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The Fourth and Beyond!

Samuel Klein, Thol Lok, Abigail Caveness, Autumn Bopp, Joshua Whitehead, and Landon Crabtree 2020 GSSE Class Instructor Remus Nicoara and Assistant Mike Hanson

Famous 4D The 4th Dimension String Some of the most studied four-dimensional shapes are The string particle still has all Another aspect of the 4th dimension is the concept of , hyperspheres, and Klein Bottles. We use dimensions to describe the world around us. Each new dimension expands the same properties as the . In string theory, all particles, which are from the previous ones in a new spatial direction. particle, but the string’s considered single points in , are changed into a frequency, or how the string one-dimensional : a string! is vibrating, determines all the properties of the particle. These strings are used to understand different A Klein Bottle is a 4D representation of the famous fundamental aspects on the Mobius Strip, resulting in a never-ending bottle with its quantum scale. outside flowing into its inside without breaking the visualization in 2D walls. The 4th dimension of space is an extension of the 3rd Hypercubes and hyperspheres are dimension. For example, we can expand a simple exactly what they sound like: from the 1st dimension to the 2nd, and on to the String theory doesn’t just help give meaning to the 4th four-dimensional versions of 4th dimension (above). Since our vision can only dimension, it helps us give meaning to all dimensions and , obtained by process up to three dimensions, we cannot see or truly up to the 10th!In order for this theory to work, lifting these shapes in the fourth picture a 4D object, but we know that the shadow of scientists had to conceptualize six further and deeper dimension. such an object would be three-dimensional. dimensions. Hypersphere visualization in 2D

Neuroscience in Multiple Dimensions The Space Continuum 4D Video Games

Popular examples of 4D video games include Miegakure, Our brain is capable of working in 11 dimensions. In the study of the , it is HyperMaze, and . These games utilize the 4th When working on a problem, our brain forms convenient to think of time as the 4th dimension in various unique ways. For example, both multi-dimensional structures using neurons. While other dimension. Time is portrayed as one Miegakure and Hypermaze take a three dimensional game organs in the body work in four dimensions (three being continuum with the past, present, and and add one more dimension of space that you can view and spatial and fourth being time), our brain routinely works future existing all at once. The “present” travel through, to experience with 7 and even 11 dimensionsional structures. By time is one slice of the whole continuum, four dimensions. working on a difficult problem, our body stimulates the and all these subsequent slices are spliced brain which causes cliques or sets of neuronic structures together to create the history of the universe.

to form. The notion of Space-Time can explain very Researchers started using algebraic strange phenomena such as Time Tesseract (shown above) is topology in order to detect and Dilation. Observers situated at different distances similar, except instead of being visualize these multi-dimensional from a gravitational mass will perceive time able to see a 4th dimension, structures. Algebraic topology is able passing at different speeds. Time runs slower gravity is altered to simulate to describe systems with any where gravity is strongest. Thus, gravity distorts how an added dimension would of dimensions. the normal flow of time and affects the time dimension. impact the other three.

“No one can to the fourth dimension, yet it is all around us” - Rudy Rucker, and Sci-Fi Author