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Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador

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Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador Open-File Report 01–395 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador 1 Cover photograph San Miguel volcano viewed from the south. (Photograph by J.J. Major, U.S. Geological Survey). 2 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador By J.J. Major, S.P. Schilling, C.R Pullinger, C.D. Escobar, C.A. Chesner, and M.M. Howell U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 01-395 Vancouver, Washington U.S.A. 2001 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador 3 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Gale Norton, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: Scientist-in-Charge U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Bldg. 10 P.O. Box 25286 Vancouver, WA 98683 Denver, CO 80225 (360) 993-8900 (303) 202-4210 FAX: (360) 993-8980 4 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Debris Avalanche, Landslide, and Lahar ...................................................................................... 2 Future Landslides and Lahars at San Miguel Volcano................................................................. 4 Lahar-Hazard-Zonation Map .......................................................................................................4 Lahar Hazard Forecasts and Warnings ........................................................................................ 5 Protecting Communities and Citizens from Lahar Hazards ......................................................... 6 References .................................................................................................................................... 6 Additional Suggested Reading ..................................................................................................... 7 End Notes .................................................................................................................................... 7 PLATE [In pocket] I. Volcano-hazard zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador FIGURES 1. Location of major cities and significant Quaternary volcanoes in El Salvador .................... 2 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador 5 6 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador By J.J. Major, S.P. Schilling, C.R Pullinger1, C.D. Escobar1, C.A. Chesner2, and M.M. Howell INTRODUCTION sized blocks that are dispersed into the atmosphere and fall to the ground). Little is known, however, San Miguel volcano, also known as about prehistoric eruptions of the volcano. Chaparrastique, is one of many volcanoes along Chemical analyses of prehistoric lava flows and the volcanic arc in El Salvador (figure 1). The thin tephra falls from San Miguel volcano indicate volcano, located in the eastern part of the country, that the volcano is composed dominantly of basalt rises to an altitude of about 2130 meters and (rock having silica content <53%), similar to the towers above the communities of San Miguel, El lava erupted by Hawaiian volcanoes. The chemi- Transito, San Rafael Oriente, and San Jorge. In cal composition of eruptive products and the lack addition to the larger communities that surround of evidence of large cataclysmic eruptions sug- the volcano, several smaller communities and gests that prehistoric eruptions probably were coffee plantations are located on or around the similar in nature to the historical eruptions. flanks of the volcano, and the PanAmerican and Unlike San Salvador and San Vicente volcanoes, coastal highways cross the lowermost northern San Miguel volcano does not appear to have had a and southern flanks of the volcano. The popula- history of violent explosive eruptions. tion density around San Miguel volcano coupled Volcanic eruptions are not the only geologic with the proximity of major transportation routes events that present hazards to local communities. increases the risk that even small volcano-related Landslides and associated debris flows (watery events, like landslides or eruptions, may have flows of mud, rock, and debris--also known as a significant impact on people and infrastructure. lahars when they occur on a volcano) that can San Miguel volcano is one of the most active occur during periods of no volcanic activity are volcanoes in El Salvador; it has erupted at least 29 also of concern. In 1998 at Casita volcano in times since 1699 [1] (numerals in brackets refer to Nicaragua, extremely heavy rainfall from Hurri- end notes in the report). Historical eruptions of cane Mitch triggered a landslide that moved down the volcano consisted mainly of relatively quies- slope and transformed into a rapidly moving cent emplacement of lava flows or minor debris flow that destroyed two villages and killed explosions that generated modest tephra falls more than 2000 people. Torrential rains at San (erupted fragments of microscopic ash to meter Miguel volcano in 1988, 1994, 1999 and 2000 1 Servicio Nacionale de Estudios Terretoriales, Ave. Roosevelt y 55 Ave. Norte, Torre El Salvador (IPSFA) 2 Department of Geology/Geography, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador 7 triggered debris flows (lahars) on the northwestern DEBRIS AVALANCHE, LANDSLIDE, slopes of the volcano, and they traveled AND LAHAR downslope and damaged the main road that leads to San Jorge. Although modern landslides and The slopes of a volcano can become unstable, lahars at San Miguel thus far have caused only fail catastrophically, and generate a landslide. A minor loss of property and have been primarily a large rapidly moving landslide at a volcano is short-term inconvenience, destructive rainfall- and commonly called a debris avalanche. Slope earthquake-triggered landslides and debris flows instability at volcanoes can be caused by many on or near San Salvador volcano (figure 1) in factors. Large earthquakes, torrential rains, or September 1982 and January 2001, and at San steam explosions can trigger landslides perhaps as Vicente volcano in September 2001, demonstrate large as 10 million cubic meters or more. Land- that such mass movements in El Salvador can also slides triggered by these mechanisms are usually be lethal. relatively shallow, up to several tens of meters This report describes the hazards of landslides deep. On the contrary, magma rising upward and lahars in general, and discusses potential through a volcano can push aside older volcanic hazards from future landslides and lahars at San rock and deform and steepen the flanks of a Miguel volcano in particular. The report also volcano, or warm acidic ground water can circu- shows, in the accompanying lahar-hazard-zonation late through cracks and porous zones deep inside a map, which areas are likely to be at risk from volcano, alter strong rock to weak slippery clay, future landslides and lahars at San Miguel. A and gradually weaken the volcano so that it is report by Chesner (2000) focuses on a broader susceptible to large debris avalanches. Debris volcanic-hazard assessment of the volcano. avalanches triggered by these mechanisms can be 90ºW. 88ºW. GUATAMALA EL SALVADOR HONDURAS 14ºN. V. Santa Ana Santa Ana Lake Coatepeque V. Izalco V. San Salvador San Salvador Lake Ilopango San Vicente V. San Vicente San Miguel V. San Miguel Pa cific O V. Cochague ce an 040 km Figure 1. Location of major cities and significant Quaternary volcanoes in El Salvador. Circles indicate major cities, triangles indicate major volcanoes. Lake Coatepeque and Lake Ilopango are large silicic calderas. 8 Lahar-Hazard Zonation for San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador on the order of 100 million or more cubic meters in recur on the order of millennia to tens of millennia. size, and they commonly erode deeply and remove The size of a lahar is controlled by both the amount large segments of a volcano. A debris avalanche of water and the amount of loose sediment or can attain speeds in excess of 150 kilometers per volcanic debris available. Large debris avalanches hour; generally, the larger the avalanche, the faster or eruptions can dump tens to hundreds of millions and farther it can travel. Shallow, small-volume of cubic meters of sediment into channels and landslides typically travel only a few kilometers produce large lahars. Smaller landslides or erup- from their source, but massive, large-volume debris tions produce smaller lahars. avalanches can travel tens of kilometers from a Landslides and lahars can cause problems long volcano. Debris avalanches and smaller landslides after the event that formed them ends. Once destroy everything in their paths and can leave landslides and lahars fill stream channels with deposits tens of meters thick on valley floors. sediment, the streams begin to erode new paths, Debris-avalanche deposits have been found at and the new stream channels can be highly un- numerous volcanoes around the world,
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