of New PHCF(s) in Damascus City
Phase Service departments in Damascus city By 2020 Jobar, Qadam, and Yarmouk(1) 2020-25 Qaboun, Shaghour, and Yarmouk(2)
(2) Hospitals
Planning conditions
Hospitals provide a wide range of health services from diagnostics and medicines dispensing to treatment, surgeries, intensive care and ambulatory services. They are operated by
2 DG Directorate of Health interview 3 GCES Master Plan report and typical drawings received from Health Directorate of RDG 3-2 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Higher Education (university hospitals), and the private sector. Data for these hospitals in 2005 are shown in Table 3.3. Based on these figures and considering the 2004 population of DG, the service indicator is 3.2 beds per 1,000 persons. Hospitals providing treatment to exclusive segments of the society (military, police and some unions) are excluded from this analysis.
Table 3.3 Hospitals serving General Public in Damascus City
Operated by Number Beds Ministry of Health(1) 8 1,561 Ministry of Higher Education(2) 6 2,214 Private Sector(1) 37 1,124 Total 51 4,899 Sources: (1) Health Statistical Abstract 2005, Ministry of Health (2) Above source and interview with Ministry of Higher Education
The site conditions govern the design of the hospital. However in order to prepare a preliminary estimate of the costs and land required, the specifications shown in Table 3.4 are tentatively adopted.
Table 3.4 Specifications for New Hospitals in Damascus City
Number Area (m2) Hospital types (Beds) required Total floor Site 100 Beds 1 2,410 4,050 110 Beds 1 2,650 4,460 200 Beds 2 3,600 8,100 210 Beds 1 3,780 8,500 220 Beds 1 3,960 8,910
In the Damascus governorate, there existed 51 hospitals with the combined bed capacity of 4,899 in 2005. This corresponds to the service level of 3.2 beds per 1,000 persons based on the 2004 population. In addition, MOH is currently constructing five new hospitals for expected completion by 2009 as shown in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 New Hospitals under Implementation in Damascus City
Hospital Service department Beds Opening 1) General Al Midan 500 2007 2) Mental Health Al Mazzeh 100 2009 3) General Al Yarmouk 100 2009 4) Obstetrics & Pediatrics Al Shaghour 450 2009 5) Internal Sarouja 350 2009 Source: Directorate of Health, Damascus governorate
Considering the international standards (refer to Figure 3.1) and the leading role of the city in providing quality health services, the service level of 4.0 beds per 1,000 persons is aimed at for the year 2025. This relatively high figure considers that the present service level will not decrease that
3-3 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan the governorate will continue its leading role in the Country in offering quality health care to all Syrian nationals.
Figure 3.1 Number of Hospital Beds in selected European Countries
Based on the proposed service indicators, present hospital stock and those hospitals under construction and the forecast population of the Damascus governorate, the required numbers of hospital beds for the years 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025 have been estimated, as indicated in Table 3.6. As seen from the table, there is a wide variance between the number of beds estimated based on the total governorate base and that estimated when considering the requirements for each service department base, which is about four times the former number. As the area of the Damascus governorate is not so large, transportation is satisfactory, and the cost in operating such a large number of beds would be too large, it was decided in discussions with the Health Directorate of the governorate to plan the required number of beds based on the
3-4 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan total governorate requirement.
Table 3.6 Future Hospital Beds Required in Damascus City
Damascus governorate / Numbers of hospital beds service department Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total A. Damascus governorate base 104 264 229 204 801 B. Service department base 2,589 180 151 154 3,074 (1) Rukin Eddin 0 0 0 0 0 (2) Al Mohajireen 13 3 4 3 23 (3) Al Mazzeh 0 0 0 0 0 (4) Barzeh 413 17 13 11 454 (5) Jobar 298 10 9 7 324 (6) Sarouja 0 0 0 0 0 (7) Old Damascus 103 3 4 3 113 (8) Al Qanawat 0 0 0 0 0 (9) Al Midan 189 7 5 3 204 (10) Al Shaghour 122 12 12 12 158 (11) Dummar 253 76 60 52 441 (12) Qadam 389 19 15 11 434 (13) Kafar Souseh 0 0 0 24 24 (14) Al Qaboun 329 29 25 23 406 (15) Al Salhieh 100 4 3 4 111 (16) Yarmouk 380 0 1 1 382
Proposed hospitals construction
In the Damascus governorate, the access to hospitals is ensured by favorable transportation so that the expansion of the bed capacity is planned for the governorate as a whole rather than for each service department. The following conditions are reflected in the location of new hospitals. i) There is a lack of hospital beds in the eastern part of the city as shown in . ii) No hospitals shall be constructed in Old Damascus due to difficulty in securing suitable land as a large number of beds are already available in the neighboring service department of Qanawat. iii) The same consideration applies to Jobar that can be supported by the large bed capacity in Sarouja. iv) For all other service departments, new hospitals should be distributed to satisfy the service level of 2.0 beds per 1,000 persons. v) Considering the difficulty in locating suitable sites and the high population density, large hospitals with the minimum 100 beds are proposed.
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Hosp Bed Rukin Addin Barzeh 1 51 Qaboun 55 6,299 3 455 Dummar 4.74 0.46 1 50 Bed/(1,000) 1 191 0.53 4.08 1.93 Salhieh 6 197 Sarouja 2.56 15 953 Jobar Muhajreen 11.08 1 52 9 213 0.6 3.38 Qanawat Old 6 1,800 Damascus 32.14 0 0 0 Mazeh 4 634 Shaghur 5.24 Al Midan 1 450 3 535 3.19 K Susseh Qadam 4.61 1 648 0 0 Yarmouk 5.32 0 3 170 1.16
Figure 3.2 Service Departments where New Hospitals are required in Damascus City
New hospitals required in the Damascus city are summarized in Table 3.7. As shown, new hospitals are required in the service department of Qadam, Barzeh, Yarmouk and Al Qaboun, where there exist significant shortages of hospital beds at present. New hospitals are proposed also in Dummar, where the population is projected to increase by 1.63 times by 2025.
Table 3.7 New Hospitals Required in Damascus City
New hospitals required - No. (Bed) Bed/1,000 Service department 2010 2015 2020 2025 persons Damascus governorate 1(220) 2(320) 2(300) 1(200) 4.13 (1) Rukin Eddin No new hospitals proposed 4.75 (2) Al Mohajireen No new hospitals proposed 3.61 (3) Al Mazzeh No new hospitals proposed 4.39 (4) Barzeh 1(210) 2.07 (5) Jobar No new hospitals proposed 0.55 (6) Sarouja No new hospitals proposed 10.36 (7) Old Damascus No new hospitals proposed 0.00 (8) Al Qanawat No new hospitals proposed 30.00 (9) Al Midan No new hospitals proposed 2.90 (10) Al Shaghour No new hospitals proposed 2.96 (11) Dummar 1(100) 1(200) 3.11 (12) Qadam 1(220) 2.03 (13) Kafar Souseh No new hospitals proposed 3.86 (14) Al Qaboun 1(200) 2.19 (15) Al Salhieh No new hospitals proposed 2.56 (16) Yarmouk 1(110) 2.03
Therefore up to 2025, six new hospitals will be required to be introduced in the Damascus
3-6 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan governorate.
The site conditions govern the design of the hospital. However, in order to prepare a preliminary estimate of the costs and land required, for the planning purposes, specifications of new hospitals set as shown in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Specifications for New Hospitals
Number Area (m2) Hospital types (beds) required Total floor Site 100 Beds 1 2,410 4,050 110 Beds 1 2,650 4,460 200 Beds 2 3,600 8,100 210 Beds 1 3,780 8,500 220 Beds 1 3,960 8,910
3.1.3 Rural Damascus
(1) Health facilities
Planning conditions
In Rural Damascus, there were 149 PHCFs in 2005 for the service coverage of 15,554 persons per PHCF based on the 2004 population. The Health Directorate of the Rural Damascus governorate proposed additional 27 health centers in the 10th Five Year Plan (2006-10). Of this total of 176 PHCFs, 1494 are in the Study Area. The service targets are set at 13,500 persons per PHCF in 2010, 13,000 in 2015, 12,500 in 2020 and 12,000 in 2025.
Proposed PHCFs
As Rural Damascus is a large governorate and each nahiya has several settlements, the planning conditions are applied to each nahiya. For Rural Damascus as a whole, a total of 226 new PHCFs will be required by 2025. Breakdowns by nahiya and phase are shown in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Planned new PHCF in Rural Damascus
Mantiqa / nahiya 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total RDG Total 82 40 47 57 226 CENTER mantiqa 48 19 22 23 112 Al Kissweh nahiya 0 4 5 5 14 Babbila nahiya 24 6 6 6 42 Jaramana nahiya 5 2 1 1 9 Al Malian nahiya 4 1 2 2 9 Kafar Batna nahiya 3 2 2 3 10 Erbeen nahiya 4 1 1 1 7 Qudsaya nahiya 8 3 5 5 21 DOUMA mantiqa 11 9 8 12 40
4 Data from Rural Damascus Governorate 3-7 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Mantiqa / nahiya 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total Douma center 11 6 6 8 31 Harasta nahiya 0 3 2 4 9 Al Nashabiyeh nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Al Ghizlaniyeh nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Harran Al Awamid nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 AL QUTAYFEH mantiqa 0 0 1 2 3 Al Qutayfeh center nahiya 0 0 1 2 3 Ma’aloula 0 0 0 0 0 AL TALL mantiqa 3 4 5 7 19 Al Tall center nahiya 3 4 5 7 19 Saidnaya nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Rankous nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 AL ZABADANI mantiqa 0 0 0 0 0 Al Zabadani center nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Al Dimas nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Ain Al Fijeh nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Madaya nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Sarghaya nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 QATANA mantiqa 8 5 6 9 28 Qatana center nahiya 8 5 6 9 28 Bait Jin nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Sa’a Sa’a nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 DARAYA mantiqa 12 3 5 4 24 Daraya center nahiya 8 3 4 3 18 Sahnaya nahiya 0 0 0 1 1 Al Hajar Al Aswad 4 0 1 0 5
Therefore up to 2025, 226 new PHCFs will be required to be introduced, roughly at a rate of 13 facilities per year. A typical PHCF is reported5 to have 22 rooms, with a built up area of 600m2.
(2) Hospitals
Planning conditions
In Rural Damascus, 45 hospitals existed in 2005 with the combined bed capacity of 2,394, as shown in Table 3.10. This corresponds to the service level of 1.1 beds per 1,000 persons based on the 2004 population.
Table 3.10 Hospitals Serving the General Public in Rural Damascus
Operated by Number Beds Ministry of Health(1) 9 1,397 Ministry of Higher Education(2) 1 286 Private Sector(1) 35 711 Total 45 2,394 Sources: (1) Health statistical abstract 2005, Ministry of Health (2) Above source and interview with Ministry of Higher Education
In addition, MOH is constructing or planning to construct 14 hospitals with 896 beds for
5 GCES Master Plan report and typical drawings received from Health Directorate of RDG. 3-8 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan completion by 2009, as shown in Table 3.11. The target service level is set at 2.0 beds per 1,000 persons by 2025 through 1.0 in 2010, 1.25 in 2015 and 1.75 in 2020.
Table 3.11 New Hospitals Planned by MOH by 2009
Nahiya Number Beds Al Kissweh 1 50 Al Mlaiha 1 50 Erbeen 1 50 Qudsaya 1 50 Al Nashabiyeh 1 50 Al Tall Center 1 50 Rankous 1 50 Al Zabadani Center 2 146 Ain Al Fijeh 1 50 Qatana Center 1 50 Daraya Center 1 200 Al Qutayfeh Center 1 50 Ma’aloula 1 50
The service level in terms of bed number per 1,000 population is currently low, one third that of the Damascus city. The target shall be set at 2.0 beds per 1,000 persons by the year 2025, with staged targets of 1.0 bed per 1,000 persons in 2010, 1.25 beds in 2015, 1.75 in 2020 and 2.0 in 2025.
Proposed hospitals construction
As Rural Damascus has a large territory and each nahiya has several settlements, the target service level should be satisfied at the nahiya level. The required bed capacity in each nahiya shall be further allocated to hospitals based on the habitable area and the net population density in each area expected in 2025. Accordingly, all the nahiyas are classified into three zones as indicated in Figure 3.3. For nahiyas in Zone A of large habitable areas, small hospitals are proposed to ensure the accessibility. For nahiyas in Zone C of high population density, large hospitals are proposed for the concentrated population. For nahiyas in Zone B of intermediate characters, medium size hospitals are proposed.
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Habitable area (km2) Net population density (persons/ha) in 2025 180.00 450
160.00 400
140.00 350
120.00 300
100.00 250
80.00 200
60.00 150 40.00 100
20.00 50
0.00 0
030106Erbeen 030801Bait Jin 030801Bait 030102Babbila 030201Harasta 030703Madaya 030402Rankous 030901Sahnaya 030701Al Dimas 030701Al 030107Qudsaya 030302Ma'aloula 030401Saidnaya 030104Al Mlaiha 030104Al 030704Sarghaya 030802Sa'a Sa'a 030103Jaramana 030702Ain Al Fijeh 030702Ain Al 030101Al Kissweh 030101Al Batna 030105Kafar
center Tall 030400Al 030800Qatana center 030900Daraya center 030900Daraya 030200Douma Center 030200Douma 030205Al Ghizlaniyeh 030205Al 030204Al Nashabiyeh 030204Al 030206Harran Al Awamid Al 030206Harran 030700Al Zabadani Center Zabadani 030700Al 030902Al Hajar Al Aswad Al 030902Al Hajar Center Qutayfeh 030300Al Zone A – Small Hospitals Zone B – Med. Hospitals Zone C – Large Hospitals (10 - 30 beds) (30 - 50 beds) (> 50 beds)
Figure 3.3 Classification of Nahiyas by Habitable Area and Population Densities
Based on the target service levels and zonal categorization for each nahiya, the numbers of beds and hospitals in each nahiya have been estimated as shown in Table 3.12. In addition to the existing stock and hospitals identified in the 10th Five Year Plan, a total of 146 hospitals need to be constructed in Rural Damascus by 2025.
Table 3.12 Plan for New Hospitals in Rural Damascus
New hospitals number and (beds) Mantiqa / nahiya 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total A. Distribution by hospital location RDG total 28 28 50 40 146 CENTER mantiqa 12 12 18 16 58 Al Kissweh nahiya 4(30) 4(20) 6(30) 6(30) 20 Babbila nahiya 3(100) 3(60) 4(80) 3(80) 13 Jaramana nahiya 1(60) 1(40) 1(80) 1(60) 4 Al Malian nahiya 0 1(40) 2(40) 2(30) 5 Kafar Batna nahiya 2(60) 1(60) 2(60) 1(80) 6 Erbeen nahiya 1(30) 1(30) 1(60) 1(50) 4 Qudsaya nahiya 1(50) 1(60) 2(80) 2(80) 6 DOUMA mantiqa 3 3 5 3 14 Douma center 0 0 0 0 0 Harasta nahiya 0 1(60) 2(60) 1(100) 4 Al Nashabiyeh nahiya 1(30) 1(30) 1(40) 1(20) 4 Al Ghizlaniyeh nahiya 1(40) 1(10) 1(20) 1(10) 4 Harran Al Awamid nahiya 1(30) 0 1(20) 0 2 AL QUTAYFEH mantiqa 1 1 1 1 4
3-10 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
New hospitals number and (beds) Mantiqa / nahiya 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total Al Qutayfeh Center nahiya 1(10) 1(30) 1(50) 1(40) 4 Ma’aloula 0 0 0 0 0 AL TALL mantiqa 1 2 6 6 15 Al Tall center nahiya 1(40) 2(40) 5(40) 4(40) 12 Saidnaya nahiya 0 0 1(20) 1(20) 2 Rankous nahiya 0 0 0 1(10) 1 AL ZABADANI mantiqa 3 1 3 0 7 Al Zabadani center nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Al Dimas nahiya 1(20) 1(10) 1(20) 0 3 Ain Al Fijeh nahiya 0 0 0 0 0 Madaya nahiya 1(20) 0 1(20) 0 2 Sarghaya nahiya 1(10) 0 1(10) 0 2 QATANA mantiqa 7 7 11 11 36 Qatana center nahiya 4(30) 6(20) 9(30) 9(30) 28 Bait Jin nahiya 1(20) 0 1(40) 1(20) 3 Sa’a Sa’a nahiya 2(30) 1(10) 1(40) 1(30) 5 DARAYA mantiqa 1 2 6 3 12 Daraya center nahiya 0 0 4(60) 1(100) 5 Sahnaya nahiya 0 1(30) 1(40) 1(20) 3 Al Hajar Al Aswad 1(60) 1(30) 1(40) 1(30) 4 B. Distribution by hospital type 1. 10 bed hospitals 1 3 1 1 6 2. 20 beds hospitals 6 10 5 5 26 3. 30 beds hospitals 9 5 17 19 50 4. 40 beds hospitals 2 4 11 6 23 5. 50 beds hospitals 1 0 0 0 1 6. 60 beds hospitals 5 6 8 4 23 7. 80 beds hospitals 1 0 8 2 11 8. 100 beds hospitals 3 0 0 3 6
Therefore up to 2025, in addition to the existing stock and hospitals identified in the 10th Five Year Plan, a total of 146 hospitals need to be constructed in RDG.
3.2 Educational Facilities
3.2.1 Overview
The plan covers four levels of education: kindergarten, basic 1, basic 2 and secondary. The secondary education consists of general secondary and vocational secondary. Planning conditions for education facilities are clarified, and necessary new facilities are proposed for the Damascus city and Rural Damascus.
3.2.2 Damascus governorate
(1) Planning conditions
The target enrollment levels are set for schools in the Damascus governorate as shown in Table 3.13, reflecting the Government policy to improve them for kindergarten and secondary
3-11 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan levels.
Table 3.13 Target Enrollment Levels for Schools in Damascus City
Year Kindergarten (KG) Basic 1 (B-1) Basic 2 (B-2) Secondary 2004 20% 110% 110% 51% 2010 25% 100% 100% 60% 2015 30% 100% 100% 65% 2020 40% 100% 100% 70% 2025 50% 100% 100% 75%
The following additional conditions are set for education facilities planning. i) Following the policy of the Education Directorate of the Damascus governorate, public schools of 2-shift and in rented buildings should be eliminated for basic education; this implies the elimination of 1,803 class rooms. ii) The average number of students per classroom is set at 36, as compared to 33 for kindergarten, 36 for basic and 27 for secondary education at present in the Damascus city. iii) For all the education levels, sufficient number of classrooms should be provided in each service department, according to the Education Department policy. iv) To reduce the number of new schools construction to a more reasonable level, larger schools with additional floor are adopted as follows: - Kindergarten and basic-1: 18 classrooms per school; ground floor + two floors, and - Basic 2 and secondary: 24 classrooms per school; ground floor + three floors. v) For basic-2 and secondary, the distribution of schools is determined on a broader basis rather than for each service department to reduce the number of schools required.
(2) Proposed new school facilities
Based on the planning conditions set forth, the required numbers of new classrooms are determined as summarized in Table 3.14.
Table 3.14 Number of New Classrooms Required by Service Department by 2025
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Service department ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 Total DG 151 118 277 318 515 264 250 254 469 288 201 425 617 173 179 190 Rukin Eddin 14 8 17 17 28 14 14 14 20 17 8 27 31 9 8 9 Al Muhajreen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Al Mazzeh 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 12 Barzeh 0 10 24 24 17 17 16 14 10 22 13 23 30 15 15 14 Jobar 0 8 18 19 0 14 14 14 03112271 11 11 11 Sarouja 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000220 0 0 0 Old Damascus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Al Qanawat 5 4 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3-12 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Service department ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 Al Midan 0 0 17 35 0 0 0 2 0000 13 18 18 17 Al Shaghour 11 12 23 24 5 26 24 26 0201546 52 13 15 14 Dummar 0 12 37 42 58 53 43 38 34 61 45 47 49 31 30 30 Qadam 27 14 25 25 45 49 45 44 23 59 29 81 86 15 14 14 Kafar Souseh 47 22 42 47 181 46 46 44 196544661 115 27 30 32 Al Qaboun 26 15 28 31 99 37 34 33 95 43 29 53 74 17 17 18 Al Salhiyeh 0 0 11 13 0 0 6 16 00028 0 5 8 7 Al Yarmouk 21 13 26 26 82 8 8 9 91 9 5 15 96 12 13 12 Total Classes by Total classes by Level Kindergarten 864Total classes by 5-year 2010 1,752 Categories Basic 1 1,283period 2015 843 Basic 2 1,383 2020 907 Secondary 1,159 2025 1,187 Sub-Tot 4,689 Sub-Tot 4,689
The Ministry of Education has issued three different design models for schools. The standard model provides for 12 classes per school for kindergarten, basic-1 and basic-2 levels in two story buildings (ground floor + 1 floor), and 18 classes for secondary level (ground floor + 2 floors). However, due to constraints in providing suitable sites for new schools, school buildings are constructed on smaller plots and heights are increased. Also, in many cases, playgrounds are forfeited to increase classrooms. Applying the standard model, 366 schools would be required by 2025 (about 18 schools per year). The Damascus governorate constructs about ten schools per year and the private sector provides about 30% of the classes. Thus, it would be difficult to meet the target. Therefore, the required number of schools is estimated based on the following specifications (after consultation with the Directorate of Education):
- Kindergarten and basic-1: 18 classes/school (ground floor + two floors) - Basic-2 and secondary: 24 classes/school (ground floor + three floors)6
As shown, a total of 228 new schools will be required by 2025 (11 per year). The required numbers of new schools are determined as summarized in Table 3.15.
Table 3.15 Number of New Schools Required in Damascus City by 2025
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Service ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 department Total DG 9 7 15 16 30 15 14 14 19 12 8 18 26 8 8 9 Rukin Eddin 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1101 1 0 0 0 Al Muhajreen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 Al Mazzeh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 1 Barzeh 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0111 1 1 1 1 Jobar 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0001 3 0 0 0 Sarouja 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0001 0 0 0 0 Old Damascus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 Al Qanawat 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 Al Midan 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0000 1 1 1 1 Al Shaghour 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0112 2 1 1 1 Dummar 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1322 2 1 1 1 Qadam 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 1213 4 1 1 1 Kafar Souseh 3 1 2 3 10 3 3 2 8223 5 1 1 1
6 Three and four storey schools are common in Japan
3-13 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Service ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 department Al Qaboun 1 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 42123 1 1 1 Al Salhiyeh 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 00010 0 0 0 Al Yarmouk 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 1 40014 1 1 1 Total schools by Total schools by Kindergarten 47Total schools by 2010 84 categories level Basic 1 735-year period 2015 42 Basic 2 57 2020 45 Secondary 51 2025 57 Sub-Total 228 Sub-Total 228
3.2.3 Rural Damascus
(1) Planning conditions
The target enrollment levels are set for schools at different levels in Rural Damascus as shown in Table 3.16, reflecting the government policy. Other planning conditions are set forth as follows. i) Following the policy of the Education Directorate of the Rural Damascus governorate, public schools of 2-shift and in rented buildings should be eliminated for basic education; this implies the elimination of 2,378 class rooms. ii) The average numbers of students per classroom is set at 32 for kindergarten and 36 for all other levels, compared to 31 for kindergarten, 33 for basis and 28 for secondary at present in Rural Damascus. iii) Considering the large territory of the Rural Damascus governorate with dispersed settlements, each nahiya should satisfy the service levels for all the education levels. iv) To reduce the number of new schools construction to a more reasonable level, larger schools with additional floor are adopted as follows: - Kindergarten and basic-1: 18 classrooms per school; ground floor + two floors, and - Basic-2 and secondary: 24 classrooms per school; ground floor + three floors.
Table 3.16 Target Enrollment Levels for Schools in Rural Damascus
Year Kindergarten Basic 1 Basic 2 Secondary 2004 12% 101% 101% 29% 2010 20% 100% 100% 40% 2015 30% 100% 100% 55% 2020 40% 100% 100% 65% 2025 50% 100% 100% 75%
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(2) Proposed new school facilities
Based on the planning conditions set forth, the required numbers of new classrooms at different levels are determined as summarized in Table 3.17.
Table 3.17 New Classrooms Required in Rural Damascus by 2025
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Nahiya ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 Total RDG 534 2432 2179 793 924 2043 2277 1203 1318 2058 2303 1253 1640 2201 2514 1527 CENTER 292 1381 1291 428 391 936 1039 541 570 843 967 517 678 862 993 606 Al Kissweh 35 167 146 65 75 338 408 96 103 254 299 105 139 279 330 138 Babbila 184 839 834 220 173 189 201 202 200 190 208 175 218 157 171 182 Jaramana 0 80 58 21 20 78 94 41 39 63 74 35 41 61 71 37 Mlaiha 16 11 0 38 34 87 47 41 45 80 85 41 59 87 93 52 Kafar Batna 47 82 61 43 55 57 66 61 67 72 83 56 76 69 81 62 Erbeen 10 96 82 21 34 50 58 37 37 43 52 28 38 39 45 29 Qudsaya 0 106 110 20 0 137 165 63 79 141 166 77 107 170 202 106 DOUMA 116 413 365 180 209 501 575 255 265 471 513 251 324 487 554 297 Douma C 65 311 290 103 129 320 378 161 166 300 352 163 204 301 353 191 Harasta 0 102 75 40 44 166 197 57 62 140 161 60 81 154 178 78 Nashabiyeh 20 0 0 10 17 4 0 18 19 22 0 13 19 23 14 14 H Al Awamid 14 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7006 7 0 0 5 Ghizlaniyeh 17 0 0 20 12 11 0 12 11 9 0 9 13 9 9 9 AL TALL 0 110 77 13 78 170 184 99 122 211 234 122 183 285 317 178 Al Tall C 5 110 77 8 64 142 156 79 102 186 203 101 157 246 269 151 Saidnaya 0 0 0 3 8 28 28 11 11 23 27 11 15 23 28 14 Rankous 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 9 9 2 4 10 11 16 20 13 ZABADANI 13 41 40 13 9 18 22 27 33 18 23 27 31 22 25 33 Zabadani C 0 41 40 4 0 18 22 17 17 18 22 14 17 18 21 16 Al Dimes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 4 A Al Fijeh 9 0 0 0 7 0 0 3 7006 7 1 0 6 Madaya 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 5 6015 5 3 4 5 Surghaya 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 3002 2 0 0 2 QATANA 39 184 157 20 108 203 231 132 169 263 279 174 241 332 378 244 Qatana C 0 180 157 0 80 185 212 108 134 223 254 141 196 286 324 201 Bait Jin 10 3 1 0 8 16 19 2 12 18 24 13 16 23 27 18 Sa’a Sa’a 19 0 0 20 20 2 0 22 23 22 1 20 29 23 27 25 DARAYA 57 293 249 133 102 180 200 142 124 212 244 130 139 169 198 127 Daraya C 38 124 81 63 79 167 191 96 99 160 182 94 104 120 139 90 Sehnaya 0 0 0 5 0 13 9 20 0495918 10 45 56 19 A H A Aswad 19 169 168 65 23 0 0 26 25 3 3 18 24 4 3 18 QUTAYFEH 8 10 0 6 27 35 26 7 35 39 44 32 44 44 49 42 Qutayfeh C 7 10 0 0 22 28 24 0 28 32 35 26 35 34 39 33 Ma’aloula 1 0 0 6 5 7 2 7 7796 9 10 10 9 Total classes Total classes by level Kindergarten 4,416Total classes by 5-year period 2010 5,938 by categories Basic 1 8,734 2015 6,448 Basic 2 9,273 2020 6,932 Secondary 4,776 2025 7,882 Sub-Total 27,199 Sub-Total 27,199
Rural Damascus uses the standard model developed by the Ministry of Education (which provides for 12 classes per school for kindergarten, basic-1 and basic-2 levels in two story buildings (ground floor + one floor), and 18 classes for secondary level (ground floor + two floors)). However, due to constraints in providing suitable sites for new schools, school buildings are constructed on smaller plots and heights are increased. Also, in many cases, playgrounds are forfeited to increase classrooms. Applying the standard model, 2,137 schools would be required by 2025 (about 107 schools per year). The Rural Damascus governorate constructs about 50 schools per year and the private sector provides about 30% of the classes. Thus, it would be difficult to meet the target. Therefore, the required number of schools
3-15 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan estimated based on the following specifications (after consultation with the governorate):
- Kindergarten: 18 classes per school (ground floor + two floors) - Basic-1, basic-2 and secondary: 24 classes per school (ground floor + three floors)7
As shown, a total of 1,193 new schools will be required by 2025. The required numbers of new schools at different levels are determined as summarized in Table 3.18.
Table 3.18 Number of Schools Required in Rural Damascus by 2025
Level Kindergarten Basic 2 Basic 1 Secondary Nahiya ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 ‘10 ‘15 ‘20 ‘25 Total RDG 31 100 91 33 48 85 95 51 73 87 95 51 92 93 104 64 CENTER 17 56 54 19 22 39 43 24 32 36 40 20 37 38 41 26 Al Kissweh 2 7 6 3 4 14 17 4 611124 8 12 14 6 Babbila 10 35 35 9 10 8 8 8 11 8 9 7 12 7 7 8 Jaramana 0 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 23312 3 3 2 Mlaiha 1 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 33423 4 4 2 Kafar Batna 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 43324 3 3 3 Erbeen 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 22212 2 2 1 Qudsaya 0 4 5 1 0 6 7 3 46736 7 8 4 DOUMA 7 17 15 7 11 20 24 11 14 20 22 11 18 20 23 12 Douma C 4 13 12 4 7 13 16 7 91315711 13 15 8 Harasta 0 4 3 2 2 7 8 2 36735 6 7 3 Nashabiyeh 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 11011 1 1 1 H Al Awamid 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 Ghizlaniyeh 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10001 0 0 0 AL TALL 0 5 3 0 4 7 8 3 8 9 9 4 11 12 13 8 Al Tall C 0 5 3 0 4 6 7 3 68849 10 11 6 Saidnaya 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 11101 1 1 1 Rankous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10001 1 1 1 ZABADANI 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zabadani C 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 11111 1 1 1 Al Dimes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 A Al Fijeh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 Madaya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 Surghaya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 QATANA 3 8 7 1 5 9 10 6 9 11 12 8 14 14 16 10 Qatana C 0 6 7 0 4 8 9 5 7911611 12 14 8 Bait Jin 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 11111 1 1 1 Sa’a Sa’a 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 11012 1 1 1 DARAYA 3 12 10 6 5 8 8 6 7 9 10 6 8 7 8 6 Daraya C 2 5 3 3 4 7 8 4 67846 5 6 4 Sehnaya 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 02211 2 2 1 A H A Aswad 1 7 7 3 1 0 0 1 10011 0 0 1 QUTAYFEH 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 Qutayfeh C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 21112 1 2 1 Ma’aloula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00001 0 0 0 Total schools Total schools by level Kindergarten 244Total schools by 5-year period 2010 255 by categories Basic 1 365 2015 279 Basic 2 385 2020 306 Secondary 199 2025 353 Sub-total 1,193 Sub-total 1,193
7 Three and four storey schools are common in Japan
3-16 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
3.3 Culture Centers
3.3.1 Overview
Cultural centers are constructed by respective governorates and handed over to the Ministry of Culture for operation by the Cultural Directorate in each governorate. The plan proposes the introduction of comprehensive cultural facilities in sufficient space for main cultural activities such as theater hall of some 350 seating capacity, library, internet rooms, and rooms for institutes operated by the center as well as offices for administration and management.
3.3.2 Damascus governorate
At present, there are six cultural centers in the Damascus governorate, of which five are owned by the Cultural Directorate of the governorate. All of them have sufficient space to offer all the required services. The service level of 260,000 persons per cultural center is considered adequate by the department in charge of the Ministry of Culture.
In view of the large population increase expected in the service departments of Dummar, Al Qaboun and Berzeh, however, three new cultural centers are proposed to be established by 2025. Also, another new center is proposed in Al Midan currently described of such facilities. With the construction of these four new centers, the service level will become 180,000 persons per cultural center. The cultural center in Al Midan may be constructed by 2010, followed by ones in Dummar by 2015, Al Qaboun by 2020 and Berzeh by 2025. Table 3.19 shows the planned new culture centers in Damascus City.
Table 3.19 New Culture Centers Planned in Damascus City by 2025
Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 New CC Al Midan CC Dummar CC Al Qaboun CC Barzeh CC
3.3.3 Rural Damascus
At present, there are 115 cultural centers in Rural Damascus within the Study Area. The service level is 13,700 persons per center. Of these centers, however, only seven, allocated in the mantiqa centers, are completely owned by the Cultural Directorate and constructed as complete cultural centers. Others are small and 32 centers are located in rented premises. A new cultural center is under construction in Harasta. While the number of the existing cultural centers is considered sufficient by the department in charge of the Ministry of Culture, eight new cultural centers are proposed to be established in all the nahiyas where the population is expected to exceed 100,000 by 2025. Construction schedule is for cultural centers in Babila and Qudsaya by 2010, Kafar Batna and
3-17 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Jaramana by 2015, Malian and Erbeen by 2020 and Nashabiyeh and Sehnaya by 2025. Table 3.20 shows the planned new culture centers in Rural Damascus,
Table 3.20 New Culture Centers Planned in Rural Damascus by 2025
Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 New CC Babbila CC Kafar Batna CC Malian CC Nashabiyah CC Qudsaya CC Jaramana CC Erbeen CC Sehnaya CC
3.4 Green Parks
3.4.1 Overview
A green park is defined here as a sizable land area with greenery created or preserved together with various facilities for use by the general public. Private gardens attached to restaurants or tourist facilities are not included. The parks are operated by respective governorates. Green areas around intersections are tended by relevant governorates, and are therefore included in the parks defined here. The plan aims at ensuring the green park area of 2-3m2 per capita.
3.4.2 Damascus governorate
At present the parks and green spaces are operated and maintained by the Parks Directorate of Damascus governorate, not by the respective service departments. In 2006, the Parks Directorate reported a total green spaces area of 2.5 million m2, classified into three categories: parks open to the public (147 parks), closed green spaces (281 green spaces and 481 tree gardens), and medians and green spaces on roads and interchanges. The Damascus Zoo is included as one of the parks open to the public.
The Parks Directorate has a staff of around 2,330 personnel, of which 1,514 are temporary workers. To water the parks the directorate utilizes 360 wells. There are about 840 parks operated by the Damascus governorate, covering an area of 2.6km2 in total. These are located in ten service departments out of 16. The distribution is shown in Table 3.21.
Table 3.21 Distribution of Green Parks in Damascus City
Damascus governorate classification Green Service Park area m2/ area 2 department Sector Name (location) (m ) cap. share (%) Damascus city 2,607,630 1.69 2.4% Rukin Eddin First Rukin Eddin 151,322 1.58 3.8% Al Mohajireen Second & Fifth Mohajireen & Tishreen parks 563,086 8.94 15.3% Mazzeh Third Mazzeh 416,830 3.44 3.3% Barzeh Fourth Barzeh 135,693 1.23 1.5% Sarouja Sixth Sarouja 349,822 4.07 9.7%
3-18 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
Damascus governorate classification Green Service Park area m2/ area 2 department Sector Name (location) (m ) cap. share (%) Midan Seventh & part Midan & South RR medians 489,312 4.21 11.3% of Eighth Shaghour Eighth South RR medians 133,113 0.94 2.7% Dummar Ninth Dummar 116,970 1.18 0.4% Qadam Eighth South RR medians 133,113 1.33 3.3% Kafar Souseh 118.370 0.97 1.0%
The plan proposes to increase the park area to 3.0m2 per capita by 2025. The total area of the parks will be 5.4km2, corresponding to about 5% of the gross area of the Damascus city. The distribution of the parks by nahiya is summarized in Table 3.22.
Table 3.22 New Green Parks Planned in Damascus City
Service department Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025 1) Target m2/cap 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 2) New area by service department Damascus city m2 1,407,589 623,170 496,180 725,338 Rukin Eddin m2 35,678 29,890 30,110 40,400 Al Mohajireen m2 000 0 Al Mazzeh m2 000 16,670 Barzeh m2 96,307 44,460 44,900 57,540 Jobar m2 174,800 32,200 32,720 42,280 Sarouja m2 000 0 Old Damascus m2 51,400 9,780 10,060 13,660 Al Qanawat m2 117,200 18,730 18,770 25,300 Al Midan m2 000 65,088 Al Shaghour m2 152,687 49,770 51,830 68,600 Dummar m2 105,030 77,000 78,000 97,000 Qadam m2 61,487 40,230 40,250 50,720 Kafar Souseh m2 0 210,070 75,860 99,400 Al Qaboun m2 189,600 44,770 47,210 60,120 Al Salhieh m2 148,400 24,790 24,670 32,840 Al Yarmouk m2 275,000 41,480 41,480 55,720
By 2025, if this plan is implemented 5% of the gross area of the Damascus city will be green parks. It may be difficult to implement new parks in certain service departments such as Old Damascus, where 6% of land area is required for construction of green parks. The same applies for Yarmouk where the required land area may reach 22%, of the total land area due to excessively high population density.
3.4.3 Rural Damascus
There are about 95 parks operated by respective municipalities of Rural Damascus, covering in total an area of 0.39km2. This corresponds to the per capita park area of only 0.19m2. The mantiqas of Al Zabadani and Qutayfeh have no green park. The plan proposes to increase the per capita park area to 2.0m2 by 2025. The total area of the parks will be
3-19 Chapter 3 Social Infrastructure Plan
28.4km2 accounting for 1.0% of the habitable area of Rural Damascus. The distribution of new park area by nahiya is shown in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 New Green Parks Planned in Rural Damascus
Service department Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025 1) Target m2/cap. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2) New area by mantiqa Rural Damascus m2 963,433 1,741,614 2,343,100 2,965,200 Center m2 515,908 765,200 975,400 1,195,300 Douma m2 204,950 367,100 473,050 584,650 Al Tall m2 80,500 132,200 207,650 318,950 Al Zabadani m2 58,800 66,600 73,800 81,400 Qatana m2 0 157,764 298,600 432,900 Daraya m2 66,775 203,850 251,050 270,950 Qutayfa m2 36,500 48,900 63,550 81,050
3-20 Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities
Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities
The detailed information on the existing health facilities is listed as follows.
Facilities Table Figure Damascus Governorate – Primary Health Facilities Table A1-1 Damascus Governorate – Hospitals Table A1-2 Damascus Governorate – Indicators on Health Facilities Figure A1-1 Rural Damascus Governorate – Primary Health Facilities Table A1-3 Rural Damascus Governorate – Hospitals Table A1-4 Rural Damascus Governorate – Indicators on Health Facilities Table A1-2
A1-1 Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities
Table A1-1 Damascus Governorate - Primary Health Facilities
A. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (2006) Service Department 1) Comp- 2) Spec- Population / 3) Medi- 4) Health Population 5) Health 6) Health Total A- Population rehensive ialized Clinic cal center - / HC center - center - Primary / HC (all HC) clinic - MOH center - point - MOH MOH Gov. Other Priv. Sector health care MOH
Damascus Governorate 1,542,600 2 4 220,371 0 49 31,482 18 16 89 18,586 1 RUKIN EDDIN 96,000 0 0 0 0 3 32,000 0 0 3 2 AL MUHAJIREEN 63,000 0 0 0 0 4 15,750 0 0 4 3 AL MAZZEH 121,000 0 0 0 0 4 30,250 0 0 4 4 BARZEH 110,000 0 0 0 0 6 18,333 0 0 6 5 JOBAR 87,000 0 0 0 0 2 43,500 0 0 2 6 SAROUJA 86,000 1 0 86,000 0 4 21,500 0 0 5 7 DAMASCUS OLD 27,500 0 0 0 0 1 27,500 0 0 1 8 Al QANAWAT 56,000 0 0 0 0 2 28,000 0 0 2 9 Al MIDAN 116,100 1 2 38,700 0 7 16,586 0 0 10 10 Al SHAGHOUR 141,000 0 1 141,000 0 4 35,250 0 0 5 11 DUMMAR 99,000 0 0 0 0 4 24,750 0 0 4 12 Al QADAM 100,000 0 0 0 0 2 50,000 0 0 2 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 122,000 0 0 0 0 3 40,667 0 0 3 14Al QABOUN 95,00000 000 0000 15 AL SALHIYEH 77,000 0 0 0 0 2 38,500 0 0 2 16 Al YARMOUK 146,000 0 1 146,000 0 0 0 0 0 1 Others (AIRPORT) 00 001 0001
Table A1-2 Damascus Governorate – Hospitals
B. HOSPITALS (2005) 1) Hospitals - MOH 2) Hospitals - Min. 3) Hospitals - Total B. (2005) of Higher Private (2005) HOSPITALS Pop/Bed Service Departments Education (2005)
No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds Damascus Governorate 1,542,600 8 1,561 6 2,214 37 1,124 51 4,899 315 1 RUKIN EDDIN 96,000 3 455 0 0 0 0 3 455 211 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 63,000 0 0 0 0 9 213 9 213 296 3 MAZZEH 121,000 0 0 1 426 3 108 4 534 227 4 BARZEH 110,000 0 0 0 0 1 51 1 51 2,157 5 JOBAR 87,000 0 0 0 0 1 52 1 52 1,673 6 SAROUJA 86,000 2 215 0 0 12 388 14 603 143 7 DAMASCUS OLD 27,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 QANAWAT 56,000 1 650 4 1,140 1 10 6 1,800 31 9 MIDAN 116,100 0 0 0 0 2 35 2 35 3,317 10 SHAGHOUR 141,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 DUMMAR 99,000 1 191 0 0 0 0 1 191 518 12 QADAM 100,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 122,000 0 0 1 648 0 0 1 648 188 14 QABOUN 95,000 1 50 0 0 0 0 1 50 1,900 15 AL SALHIEH 77,000 0 0 0 0 6 197 6 197 391 16 YARMOUK 146,000 0 0 0 0 2 70 2 70 2,086 Others (AIRPORT) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A1-2 Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities
Yarmouk, Shaghur, Kafar 120,000 – Barzeh Sousseh, Mazeh 146,000 0 Midan, Barzeh, Qadam 100,000 – Rukin 120,000 Addin 18,330 Qaboun Dummar, Rukin Addin, 80,000 – 0 2,160 Qaboun, Jobar, Sarouje 100,000 0 32,000 Salhieh, Al Muhajireen, 50,000 – 0 Salhieh 210 Qanawat 80,000 1,900 0 Damascus Old 30,000 38,500 Sarouja Muhajireen Jobar 390 86,000 0 0 Dummar 21,500 15,750 43,500 0 140 300 1,670 34,750 Qanawat 0 Damascus DG 520 Old 28,000 Pop/ clinic = Shaghur 0 220,370 Mazeh 30 141,000 27,500 0 Kafar Pop/ Health center 35,250 0 = 31,480 30,250 Sousseh 3,320 Midan Pop/ Hospital bed = 230 0 315 40,670 38,700 190 Qadam 16,590 0 Yarmouk 3,320 Damascus Governorate 50,000 146,000 Health Facilities 0 0 2,100
Figure A1-1 Damascus Governorate - Indicators on Health Facilities
Table A-1-3 Rural Damascus Governorate - Primary Health Facilities
A. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (2006) 1) 2) Population 3) 4) Health Population/ 5) Health Total A - Population / Comprehe Specializ / Clinic Medical center - HC center - Primary HC (all HC) Mantiqa nsive ed cnter - point - MOH Gov. Other health clinic - MOH MOH care MOH Damascus Rural Governorate 2,255,302 0 3 751,767 2 143 15,554 1 767,470 15,447 1 AL KISSEWEH 895,000 0 1 895,000 0 27 33,148 0 28 2 DOUMA 426,300 0 2 213,150 1 32 12,918 0 35 3 AL TALL 118,000 0 0 0 0 12 9,833 0 12 4 ZABADANI 102,001 0 0 0 1 23 4,250 0 24 5 QATANA 206,000 0 0 0 0 16 12,875 0 16 6 DARAYA 261,000 0 0 0 0 8 32,625 0 8 7 YABROUD 48,000 0 0 0 0 3 16,000 0 3 8 QUTAYFA 120,001 0 0 0 0 15 8,000 0 15 9 AL NABIK 79,000 0 0 0 0 7 11,286 0 7 Others 00000000
A1-3 Appendix to Chapter 1: Detailed Information on Existing Health Facilities
Table A1-4 Rural Damascus Governorate - Hospitals
B. HOSPITALS (2005) 1) Hospitals - MOH 2) Hospitals - Min. 3) Hospitals - Total B. Population / Priv. beds (2005) of Higher Private (2005) HOSPITALS bed share (%) Mantiqa Education (2005)
No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds Damascus Rural Governorate 2,255,302 9 1,397 1 286 35 711 45 2,394 942 30% 1 AL KISSEWEH 895,000 0 0 0 0 13 292 13 292 3,065 100% 2 DOUMA 426,300 3 1,040 1 286 3 110 7 1,436 297 8% 3 AL TALL 118,000 0 0 0 0 3 76 3 76 1,553 100% 4 ZABADANI 102,001 1 26 0 0 3 55 4 81 1,259 68% 5 QATANA 206,000 0 0 0 0 2 30 2 30 6,867 100% 6 DARAYA 261,000 0 0 0 0 7 101 7 101 2,584 100% 7 YABROUD 48,000 1 65 0 0 2 27 3 92 522 29% 8 QUTAYFA 120,001 1 33 0 0 0 0 1 33 3,636 0% 9 AL NABIK 79,000 3 233 0 0 2 20 5 253 312 8% Others 00000000 0 0%
Al Kissweh 895,000 Al Nabik Douma 426,300 0 Daraya 261,000 11,290 Qatana 206,000 Yabroud 310 Qutayfa 120,001 0 Al Tall 118,000 16,000 Zabadani 102,001 520 Al Nabik 79,000 Yabroud 48,000 Zabadani Qutayfa 0 Al Tall 0 4,250 0 8,000 RDG 1,260 9,830 3,640 Pop/ clinic = Daraya 1,550 751,800 141,000 Pop/ Health center 35,620 = 15,500 2,580 Douma Pop/ Hospital bed = 942 213,150 Qatana 12,920 0 Al Kissweh 300 12,880 895,000 Rural Damascus Governorate 6,870 33,150 Health Facilities 3,100
Figure A1-2 Rural Damascus Governorate - Indicators on Health Facilities
A1-4 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
The detailed information on the existing education facilities is listed as follows.
Facilities Table Figure Damascus Governorate – Kindergartens Table A2-1 Damascus Governorate – Basic Education Table A2-2 Damascus Governorate – Indicators on Basic Education Figure A2-1 Facilities Damascus Governorate – Secondary Education Table A2-3 Rural Damascus Governorate – Kindergartens Table A2-4 Rural Damascus Governorate – Basic Education Table A2-5 Rural Damascus Governorate – Basic Education Facilities Figure A2-2 Indicators Rural Damascus – Secondary Education Table A2-6 Damascus Governorate Estimated Student Populations and Table A2-7 Capture Rates Rural Damascus Governorate Estimated Student Populations Table A2-8 and Capture Rates
A2-1 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
Table A2-1 Damascus Governorate - Kindergartens (1/2)
A. KINDERGARTENS 1) Damascus education directorate 2) Teachers Syndicate 3) Women's Union Population Service Department (2004) Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students per class students per class students per class students
Damascus Governorate 1,542,600 6 26 25.3 0 659 12 37 21.5 0 796 9 39 31.4 0 1,223 1 RUKIN EDDIN 96,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 3 23.3 0 70 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 63,000 1 3 26.0 0 78 1 4 8.0 0 32 2 6 11.7 0 70 3 MAZZEH 121,000 1 9 26.4 0 238 1 3 20.0 0 60 0 0 0.0 0 0 4 BARZEH 110,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 4 14 24.4 0 341 0 0 0.0 0 0 5 JOBAR 87,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 6 SAROUJA 86,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 3 34.7 0 104 7 DAMASCUS OLD 27,500 2 5 10.6 0 53 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 8 QANAWAT 56,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 2 21.5 0 43 0 0 0.0 0 0 9 MIDAN 116,100 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 3 18 37.6 0 677 10 SHAGHOUR 141,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 11 DUMMAR 99,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 7 27.4 0 192 2 9 31.0 0 279 12 QADAM 100,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 3 31.0 0 93 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 122,000 1 4 39.5 0 158 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 14 QABOUN 95,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 4 14.5 0 58 0 0 0.0 0 0 15 AL SALHIEH 77,000 1 5 26.4 0 132 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 16 YARMOUK 146,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 (2/2)
A. KINDERGARTENS 4) Other ministries 5) Private 6) Total Private students Service Department % Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students per class students per class students per class students
Damascus Governorate 3 14 17.7 0 248 162 708 34.7 0 24,588 192 824 33.4 0 27,514 89% 1 RUKIN EDDIN 0 0 0.0 0 0 6 24 35.3 0 847 7 27 34.0 0 917 92% 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 0 0 0.0 0 0 17 83 34.6 0 2,873 21 96 31.8 0 3,053 94% 3 MAZZEH 1 3 7.0 0 21 16 88 30.4 0 2,673 19 103 29.0 0 2,992 89% 4 BARZEH 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 40 38.2 0 1,527 14 54 34.6 0 1,868 82% 5 JOBAR 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 43 36.3 0 1,561 10 43 36.3 0 1,561 100% 6 SAROUJA 0 0 0.0 0 0 12 53 34.5 0 1,830 13 56 34.5 0 1,934 95% 7 DAMASCUS OLD 0 0 0.0 0 0 12 44 36.0 0 1,586 14 49 33.4 0 1,639 97% 8 QANAWAT 0 0 0.0 0 0 5 14 25.3 0 354 6 16 24.8 0 397 89% 9 MIDAN 0 0 0.0 0 0 23 100 37.5 0 3,745 26 118 37.5 0 4,422 85% 10 SHAGHOUR 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 41 35.4 0 1,452 10 41 35.4 0 1,452 100% 11 DUMMAR 0 0 0.0 0 0 11 50 30.8 0 1,540 15 66 30.5 0 2,011 77% 12 QADAM 0 0 0.0 0 0 6 22 38.6 0 850 7 25 37.7 0 943 90% 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 0 0 0.0 0 0 5 19 32.7 0 621 6 23 33.9 0 779 80% 14 QABOUN 0 0 0.0 0 0 4 23 37.5 0 862 6 27 34.1 0 920 94% 15 AL SALHIEH 1 3 21.0 0 63 6 28 35.8 0 1,003 8 36 33.3 0 1,198 84% 16 YARMOUK 1 8 20.5 0 164 9 36 35.1 0 1,264 10 44 32.5 0 1,428 89%
Table A-2-2 Damascus Governorate - Basic Education (1/2)
B. BASIC EDUCATION 1) Public 2) Private
Service Department
Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students class students students class students students
Damascus Governorate 436 6,828 34.4 50,547 22% 235,069 119 1,361 39.1 0 0% 53,237 1 RUKIN EDDIN 29 387 36.5 1,587 11% 14,136 3 12 43.7 0 0% 524 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 23 282 36.7 622 6% 10,360 24 246 39.9 0 0% 9,821 3 MAZZEH 37 628 34.4 0 0% 21,577 13 127 35.5 0 0% 4,508 4 BARZEH 27 574 34.9 4,200 21% 20,053 2 3 20.7 0 0% 62 5 JOBAR 30 444 35.1 1,036 7% 15,584 3 39 36.6 0 0% 1,429 6 SAROUJA 29 319 35.0 0 0% 11,157 8 124 42.8 0 0% 5,305 7 DAMASCUS OLD 11 101 29.9 0 0% 3,015 22 270 43.0 0 0% 11,598 8 QANAWAT 19 244 32.2 0 0% 7,848 11 113 39.5 0 0% 4,459 9 MIDAN 63 1,053 34.6 9,272 25% 36,476 10 113 40.4 0 0% 4,568 10 SHAGHOUR 37 589 30.3 3,576 20% 17,820 2 35 39.4 0 0% 1,379 11 DUMMAR 24 430 35.2 2,033 13% 15,135 6 63 21.8 0 0% 1,374 12 QADAM 36 560 32.1 8,423 47% 17,981 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 21 351 34.5 3,086 25% 12,120 4 80 37.7 0 0% 3,015 14 QABOUN 19 362 37.2 9,918 74% 13,478 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 15 AL SALHIEH 23 319 37.3 3,570 30% 11,905 10 126 38.7 0 0% 4,873 16 YARMOUK 8 185 34.7 3,224 50% 6,424 1 10 32.2 0 0% 322
A2-2 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
(2/2)
B. BASIC EDUCATION 3) UNRWA Sub-total BASIC EDUCATION Private students Service Department % Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students class students students class students students
Damascus Governorate 46 746 40.9 29,095 95% 30,543 601 8,935 35.7 79,642 25% 318,849 17% 1 RUKIN EDDIN 4 50 33.0 1,651 100% 1,651 36 449 36.3 3,238 20% 16,311 3% 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 47 528 38.2 622 3% 20,181 49% 3 MAZZEH 2 26 40.9 1,063 100% 1,063 52 781 34.8 1,063 4% 27,148 17% 4 BARZEH 1 8 18.8 150 100% 150 30 585 34.6 4,350 21% 20,265 0% 5 JOBAR 4 38 32.4 1,232 100% 1,232 37 521 35.0 2,268 12% 18,245 8% 6 SAROUJA 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 37 443 37.2 0 0% 16,462 32% 7 DAMASCUS OLD 2 28 30.4 851 100% 851 35 399 38.8 851 6% 15,464 75% 8 QANAWAT 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 30 357 34.5 0 0% 12,307 36% 9 MIDAN 5 100 45.4 4,538 100% 4,538 78 1,266 36.0 13,810 30% 45,582 10% 10 SHAGHOUR 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 39 624 30.8 3,576 19% 19,199 7% 11 DUMMAR 2 36 40.2 0 0% 1,448 32 529 33.9 2,033 11% 17,957 8% 12 QADAM 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 36 560 32.1 8,423 47% 17,981 0% 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 25 431 35.1 3,086 20% 15,135 20% 14 QABOUN 3 24 25.3 607 100% 607 22 386 36.5 10,525 75% 14,085 0% 15 AL SALHIEH 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 33 445 37.7 3,570 21% 16,778 29% 16 YARMOUK 23 436 43.6 19,003 100% 19,003 32 631 40.8 22,227 86% 25,749 1%
Yarmouk, Shaghur, Kafar 120,000 – Barzeh Sousseh, Mazeh 146,000 34.6 Midan, Barzeh, Qadam 100,000 – Rukin 120,000 Addin 21% Qaboun Dummar, Rukin Addin, 80,000 – 36.3 95% Qaboun, Jobar, Sarouje 100,000 36.5 20% Salhieh, Al Muhajireen, 50,000 – 75% Salhieh 88% Qanawat 80,000 77% 37.7 Damascus Old 30,000 21% Sarouja Muhajireen Jobar 113% 37.2 38.2 35.0 Dummar 0% 3% 12% 33.9 99% 166% 109% 11% Qanawat 34.5 Damascus DG Basic Educ. 94% Old 0% Student/class = Shaghur 38.8 35.7 Mazeh 114% 30.8 6% 0 Kafar 2-shift students = 19% 291% 25% 4% Sousseh 71% Midan Capture rate = 116% 35.1 107% 20% 36.0 64% Qadam 36% 33.9 Yarmouk 203% Damascus Governorate 11% 40.8 Basic Educational Facilities 93% 86% 91%
Figure A2-1 Damascus Governorate - Indicators on Basic Education Facilities
A2-3 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
Table A2-3 Damascus Governorate - Secondary Education (1/2)
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION 1) Public 2) Private
Service Department
Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students class students class students Damascus Governorate 68 788 37.8 0 29,750 24 162 40.6 0 6,583 1 RUKIN EDDIN 4 44 36.7 0 1,614 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 AL MOHAJIREEN 5 80 40.3 0 3,222 4 18 40.6 0 730 3 MAZZEH 9 101 33.7 0 3,405 2 11 19.0 0 209 4 BARZEH 5 67 37.1 0 2,489 0 0 0.0 0 0 5JOBAR 41842.80771000.000 6 SAROUJA 6 85 37.6 0 3,195 2 15 43.7 0 655 7 DAMASCUS OLD 1 10 34.9 0 349 6 46 42.2 0 1,939 8 QANAWAT 6 73 39.8 0 2,905 6 45 45.2 0 2,035 9 MIDAN 7 115 40.2 0 4,626 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 SHAGHOUR 5 37 31.2 0 1,153 0 0 0.0 0 0 11 DUMMAR 7 41 28.7 0 1,177 1 6 19.7 0 118 12 QADAM 2 17 32.1 0 545 0 0 0.0 0 0 13 KAFAR SOUSEH 2 15 30.5 0 458 0 0 0.0 0 0 14QABOUN 1740.00280000.000 15 AL SALHIEH 2 27 48.9 0 1,321 3 21 42.7 0 897 16 YARMOUK 2 51 43.9 0 2,240 0 0 0.0 0 0 (2/2)
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION D. INSTITUTES 3) Vocational Secondary schools Sub-total SECONDARY EDUCATION Private students % Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students class students class students class students DAMASCUS Gov. 48 422 33.6 0 14,189 140 1,372 36.8 0 50,522 13% 13 140 37.6 0 5,267 RUKIN EDDIN 2 20 38.9 0 778 6 64 37.4 0 2,392 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 AL MOHAJIREEN 3 20 29.2 0 583 12 118 38.4 0 4,535 16% 0 0 0.0 0 0 MAZZEH 7 67 30.6 0 2,048 18 179 31.6 0 5,662 4% 5 33 34.5 0 1,140 BARZEH 3 25 32.1 0 802 8 92 35.8 0 3,291 0% 1 13 26.8 0 348 JOBAR 1 4 41.3 0 165 5 22 42.5 0 936 0% 1 7 44.0 0 308 SAROUJA 4 35 33.1 0 1,157 12 135 37.1 0 5,007 13% 1 6 17.5 0 105 DAMASCUS OLD 3 20 24.8 0 496 10 76 36.6 0 2,784 70% 0 0 0.0 0 0 QANAWAT 2 34 42.0 0 1,428 14 152 41.9 0 6,368 32% 2 31 48.8 0 1,513 MIDAN 8 64 33.9 0 2,168 15 179 38.0 0 6,794 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 SHAGHOUR 3 41 36.4 0 1,492 8 78 33.9 0 2,645 0% 2 30 42.7 0 1,280 DUMMAR 5 21 27.7 0 582 13 68 27.6 0 1,877 6% 0 0 0.0 0 0 QADAM 1 6 29.2 0 175 3 23 31.3 0 720 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 KAFAR SOUSEH 3 15 33.3 0 500 5 30 31.9 0 958 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 QABOUN 1 24 37.6 0 903 2 31 38.2 0 1,183 0% 1 20 28.7 0 573 AL SALHIEH 2 26 35.1 0 912 7 74 42.3 0 3,130 29% 0 0 0.0 0 0 YARMOUK 0 0 0.0 0 0 2 51 43.9 0 2,240 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0
Table A2-4 Rural Damascus Governorate - Kindergartens (1/2)
A. KINDERGARTENS 1) Damascus education directorate 2) Teachers Syndicate 3) Women's Union
Population Mantiqa (2004) Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students per class students per class students per class students
Rural Damascus Governorate 2,255,302 2 9 29.0 0 261 4 22 41.5 0 912 65 210 33.9 0 7,109 1 AL KISSEWEH 895,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 3 18 43.3 0 779 17 55 38.7 0 2,128 2 DOUMA 426,300 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 56 30.2 0 1,691 3 AL TALL 118,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 4 33.3 0 133 1 1 25.0 0 25 4 ZABADANI 102,001 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.00061728.60487 5 QATANA 206,000 1 3 20.3 0 61 0 0 0.0 0 0 17 46 34.9 0 1,605 6 DARAYA 261,000 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0004929.30264 7YABROUD 48,000000.000000.0002932.10289 8 QUTAYFA 120,001 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0003938.90350 9AL NABIK 79,0001633.30200000.0005833.80270
A2-4 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
(2/2)
A. KINDERGARTENS 4) Other ministries 5) Private 6) Total Private students Mantiqa % Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students per class students per class students per class students
Rural Damascus Governorate 16 31 28.6 0 888 171 762 29.4 0 22,399 258 1,034 30.5 0 31,569 71% 1 AL KISSEWEH 0 0 0.0 0 0 62 287 30.2 0 8,665 82 360 32.1 0 11,572 75% 2 DOUMA 16 31 28.6 0 888 23 100 31.7 0 3,165 49 187 30.7 0 5,744 55% 3 AL TALL 0 0 0.0 0 0 16 68 32.8 0 2,229 18 73 32.7 0 2,387 93% 4 ZABADANI 0 0 0.0 0 0 10 46 22.7 0 1,046 16 63 24.3 0 1,533 68% 5 QATANA 0 0 0.0 0 0 12 57 27.5 0 1,570 30 106 30.5 0 3,236 49% 6 DARAYA 0 0 0.0 0 0 29 138 27.2 0 3,752 33 147 27.3 0 4,016 93% 7 YABROUD 0 0 0.00041529.9044862430.7073761% 8QUTAYFA 000.00082430.20725113332.601,07567% 9AL NABIK 000.00072729.60799134131.001,26963%
Table A2-5 Rural Damascus Governorate - Basic Education (1/2)
B. BASIC EDUCATION 1) Public 2) Private
Mantiqa Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students class students students class students students
Rural Damascus Governorate 937 13,624 32.3 160,114 36% 439,930 28 728 33.8 0% 0 24,593 1 AL KISSEWEH 268 4,411 34.1 66,986 44% 150,531 7 277 28.5 0% 0 7,907 2 DOUMA 191 3,276 32.0 55,473 53% 104,714 3 27 31.1 0% 0 841 3 AL TALL 69 823 32.3 6,245 23% 26,601 4 67 32.2 0% 0 2,157 4 ZABADANI 61 733 32.6 2,223 9% 23,918 3 34 171.1 0% 0 5,819 5 QATANA 116 1,279 28.3 5,337 15% 36,237 3 59 15.2 0% 0 895 6 DARAYA 57 1,163 35.5 23,055 56% 41,263 7 256 26.5 0% 0 6,778 7 YABROUD 40 398 27.9 0 0% 11,102 1 8 24.5 0% 0 196 8 QUTAYFA 78 926 29.7 795 3% 27,492 0 0 0.0 0% 0 0 9 AL NABIK 57 615 29.4 0 0% 18,072 0 0 0.0 0% 0 0 (2/2)
B. BASIC EDUCATION 3) UNRWA Sub-total BASIC EDUCATION Private students % Mantiqa Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift % of 2 shift Students class students students class students students
Rural Damascus Governorate 34 503 37.8 18,991 100% 18,990 999 14,855 32.5 179,105 37% 483,513 5% 1 AL KISSEWEH 10 173 38.6 6,686 100% 6,686 285 4,861 34.0 73,672 45% 165,124 5% 2 DOUMA 3 43 33.3 1,435 100% 1,434 197 3,346 32.0 56,908 53% 106,989 1% 3 AL TALL 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 73 890 32.3 6,245 22% 28,758 8% 4 ZABADANI 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 64 767 38.8 2,223 7% 29,737 20% 5 QATANA 7 75 39.0 2,928 100% 2,928 126 1,413 28.4 8,265 21% 40,060 2% 6 DARAYA 14 212 37.5 7,942 100% 7,942 78 1,631 34.3 30,997 55% 55,983 12% 7 YABROUD 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 41 406 27.8 0 0% 11,298 2% 8 QUTAYFA 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 78 926 29.7 795 3% 27,492 0% 9 AL NABIK 0 0 0.0 0 0% 0 57 615 29.4 0 0% 18,072 0%
A2-5 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
Al Kissweh 895,000 Al Nabik Douma 426,300 29.4 Daraya 261,000 0% Qatana 206,000 Yabroud 109% Qutayfa 120,001 27.8 Al Tall 118,000 0% Zabadani 102,001 112% Al Nabik 79,000 Yabroud 48,000 Zabadani Qutayfa 35.8 Al Tall 29.7 7% 32.3 3% RDG Basic Educ. 109% 139% 22% Student/class = Daraya 116% 32.5 34.3 2-shift students = 55% 37% 102% Capture rate = Douma 102% 32.0 Qatana 53% 28.4 Al Kissweh 120% 21% 34.0 Rural Damascus Governorate 93% 45% Educational Facilities 88%
Figure A2-2 Rural Damascus Governorate - Basic Educational Facilities Indicators
Table A2-6 Rural Damascus Governorate - Secondary Education (1/2)
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION 1) Public 2) Private
Mantiqa Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students Number Classes Student per 2 shift Students class students class students
Rural Damascus Governorate 145 1,063 29.6 0 31,440 5 18 29.3 0 527 1 AL KISSEWEH 40 317 30.1 0 9,541 2 6 29.3 0 176 2 DOUMA 25 188 29.8 0 5,601 0 0 0.0 0 0 3 AL TALL 10 73 29.5 0 2,151 0 0 0.0 0 0 4ZABADANI136531.802,070000.000 5 QATANA 23 140 27.7 0 3,878 2 7 30.9 0 216 6 DARAYA 6 74 34.1 0 2,524 1 5 27.0 0 135 7YABROUD 54429.001,278000.000 8 QUTAYFA 15 91 27.8 0 2,532 0 0 0.0 0 0 9 AL NABIK 8 71 26.3 0 1,865 0 0 0.0 0 0 (2/2)
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION D. INSTITUTES 3) Vocational Secondary schools Sub-total SECONDARY EDUCATION Private students Mantiqa % Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students Number Classes Student 2 shift Students per class students per class students per class students
Rural Damascus Gov. 82 429 25.2 0 10,832 232 1,510 28.3 0 42,799 1% 2 20 32.0 20 639 AL KISSEWEH 21 124 30.3 0 3,760 63 447 30.1 0 13,477 1% 0 0 0.0 0 0 DOUMA 14 75 27.5 0 2,063 39 263 29.1 0 7,664 0% 2 20 32.0 20 639 AL TALL 8 36 22.3 0 803 18 109 27.1 0 2,954 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 ZABADANI 6 17 19.1 0 324 19 82 29.2 0 2,394 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 QATANA 12 64 19.5 0 1,249 37 211 25.3 0 5,343 4% 0 0 0.0 0 0 DARAYA 6 26 27.4 0 712 13 105 32.1 0 3,371 4% 0 0 0.0 0 0 YABROUD 3 19 24.1 0 458 8 63 27.6 0 1,736 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 QUTAYFA 7 49 17.7 0 869 22 140 24.3 0 3,401 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0 AL NABIK 5 19 31.3 0 594 13 90 27.3 0 2,459 0% 0 0 0.0 0 0
A2-6 Appendix to Chapter 2: Detailed Information on Existing Education Facilities
Table A2-7 Damascus Governorate Estimated Student Populations and Capture Rates
Number of Students Capture rate KG Basic Secondary (16 Population (3 - 6yrs) (7 - 15 years) - 18 years) Service Department (2004) KG Basic Secondary
8.8% 19.3% 6.4% DAMASCUS G 1,542,600 134,978 297,876 98,726 20% 107% 51% RUKIN EDDIN 96,000 8,400 18,538 6,144 11% 88% 39% AL MOHAJIREEN 63,000 5,513 12,165 4,032 55% 166% 112% MAZZEH 121,000 10,588 23,365 7,744 28% 116% 73% BARZEH 110,000 9,625 21,241 7,040 19% 95% 47% JOBAR 87,000 7,613 16,800 5,568 21% 109% 17% SAROUJA 86,000 7,525 16,607 5,504 26% 99% 91% DAMASCUS OLD 27,500 2,406 5,310 1,760 68% 291% 158% QANAWAT 56,000 4,900 10,814 3,584 8% 114% 178% MIDAN 116,100 10,159 22,419 7,430 44% 203% 91% SHAGHOUR 141,000 12,338 27,227 9,024 12% 71% 29% DUMMAR 99,000 8,663 19,117 6,336 23% 94% 30% QADAM 100,000 8,750 19,310 6,400 11% 93% 11% KAFAR SOUSEH 122,000 10,675 23,558 7,808 7% 64% 12% QABOUN 95,000 8,313 18,345 6,080 11% 77% 19% AL SALHIEH 77,000 6,738 14,869 4,928 18% 113% 64% YARMOUK 146,000 12,775 28,193 9,344 11% 91% 24%
Table A2-8 Rural Damascus Governorate Estimated Student Populations and Capture Rates
Number of Students Capture rate KG (3 Basic (7 - Secondary - 6yrs) 15) Population Mantiqa (2004) KG Basic Secondary
11.5% 20.9% 6.1%
Rural Damascus Gov. 2,255,302 258,232 472,035 137,573 12% 102% 31% AL KISSEWEH 895,000 102,478 187,324 54,595 11% 88% 25% DOUMA 426,300 48,811 89,225 26,004 12% 120% 29% AL TALL 118,000 13,511 24,697 7,198 18% 116% 41% ZABADANI 102,001 11,679 21,349 6,222 13% 139% 38% QATANA 206,000 23,587 43,116 12,566 14% 93% 43% DARAYA 261,000 29,885 54,627 15,921 13% 102% 21% YABROUD 48,000 5,496 10,046 2,928 13% 112% 59% QUTAYFA 120,001 13,740 25,116 7,320 8% 109% 46% AL NABIK 79,000 9,046 16,535 4,819 14% 109% 51%
A2-7
Part 4
Rapid Diagnosis
The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic
Final Report Volume 4 Sector Report Part 4 Urban Rapid Diagnosis
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate...... 1-1
Chapter 2 District Diagnosis for the Rural Damascus Governorate...... 2-1
- i - Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Rapid diagnosis was conducted by service department of the Damascus governorate during the early stage of the Study. Bases of the diagnosis are field observations, population censuses and limited interviews with officials and residents. Results are summarized below.
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Rukin Eddin (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 3.98 96,000 241 1.13 0.04 Characteristics Informal housing on steepest slopes of Mt. Qassyoun, followed by planned area developed by cooperative sector, and organized area developed by the public sector Fayha sport complex located in organized area High density and narrow roads in area developed by cooperative sector Development To be covered by the Damascus governorate study on informal settlements needs and plan entrusted to a German company Formalization of informal housing area Land readjustment in planned area
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Mazzeh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 13.94 121,000 87 Characteristics Housing development after 1970’s; neat low-rise apartments and town houses in the West Villa and the East Villa for rich people Informal housing in Mazeh86 with poor people but basic utilities Another informal area at eastern tip Development Urban park and tourism development projects planned near the Umayyad needs and plan square 140 storey hospital planned in Mazzeh86 Little room for accommodating additional population
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Barzeh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 9.00 110,000 122 2.94 0.88 Characteristics Informal housing in Ish Al Warwar (Huriyeh) on slopes of Mt. Qassyoun with the poor mainly from coastal areas; risks of falling rocks and house collapse Area with pre-fabricated apartment buildings and organized area East park (180km2) with the Agricultural School of the Damascus University; farmers still living and cultivating; zoo to southwest of the park Traffic congestion on the northern artery road going to Al Tal; informal buildings along the road Development Disaster prevention for informal housing on the slopes needs and plan Urban resort area in and around the East park conceived Ma`araba in Rural Damascus to north to be developed for housing under negotiation with the Rural Damascus governorate
1-1 Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Population Population growth rate Area Population Old 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) (km ) 2004 Damascus (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 1.41 27,500 214 -2.2 -0.5 Characteristics Over-aged urban infrastructure; improvement going on in (1)area along the east-west road, (2)area around Umayyad mosque, and (3)area around Citadel Conversion of old houses into restaurants and shops prohibited to avoid noise, parking and other problems Development Pilot project planned under MAM for preservation and restoration: needs and plan (1)restriction of cars not fueled by propane etc., (2)provision of parking spaces outside Citadel for 7,000cars Redevelopment in neighboring area to north planned through competition, but suspended due to oppositions
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Midan (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 4.34 116,100 268 1.13 -3.73 Characteristics Urbanized earlier during the Ottoman period Preservation of the Ottoman urban heritage promoted and law passed in 2004; results not impressive yet Planned urbanized areas in east and west of the preservation area Informal housing of high density at southeaster end No industries observed Development Better preservation of the Ottoman urban heritage needs and plan Improvement of informal housing area
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Shaghour (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 4.86 141,000 290 2.02 6.09 Characteristics Small agricultural area remaining at southern tip Mixed land uses conspicuous; large cemetery next to the Old Damascus, industrial area south of it, dominant informal housing mixed with scattered formal buildings More organized industries in west, and disorderly area in east with light industries and car workshops South link road dissecting the department Long urban park developing in south to escalate land prices Land depression forced residents in two apartments to evacuate Development Urban renewal to alleviate mixed land use and high density needs and plan Relocation of more residents to avoid land depression
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Qadam (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 4.84 100,000 207 2.40 4.74 Characteristics Urbanization sprawled along road to Dara’a, encroaching on agricultural land since 1960’s Housing and industries mixed with high density and 1~2-storey buildings dominant Informal housing constituting 80% Many automobile workshops with industrial area for auto workshops developed by government and small private ones Sewing, construction materials, warehouses and other industries mixed in housing areas Development Urban renewal to resolve mixed land use and realize more intensive urban needs and plan land use
1-2 Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Qabourn (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 5.03 95,000 169 2.47 4.27 Characteristics Agricultural land encroached by urban sprawl for housing and industries Northern artery passing through; many industries on southern side and agricultural areas remaining on northern side Densely populated informal housing in Tishreen; water supplied from wells in Rural Damascus and unpaved roads; children going to primary schools in Barzeh, Jobar Many factories in south, mostly automobile workshops Two-storey buildings dominant even along main road Development Infrastructure for informal housing areas needs and plan
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Yarmouk (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 11.36 146,000 129 7.56 -0.50 Characteristics Palestinian refugees settled (70% of total population), spreading from a zone established by GAPR to neighboring areas, and into Yalda to east Infrastructure over-stressed, and urban sanitation problematic Few industries and no agriculture Shops for tiles and ceramic tiles concentrating Development Improvement of infrastructure and urban sanitation (street cleaning, solid needs and plan wastes disposal)
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Dummar (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 30.19 99,000 32.8 8.54 7.41 Characteristics Large area but mostly on Mt. Qassyoun The Barada river flowing through; East Dummar on east of river, West Dummar, Al Wuroud, Al A`areen and Dahiyet Dummar on west Al A`areen for the Presidential residence, apartments for military personnel etc. Dahiyet Dummar for planned urbanized area with high-rise apartments constructed by associations since 1975 and hospital West Dummar with planned area and areas developed by private initiative, provided with schools, electricity and water, but not sewerage Al Wuroud along northern borders occupied by informal housing East Dummar dominated by informal housing, with some planned areas developed by private initiative and large out-dated factory in Barada valley Development Provision of sewerage needs and plan Formalization of informal housing areas
1-3 Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Kafar Souseh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 11.87 122,000 102.8 3.02 2.63 Characteristics Large agricultural land still remaining; especially in Liwan having largest area South ring road crossing in east-west direction serving as barrier against urban sprawl from north Planned residential development proceeded in north in the past 15 years ( Kafar Souseh Al Balad, Al Waha etc.) despite objection for neat high-rise apartments comparable to those in Mazzeh; informal housing also developing in surroundings Easter areas neighboring on Al Midan and Al Qadam occupied by high density informal housing mixed with industries; Fardos next to Al Qadam for automobile workshops and spare parts shops Development Protection of farmland in south needs and plan Formalization of informal housing in east
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Muhajireen (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 3.67 63,000 171.7 -0.81 -0.04 Characteristics Occupy western part of CBD, bordered by Shukri Al Qwatli street on south and up to foot of Mt. Qassyoun Eastern part will become new SD of Salhiyeh Albanian refugees settled at beginning of the 20th century Commercial areas in East with high-end hotels and guest houses Dense informal housing at foot and up to the steep slopes of Mt. Qassyoun On-street parking causing serious traffic congestion everywhere Commercial activities considered illegal according to the Building Code allowed ex post Development North ring road conceived through informal housing area at foot of Mt. needs and plan Qassyoun Provision of parking spaces Relocation of some informal housing
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Jobar (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 6.38 87,000 136 1.21 1.41 Characteristics Used to be a village outside the city with settlement surrounded by agricultural land Organized area in the west, extending the organized area in Sarouja to west, and informal housing area to the east spreading into agricultural land Industrial and trade areas in south of the old settlement, including markets for fresh vegetables and fruits and textile factories for tricoline etc.; many tanning factories in southern-most area, some of which started to move into Adra due to serious environmental problems Old settlement area outdated with narrow winding roads and old buildings Development Urban renewal of old settlement area through coordinating many land needs and plan owners and residents Complete relocation of tanneries
1-4 Chapter 1 Urban Diagnosis by Service Department in the Damascus Governorate
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Sarouja (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 3.63 86,000 237 -1.06 -0.22 Characteristics Located in northern neighbor of Old Damascus, extending from southwest with the Governorate office to northeast along the Tishreen street Southwestern area for commercial establishments and offices, including the old street area developed during the French era designated for preservation in 2004 Residential area in northeast with 3-4 storey and 5-6 storey buildings dominant, and some 11-12storey buildings Mixed land use taking place in residential area with shops, clinics and other commercial activities Ironware manufacturing in southern tip neighboring on the Old Damascus for household goods and handicrafts Development Re-zoning to allow some mixed use in residential areas with revision of the needs and plan Building Code Urban renewal in the central area and review of designation of preservation area
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Qanawat (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 1.83 56,000 305 -1.25 -2.06 Characteristics This service dept. forms a part of CBD of Damascus. The eastern part is an old city, and the western part is a newly developed area. The buildings and infrastructures in the eastern part are so dilapidated. The streets are too narrow for current use. They need renovation/redevelopment. The urban condition in the western part is in good order. The issue is a traffic jam which is a common problem in the area of Damascus. Development Urban redevelopment is essential for the eastern part, while due attention needs and plan should be simultaneously given on how to preserve urban heritage.
1-5 Chapter 2 District Diagnosis for the Rural Damascus Governorate
Chapter 2 District Diagnosis for the Rural Damascus Governorate
The rapid development diagnosis was conducted also by nahiya of the Rural Damascus governorate during the early stage of the Study. Due to time constraints, only the central nahiya was visited for some mantiqa. Results are summarized below.
Population Population growth rate Al Tall Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) （mantiqa） (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 Al Tall center 361.7 84,811 2.34 Saidnaya 297.3 21,110 0.71 Rankous 252.6 12,079 0.48 Total 911.6 118,000 1.29 Characteristics Spread over three hills of Ma`arouneh, Saidnaya and Rankous Strong connection with the Damascus city and many residents commuting to the city; some residents in Rankous living in the Damascus city during winter Agricultural products: vegetables, olives, apples, livestock products Production of marble and stone slabs etc. Many emigrant workers Many tourism facilities, churches on hills, springs etc. Development Further expansion of residential areas expected in district centers needs and plan Need for wastewater treatment plant and solid wastes treatment facilities Industrial estate for construction materials planned Commercial complex buildings and commercial areas, truck depot, urban park etc. planned in the Al Tall city Tourism promotion Strengthening of links with the Damascus city and neighboring mantiqa
Population Population growth rate Al Zabadani Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) （mantiqa） (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 Al Zabadani cent 208.0 42,440 2.04 Al Dimas 61.8 12,601 2.04 Ain Al Fijeh 132.0 19,661 1.49 Madaya 110.2 15,336 1.39 Sarghaya 138.0 11,933 0.86 Total 650.0 102,000 1.57 Characteristics Population doubles during summer with visitors, mostly from the Arab countries; few residents commute to the Damascus city Altitude ranges in 1,170~2,220m; moderate and dry summer and snowy winter Many tourism facilities and summer houses Venue for the Damascus rural festival Development Wastewater treatment plant and solid wastes transfer station planned needs and plan Collector sewers under construction in the Al Zabadani city New tourism road planned: the Damascus-Aleppo highway ~Zarzar lake ~Al Rouha ~Barada springs ~Al Zabadani 12-storey building, slaughterhouse, industrial area (15ha) etc. planned
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Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Qatana center (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 433 145,647 3.36 9.47 2.58 Characteristics Wide basin surrounded by Mt. Al Shaikh Mt. Qalamoun and hills; clear air, clear water and many springs Many historical monuments Educated people, high poverty incidence and high unemployment rate High population increase and informal housing Development Tourism promotion needs and plan Qatana city hospital, industrial area, wastewater treatment plant etc, for the Qatana city Access roads to villages Land acquired for the Damascus-Qatana railway but not used
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Sa'a Sa'a (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 287.9 44,016 1.53 Characteristics Old post town for those traveling from the Golan heights to Damascus; its remains inhabited by informal residents New resort complex developed by private sector with recreation and conference facilities Development Tourism development with restoration of the old town and resettlement of needs and plan informal housing
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Bait Jin (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 128.8 16,337 1.27 Characteristics Security problems still hanging due to proximity to Al Quneitra Small villages located in narrow strips between mountains, where fruits and vegetables are cultivated with plenty of water of good quality Soldiers on alert in western end of settlements Development Further horticultural development needs and plan Resort development
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Douma center (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 88.0 191,060 21.7 4.59 2.76 Characteristics Most important trade center in Rural Damascus extending to the Iraq-Jordan borders High population growth and degrading environmental quality without sewerage Mixed land use with agriculture industries and housing from Ghouta to badia Adra industrial city being developed in 7,000ha land Formal industrial area in Tall Al Kurdi for home appliances, cold storage for food products, vegetable packaging etc. Agriculture for olives, wheat, grapes etc. Sprawl of informal housing and industries along Northeastern highway passing through the Douma city Tax free zone connected by the Damascus-Aleppo highway Famous springs in Fasriya depleted due to over-extraction Development Renewal with land re-adjustment planned in informal housing area to north of needs and plan the old Douma city; new urban development in south and east of city as well Improvement of access to highway in north of the Douma city Wastewater treatment plant
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Population Population growth rate Daraya Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) （mantiqa） (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 Daraya center 146.2 142,660 9.76 6.16 -1.08 Sahnaya 132.1 32,664 2.47 5.95 3.68 Al Hajar 19.9 85,676 42.9 7.41 3.68 Al Aswad Total 298.2 261,000 8.75 6.13 3.68 Characteristics Located in Ghouta Al Fayhaa; used to produce diverse crops with sufficient water; untreated sewage flooding some agricultural land Many farmers turned to trade and manufacturing Specialized in furniture making; also fabricated steel products; small industries mixed in residential areas Building height controlled in areas near old airport Development Improvement of solid wastes collection and disposal needs and plan Construction of the Daraya wastewater treatment plant Low income housing, industrial area, 9-storey investment complex building etc, planned in the Daraya city Need to deal with “security area” occupying 40% of master planned area
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Kissweh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 403.1 122,205 3.03 4.51 4.05 Characteristics Urban sprawl from the Damascus city along southern highway going to Dara’a to the Al Kissweh city and beyond The Al Kissweh city with population 50,000 in 5.0km2 area (density about 100/ha) Some 100 industries in city for ceramics, textile & sewing, printing, food processing, construction materials etc., mostly transferred or expanded from other areas Water shortages and informal housing Development Water transfer from Bait Jin planned needs and plan New master plan area for 450ha, expanded from old master plan area of 250ha to cope with population increase in next 50 years Formalization of informal housing areas, applying land re-adjustment etc.
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Babbila (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 68.8 327,822 47.7 7.47 4.06 Characteristics Receiving area for out-migrants from the Damascus city, the Mediterranean region and other areas; over 90% of population recently from other areas Babbila city with population 150,000 Patches of agricultural land remaining Many factories established 10-20 years ago moving out selling land at high prices; some others waiting to move into the Adra industrial city Infrastructure not keeping up with rapid residential development Development Further residential development and infrastructure development for existing needs and plan and new residential areas Wastewater treatment plant Master plan preparation with more people’s participation
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Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Erbeen (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 9.1 91,303 100.3 6.33 4.01 Characteristics Rapid population increase due to suburbanization from the Damascus city The Erbeen city with 60,000 people in 625ha (96/ha); three-quarters originally from Erbeen, retaining their own identity Industrial area for wood products, food processing etc.; wood imported from Russia, Romania, Sweden, Canada and the USA processed into high quality furniture and other products Sufficient water supply from wells in the Damascus city Development Further expansion of residential areas needs and plan
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Qudsaya (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 51.1 76,876 15.0 6.72 4.06 Characteristics Developed as typical new town in suburbs of the Damascus city with only 10% original residents Many medium-rise apartments on hill slopes and well developed urbanized area New expansion area on top of hill developed by 35% so far with urban parks and public facilities, but no industries or offices Remaining agricultural land largely neglected People relocated from Al Quneitra living in southern tip near the Barada river Development Wastewater treatment plant needs and plan Continued development of the expansion area
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Jaramana (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 5.71 101,683 178 0.46 4.06 Characteristics Receiving area for spill over population from the Damascus city Remaining agricultural land largely neglected or left under fallow Many small factories for sewing, mostly in basement of buildings Water supply from eight well, used only for washing etc. due to high calcium and nitrate contents, while drinking water purchased Problems with electricity and sewage Many informal housing of relatively low density Development Capacity development for urban planning and public awareness cultivation needs and plan for better living conditions Improvement of power supply and sewerage
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Mlaiha (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 35.68 60,198 16.9 4.29 4.06 Characteristics Urbanization started from existing rural settlements in dominantly agricultural areas Over ten large industries for food processing (cheese, tomato puree/sauce etc.), pharmaceutics, chemicals etc. Development Establishment of clear zoning in anticipation of rapid residential development needs and plan to avoid conflicts with existing industries
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Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Harasta (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 10.49 84,331 80 5.41 2.76 Characteristics Olive production is famous here. Urbanization is in progress. There is development area by “organized area” along the road of Damascus-Homs. Along this road, many car repair shops and car showrooms are located. The Rural Damascus governorate is planning to move its office here from Damascus. Development Set-up of the Rural Damascus governorate Office will be a important factor needs and plan to promote economic activities. It is a key issue whether to protect the agricultural area of olive, or to allow urban development encroachment.
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Nashabiyeh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 73.11 50,747 7 4.88 2.76 Characteristics Rapid urbanization to be spill over from Damascus has not reached this area yet. The rural village atmosphere has been still kept substantially. The irrigation water distributed from Adler, which was originally sewage after treatment, is threatening to pollute agricultural land here. According to the local people, the treatment is thought to be inappropriate. Development Water is not sufficient in this area. Unless water is solved, large-scale or needs and plan rapid urbanization should not take place in this region. Even now, water for agricultural use is neither enough in quantity nor good in quality.
Population Population growth rate Area Population Harran Al 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) (km ) 2004 Awamid (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 97.11 34,136 3.52 3.88 2.76 Characteristics Ghota is still preserved here. These areas are still keeping agricultural village character. In recent years, however, it is becoming more difficult year by year to continue agriculture here because of water shortage. Some farmers have already given up agriculture, and they have begun commuting to Damascus, or working in the airport or the Tishreen power station. The location condition has contributed to switching their income source from agriculture to service. Development As long as population increase continues in the DMA, water shortage needs and plan situation in these areas will get worse rapidly. It will cause a serious risk of whether the economy and the environment of the community will not be sustainable.
Population Population growth rate Area Population 2 density 2004 (% p.a.) Al Ghizlaniyeh (km ) 2004 (/ha) 1981-94 1994-2004 201.65 34,091 1.69 6.05 2.76 Characteristics This is still a small village settlement. Their economy is based on agriculture. 90% of households are based on agriculture, and 10% are employee worker family. Since water shortage is getting serious year by year, some farmers give up continuing agriculture. Development Development and promotion of various service business opportunities are needs and plan required, in view of economic diversification from agriculture mono-culture structure. It will be one of the solutions to explore the job opportunities related to the airport business, such as transport service, tourism, leisure, etc.
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