Neolitization from the View of Archeogenetics with the Focus on Central Europe

FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Neolitization from the view of archeogenetics with the focus on Central Europe Bakalářská diplomová práce KRISTÍNA LACOVÁ Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Peter Tóth, PhD. Ústav archeolgie a muzeologie Archeologie Brno 2021 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Bibliografický záznam Autor: Kristína Lacová Filozofická fakulta Masarykova univerzita Ústav archeolgie a muzeologie Název práce: Neolitization from the view of archeogenetics with the focus on Central Europe Studijní program: FF B-AE Archeologie Studijní obor: Archeologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Peter Tóth, PhD. Rok: 2021 Počet stran: 56 Klíčová slova: Neolitization, DNA, migration, first farmers, hunters-gatherers, calibration, summed probability distribution, ideal despotic distribution 2 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Bibliographic record Author: Kristína Lacová Faculty of Arts Masaryk University Department of Archaeology and Muzeology Title of Thesis: Neolithization from the view of archaeogenetics with the focus on Central Europe Degree Programme: FF B-AE Archaeology Field of Study: FF AE Archaeology Supervisor: Mgr. Peter Tóth, PhD. Year: 2021 Number of Pages: 56 Keywords: Neolitization, DNA, migration, first farmers, hunters-gatherers, calibration, summed probability distribution, ideal despotic distribution 3 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Anotace V poslednej dobe môžeme badať veľké množstvo nových článkov a publikácii na tému neolitizácie a archeogenetiky. Aj preto je jednym z cieľov práce predstavenie a zosu- marizovanie súčasného stavu bádania a sučasného pohľadu archeogenetiky na vy- brané otázky neolitizácie. V priestore strednej Európy sa začína presadzovať interdis- ciplinárne vedecké chápanie procesov neolitizácie, ktorých prehľad podá aj bakalárska práca. Na skúmané územie sa aplikuje teória ideálnej despotickej distribúcie a pomo- cou C 14 dát sa použije sumárna distribučná krivka, podľa ktorej sa bude sledovať prirodzený populačný nárast a pohyb migrujúcej populácie, o ktoých hovorí aj arche- ogenetika, aj teoretický model. 4 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Abstract There is a significant amount of the new research papers and publications published, concerning topics of Neolithization and Archaeogenetics. One of the goals of this thesis is going to be an introduction and summarization of the current state of research concerning some of the chosen Neolithization topics. Interdisciplinary view of the Neo- lithization processes is starting to be popular in the research of the Central Europe area. Thesis will attempt to apply the ideal despotic distribution theory using C14 data and summed probability distribution curve to follow the population density and migration trends in the selected area. 5 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis with title Neolitization from the view of archeogenetics with the focus on Central Europe I submit for assessment is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my thesis. Brno June 30, 2021 ....................................... Kristína Lacová 7 NEOLITIZATION FROM THE VIEW OF ARCHEOGENETICS WITH THE FOCUS ON CENTRAL EUROPE Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor of the thesis Peter Tóth, for patience and guidance and my dear Karls for support and friendship throughout the studies. 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Figures 13 List of Tables 14 Glossary 15 1 Introduction 17 2 Geographic and chronological determination 18 3 Archaeogenetics 19 4 Methodology 21 4.1 Ideal despotic distribution model .............................................................................. 21 4.2 Summed probability distribution ............................................................................... 21 5 Source material critique 23 6 Current state of research 24 6.1 Environment ....................................................................................................................... 24 6.2 Mobility ................................................................................................................................. 25 6.3 Economy ............................................................................................................................... 27 6.4 Farming ................................................................................................................................. 28 6.5 Domestication .................................................................................................................... 29 6.6 Diseases ................................................................................................................................ 30 6.7 Interactions among first farmers and hunters-gatherers ................................. 31 7 Results 33 8 Discussion 41 9 Conclusion 43 10 Bibliography 45 Appendix A Database 53 11 LIST OF FIGURES List of Figures Figure 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 5 ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 6 ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 7 ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 8 ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 9 ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 10 .................................................................................................................................................... 40 13 LIST OF TABLES List of Tables Table 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 14 GLOSSARY Glossary LBK – Linearbandkeramik 15 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction We can argue that the expansion of the new way of life (not only) through the observed area, was led by the need of acquiring new patches of land and that might have been for numerous reasons. In the last couple of years, the process of neolithization is viewed from new perspectives. One of those is the perspective of archaeogenetic studies. With the new settlements located on the low-lying loess soils along the river valleys, however strategic location wise they might sooner or later have been, comes many disadvantages. One of them is greater dependance on land. With the other arguments like climate, or the availability of resources on mind, we can discuss that by settling and intentional farming and do- mesticating plants and animals, a group of people might have gained a demographic advantage which led others to follow their example. Since fertility of the land might be considered a non-renewable resource, it is able to contain only certain amount of people occupying it. On the other hand, with the settling came significant population in- crease. Therefore, a need for “expanding” emerges. With the expansion of early agri- cultural communities, material culture, new technologies and genes make their way to other parts of the world. This, however, is not to be understood as the main reason of the Neolithic expansion. There are other social and economic causes in the mix, like the stability of the climate or excess of the resources which led to sedentary way of life and then expansion. Archaeology research in the last years went through a revolution that can be to some extent contributed to archaeogenetics. The results of archaeogenetic studies yield fun- damentally different picture of the nature of neolithization as previous analyzing of archaeology material. The use of DNA in modern research contributed to the study of ancient populations. It has allowed a new perspective on the origins, evolution and spread of population as well as diseases over time. With the newfound focus on this field, it keeps expanding and evolving. The use of summed probability and radiocarbon data became popular as well. The availability of calibrating programs and greater amount of data encouraged the use of this method amongst researchers. This bache- lor’s thesis is going to introduce various aspects of neolithization, specifically environment, economy, mobility, and interactions because of their popularity in archaeogenetic research today. At the

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